DHANEKULA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

LAB MANUAL
Name of the Program : B. Tech in Computer Science& Engineering Academic Year: 2024-25
Year & Semester : II Year I Semester Section: D No of Credits : 1.5
Name of the Course : OOP THROUGH C++ LAB Code : R20C205
Name of the Faculty : Mr. P.N.V.S.Sudheer Designation: Asst. Professor

List of Experiments:
Exercise -1 (Classes Objects) Create a Distance class with: •feet and inches as data members •member function to
input distance •member function to output distance •member function to add two distance objects
1. Write a main function to create objects of DISTANCE class. Input two distances and output the sum.
2. Write a C++ Program to illustrate the use of Constructors and Destructors (use the above program.)
3. Write a program for illustrating function overloading in adding the distance between objects (use the above
problem)

Exercise – 2 (Access) Write a program for illustrating Access Specifiers public, private, protected 1. Write a
program implementing Friend Function
2. Write a program to illustrate this pointer
3. Write a Program to illustrate pointer to a class

Exercise -3 (Operator Overloading)

1. Write a program to Overload Unary, and Binary Operators as Member Function, and Non Member Function. 1.
Unary operator as member function
2. Binary operator as non member function 2. Write a c ++ program to implement the overloading assignment =
operator

Exercise -4 (Inheritance)
1. Write C++ Programs and incorporating various forms of Inheritance i) Single Inheritance ii) Hierarchical
Inheritance iii) Multiple Inheritances iv) Multi-level inheritance v) Hybrid inheritance 2. Also illustrate the order
of execution of constructors and destructors in inheritance
Exercise -5(Templates, Exception Handling)
1. a)Write a C++ Program to illustrate template class
2. b)Write a Program to illustrate member function templates
3. c) Write a Program for Exception Handling Divide by zero
4. d)Write a Program to rethrow an Exception

Exercise -6
1. Write a C++ program illustrating user defined string processing functions using pointers (string length, string
copy, string concatenation)
2. Write a C++ program illustrating Virtual classes & virtual functions.
3. Write C++ program that implement Bubble sort, to sort a given list of integers in ascending order
 Exercise -1 (Classes Objects)
Create a Distance class with:
• feet and inches as data members
• member function to input distance
• member function to output distance
• member function to add two distance objects
1. Write a main function to create objects of DISTANCE class. Input two distances and output the sum.

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class Distance

private:

int feet;

int inches;

public:

void input_distance()

cout<<"Feets : ";

cin>>feet;

cout<<"Inches :";

cin>>inches;

}
void output_distance()

cout<<"Distance is "<<feet<<" feets and "<<inches<<" inches "<<endl;

}
void add(Distance d1,Distance d2)

{
feet=d1.feet+d2.feet;

inches=d1.inches+d2.inches;

if(inches>=12)

{
feet=feet+(inches/12);

inches=inches%12;

}
 }

};

int main()

{
Distance d1,d2,d3;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter Distance 1 "<<endl;

d1.input_distance();

cout<<"Enter Distance 2 "<<endl;

d2.input_distance();

d3.add(d1,d2);

d3.output_distance();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
2. Write a C++ Program to illustrate the use of Constructors and Destructors (use the above program.)

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class Distance

private:

int feet;

int inches;

public:

Distance(){}

Distance(int f,int i)

feet=f;

inches=i;

void get_distance()

cout<<"Distance is "<<feet<<" feets and "<<inches<<"m inches "<<endl;

void add(Distance &d1,Distance &d2)

feet=d1.feet+d2.feet;

inches=d1.inches+d2.inches;

if(inches>=12)

feet=feet+(inches/12);

inches=inches%12;

}
 }

~Distance()

cout<<"Distance object destroyed "<<endl;

};

int main()

int f1,i1,f2,i2;

clrscr();

cout<<"Distance 1 "<<endl;

cout<<"Feets : ";

cin>>f1;

cout<<"Inches : ";

cin>>i1;

cout<<"Distance 2 "<<endl;

cout<<"Feets : ";

cin>>f2;

cout<<"Inches : ";

cin>>i2;

Distance d1(f1,i1);

Distance d2(f2,i2);

Distance d3;

d3.add(d1,d2);

d3.get_distance();

getch();

return 0;

}
Output:

3. Write a program for illustrating function overloading in adding the distance between objects (use the
above problem)

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

class Distance

private:

int feet;

int inches;

public:

void set_distance()

cout<<"Feets : ";

cin>>feet;

cout<<"Inches : ";
 cin>>inches;

void get_distance()

cout<<"Distance is "<<feet<<" feet "<<inches<<" inches "<<endl;

void add(Distance d1,Distance d2)

feet=d1.feet+d2.feet;

inches=d1.inches+d2.inches;

if(inches>=12)

feet=feet+(inches/12);

inches=inches%12;

void add(Distance *d1,Distance *d2)

feet=d1->feet+d2->feet;

inches=d1->inches+d2->inches;

if(inches>=12)

feet=feet+(inches/12);

inches=inches%12;

