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Chapter_5_Regulating_structures

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Chapter_5_Regulating_structures

Uploaded by

Mekuanint Shitaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Irrigation structures Chapter Five

CHAPTER FIVE
5. Regulating Structures
Need for canal regulation
The flow in a canal has to be regulated whenever needed and shall be completely closed as
required. As the flow is naturally variable either due to shortage of water at the source or change
in field water requirements, there should be some way to control and regulate the flows and water
levels in a canal. Regulating structures are required for proper functioning of the whole irrigation
network. Without control structures, the water level and discharge will be highly variable
throughout the system and the required level of service could not be well met. High fluctuation in
water levels and discharges result in unbalanced and uncontrolled flows which will have
undesirable effects.

Regulating structures control and regulate water levels and discharges. The water levels in a
supply canal have to be kept within some ranges in order to ensure regulated supply into
branching (off-taking) canals. Lower stages (water levels) in canals means that the off-taking
canals could not get the head required for supplying to their full – supply discharge. Similarly, the
discharge has to be regulated into the branching canals. Thus, regulating structures are:
1. Water level regulators
2. Discharge regulators

1. Water level regulators (Cross regulators)


Regulate water levels throughout the irrigation system and keeps it within more or less small
ranges.

a) This means that the water level regulator raises the water level in the parent canal so that
the off-taking canal takes its full supply even when the level in the parent canal is less than
the FSL;
b) Used to close the supply in the parent canal on the d/s;
c) It is used to absorb fluctuations in various parts of the canal and avoids canal breaches on
the d/s;
d) Can be combined with drop structures at an off-take.

Water level control structures can be either passive (fixed crest) or active (gated) structures.
However, gated structures are usually provided at major branching and off-take points. Moreover,
structures with fixed crest are not recommended for canals with high sediment load. This is
because the sediment will trap at the crest. In this case, structures without crests (gated) are
provided, so that the sediment can pass unhindered.

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Irrigation structures Chapter Five

2. Discharge Regulators
These control the discharge from supply canal (parent canal) into another (off-taking) canal.
Gated structures are provided as discharge-regulators. Discharge regulators are generally
equipped with discharge measurement facilities.

Functions of discharge regulators are:


a) Regulates supply into an off-taking canal;
b) Controls silt entry in to off-taking canal;
c) Can be used as a discharge measurement structure;
d) Used to close the supply into the off-taking canal when water is not needed and for
maintenance purpose.

Examples: Baffle distributors


Vertical gates– without measurement
Romijn weir – with measurement facility

Design Principles for Water Level & Discharge Regulators


Generally gated structures are used as water level and discharge regulators at major off-takes.
1. Crest: the crest level is usually kept at the u/s bed level of the parent canal for a WL regulator
and a crest of height (0.30 to 1.00m provided for a discharge regulator).
2. Waterway: the required waterway both for a discharge & water level regulator is determined
from a submerged weir formula.
Q = C'.Le.He3/2 where C' = discharge coeff. Depending on the drowning ratio or degree of
submergence ( h/He )
Where He = head over the crest
Le = effective waterway
3. Total length of impervious floor:
The maximum seepage head (static head) Hs occurs when the off-taking canal is closed and the
WL is at FSL in the parent canal
- Safe exit gradient (GE) consideration is generally used for impervious length b.
 Discharge Regulator: Hs= U/S FSL in parent canal – D/S floor level of off taking canal
 Water Level Regulator: Hs= U/S FSL in parent canal – D/S floor level of parent canal

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Irrigation structures Chapter Five

GE = Hs/d2 * can be determined

) or Khosla’s curve). Find and d2 is d/s cutoff depth

4. D/S impervious floor


D/S floor level = D/S TEL- Ef2 where Ef2 can be determined from Blench’s curve.
Ef1 = Ef2 + HL = Ef2+h
Length of d/s floor
- It is provided as the larger of the following two expressions.
= 5(y2-y1)
= 2/3 * b where b = total length of impervious floor
5. Cutoff depth
d1 = D1/3 + 0.60m
d2 = D2/2 + 0.60m (Empirical formula)
6. Floor thickness
Floor t = h = seepage residual head
Upstream floor thickness of 0.30m to 0.50m is provided.
7. U/S and d/s protection works
 U/s protection: u/s block protection over packed gravel is provided for a length of
upstream cut-off depth d1 and total thickness of 1m.
U/s launching apron for a length of 2*d1 and 1m thickness.
 D/s protection works:
- d/s block protection over an inverted filter for a length of 2*d2 is provided.
- d/s launching apron for a length of 2*d2.
8. Bed and side pitching on the u/s and d/s of the floor. Bed pitching is provided for about 5m
length. Similarly on the u/s & d/s of the wing walls, side pitching is made for a length of 5m.

Canal Head regulator


A canal head regulator is provided at the head of the off taking canal at head works. It is generally
located upstream of the under sluices on the bank of the river.
A canal head regulator can be designed as:
a) Gated intake acting as an orifice or weir
b) Culvert (pipe intake)
Gated open intake consists of an intake mouth, crest & a sliding gate to control the flow into the
canal.
A culvert intake is a pipe intake of concrete pipe or other which flows full. The difference in WL
b/n the u/s end and d/s will cause the flow into the intake canal. Commonly open intake is
provided as a head regulator. The flow thus becomes a submerged weir flow under pond
conditions and orifice during high flood conditions.

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Irrigation structures Chapter Five

Design of Gated Head Regulator


1. Crest level: The crest level is generally kept 1 to 1.50m higher than the crest level of
undersluices.
2. Discharge formula
a- Pond level condition: the drowned (submerged) weir formula is used in this case.
Q = C’,L. He3/2 or Q = 2/3 Cd1. L
Where Cd1 = 0.577 and Cd2 = 0.80
h = pond level – FSL
d= depth of water over the crest on d/s side
b- High flood conditions :
In this case as the water level on the u/s rises, the gates are thus partly closed. In this case a
submerged orifice formula is used.
Q = Cd. A. h1 = HFL-FSL of canal
Cd = discharge coeff 0.62
A = area of flow (opening) (a*L)
Opening height (a) can be determined for known Q, Cd, L and h1.

3. Discharge intensity and loss of head

a- pond level
q = Q/L, Head loss, HL= Pond level –FSL of canal
b- High flood conditions
- Velocity through the gates = V= Q / (a*L)
- Velocity head, ha = V2/2g
- Head loss at entry = C*(v2/2g) = 0.50 * (v2/2g)
- TEL U/S of gates = U/S HFL + ha (in the river)
- TEL D/S of gates + TEL U/S – 0.5(V2/2g)
- Loss of head , HL = TEL D/S of gates – FSL of the canal
Discharge intensity, q = Q/L

4. Pile depths
a- U/S pile: the depth of U/S pile is kept the same as that of undersluices pile depth.
b- D/S pile: on the D/S the depth of piles = 1.25 to 1.50 * R, below the SFL of the canal,
where R = Lacey’s normal scour depth.

5. Hydraulic jump calculation: the lowest point at which a hydraulic jump forms can be
determined and floor level is fixed at or below the level of the hydraulic jump formation.
Floor level = D/s TEL – Ef2 (from Blench curve).

6. Floor Thickness: The uplift pressures are determined for High flood condition and the gate is
completely closed. Appropriate thickness should be provided.

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Irrigation structures Chapter Five

7. Protection works:
- Upstream block and launching apron similar to that of the undersluices portion.
- Down stream protection: Concrete block protection over an inverted filter and launching
apron for a length of 2*d2 (d2 = d/s depth of cutoffs.)

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