};

int main()

Distance d1,d2,d3;
 clrscr();

cout<<"Distance 1 "<<endl;

d1.set_distance();

cout<<"Distance 2 "<<endl;

d2.set_distance();

d3.add(d1,d2);

d3.get_distance();

d3.add(&d1,&d2);

d3.get_distance();

getch();

return 0;

Output:
 Exercise – 2 (Access)

Write a program for illustrating Access Specifiers public, private, protected

1. Write a program implementing Friend Function

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Box

private:

double length;

protected:

double width;

public:

double height;

void inputdata();

friend double volume(Box b);

};

void Box::inputdata()

cout<<"Enter length : "<<endl;

cin>>length;

cout<<"Enter width : "<<endl;

cin>>width;

cout<<"Enter height : "<<endl;

cin>>height;

}
double volume(Box b)

return b.length*b.width*b.height;

int main()

Box b;

b.inputdata();

cout<<"Volume = "<<volume(b)<<endl;

return 0;

Output:
2. Write a program to illustrate this pointer

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Box

private:

double length;

protected:

double width;

public:

double height;

Box(double length,double width,double height)

this->length=length;

this->width=width;

this->height=height;

double volume()

return length*width*height;

};

int main()

double length,width,height;
 cout<<"Enter length : \n";

cin>>length;

cout<<"Enter breadth : \n";

cin>>width;

cout<<"Enter height : \n";

cin>>height;

Box b(length,width,height);

cout<<"Volume = "<<b.volume()<<endl;

return 0;

Output:
3. Write a Program to illustrate pointer to a class

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Box

private:

double length;

protected:

double breadth;

public:

double height;

Box(double l,double b,double h)

length=l;

breadth=b;

height=h;

double volume()

return length*breadth*height;

};

int main()

{
 double length,breadth,height;

cout<<"Enter length : "<<endl;

cin>>length;

cout<<"Enter breadth : "<<endl;

cin>>breadth;

cout<<"Enter height : "<<endl;

cin>>height;

Box b(length,breadth,height),*ptr;

cout<<"Volume of the box is : "<<b.volume()<<endl;

ptr=&b;

cout<<"Volume of box using pointer is : "<<ptr->volume()<<endl;

return 0;

Output:
 Exercise -3 (Operator Overloading)

1. Write a program to Overload Unary, and Binary Operators as Member

Function, andNon Member Function.

1. Unary operator as member function

2. Binary operator as non member function

Source Code:
//Unary operator as member function

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Unary
{
private:
int num1,num2;
public:
Unary(int n1,int n2)
{
num1=n1;
num2=n2;
}
void display()
{
cout<<"num1 = "<<num1<<endl;
cout<<"num2 = "<<num2<<endl;
}
void operator ++()
{
++num1;
++num2;
}
};

int main()
{
int n1,n2;
cout<<"Enter num1 : ";
cin>>n1;
cout<<"Enter num2 : ";
cin>>n2;
Unary u(n1,n2);
cout<<"Before increment numbers are "<<endl;
 u.display();
++u;
cout<<"Afterincrement numbers are "<<endl;
u.display();
return 0;
}

Output:
//Binary operator as non member function
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Complex
{
private:
float real;
float imaginary;
public:
Complex(){}
Complex(float r,float i)
{
real=r;
imaginary=i;
}
void display()
{
cout<<real<<"+i"<<imaginary<<endl;
}
friend Complex operator +(Complex &,Complex &);
};

Complex operator +(Complex &c1,Complex &c2)

{
Complex temp;
temp.real=c1.real+c2.real;
temp.imaginary=c1.imaginary+c2.imaginary;
return temp;
}
int main()
{
int r,i;
cout<<"Enter first object values : "<<endl;
cin>>r>>i;
Complex c1(r,i);
cout<<"Enter second object values : "<<endl;
cin>>r>>i;
Complex c2(r,i);
Complex c3=c1+c2;
cout<<"Addition of the objects is : "<<endl;
c3.display();
return 0;
}
Output:
2. Write a c ++ program to implement the overloading assignment = operator

//Assignment operator overloading

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class AssignOp
{
private:
int a;
double b;
public:
void input(int n1,double n2)
{
a=n1;
b=n2;
}
void display()
{
cout<<"Given values are : "<<endl;
cout<<a<<"\t"<<b<<endl;
}
void operator =(AssignOp ao)
{
a=ao.a;
b=ao.b;
}
};
int main()
{
int n1;
double n2;
cout<<"Enter integer and double values : "<<endl;
cin>>n1>>n2;
AssignOp a1,a2;
a1.input(n1,n2);
a1.display();
a2.operator=(a1);
a2.display();
return 0;
}
Output:
 Exercise -4 (Inheritance)

1. Write C++ Programs and incorporating various forms of Inheritance

i) Single Inheritance

ii) Hierarchical Inheritance

iii) Multiple Inheritances

iv) Multi-level inheritance

v) Hybrid inheritance

//Single inheritance

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class Base

protected:

char name[30];

int age;

};

class Derived:public Base

public:

int height,weight;

void getdata()

cout<<"Enter name and age : ";

cin>>name>>age;
 cout<<"Enter height and weight : ";

cin>>height>>weight;

void display()

cout<<"name = "<<name<<endl;

cout<<"age = "<<age<<endl;

cout<<"height = "<<height<<endl;

cout<<"weight = "<<weight<<endl;

};

int main()

Derived d;

d.getdata();

d.display();

return 0;

}
Output:

Enter name and age : sai 35

Enter height and weight : 165 55

name = sai

age = 35

height = 165

weight = 55
//hierarchical inheritance

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class vehicle

protected:

vehicle()

cout<<"This is vehicle class "<<endl;

};

class car:public vehicle

public:

car()

cout<<"Car is four wheeler "<<endl;

};

class bike:public vehicle

public:

bike()

cout<<"This is two wheeler "<<endl;

 }

};

int main()

car c;

bike b;

return 0;

}
Output:

This is vehicle class

Car is four wheeler

This is vehicle class

This is two wheeler

//multiple inheritance

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class A

protected:

int a;

};

class B

protected:

int b;

};
class C

protected:

int c;

};

class D:public A,B,C

public:

int d;

void getdata()

cout<<"Enter values of A,B,C, and D \n";

cin>>a>>b>>c>>d;

}
 void display()

cout<<"Values of A,B,C, and D are "<<endl;

cout<<"A = "<<a<<endl;

cout<<"B = "<<b<<endl;

cout<<"C = "<<c<<endl;

cout<<"D = "<<d<<endl;

};

int main()

D obj;

obj.getdata();

obj.display();

return 0;

}
Output:

Enter values of A,B,C, and D

10 20 30 40

Values of A,B,C, and D are

A = 10

B = 20

C = 30

D = 40
//Multi level inheritance

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class A

protected:

char name[30];

int age;

};

class B:public A

protected:

float height;

float weight;

};

class C:public B

protected:

char gender;

public:

void getdata()

cout<<"Enter name : ";

cin>>name;

cout<<"Enter age : ";

 cin>>age;

cout<<"Enter height : ";

cin>>height;

cout<<"Enter weight : ";

cin>>weight;

cout<<"Enter gender : ";

cin>>gender;

void displaydata()

cout<<"name = "<<name<<"\n"<<"age = "<<age<<"\n"<<"height = "<<height<<"\n"<<"weight =

"<<weight<<"\n"<<"gender = "<<gender<<endl;

};

int main()

C obj;

obj.getdata();

obj.displaydata();

return 0;

}
Output:

Enter name : sai

Enter age : 25

Enter height : 5.7

Enter weight : 55

Enter gender : m

name = sai

age = 25

height = 5.7

weight = 55

gender = m

//Hybrid inheritance

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class player

protected:

char name[30];

char gender;

int age;

};

class physique:public player

protected:

float height;
 float weight;

};

class location

protected:

char city[10];

int pin;

};

class game:public physique,location

protected:

char game[10];

public:

void getdata()

cout<<"Enter the following information \n ";

cout<<"Enter name, age, gender, height, weight, city, pin and game "<<endl;

cin>>name>>age>>gender>>height>>weight>>city>>pin>>game;

void display()

cout<<"Name = "<<name<<endl;

cout<<"Age = "<<age<<endl;

cout<<"Gender = "<<gender<<endl;

cout<<"Height = "<<height<<endl;
 cout<<"Weight = "<<weight<<endl;

cout<<"City = "<<city<<endl;

cout<<"Pin = "<<pin<<endl;

cout<<"Game = "<<game<<endl;

};

int main()

game g;

g.getdata();

g.display();

return 0;

}
Output:

Enter the following information

Enter name, age, gender, height, weight, city, pin and game

sai 25 m 5.8 55 hyderabad 500082 cricket

Name = sai

Age = 25

Gender = m

Height = 5.8

Weight = 55

City = hyderabad

Pin = 500082

Game = cricket
2. Also illustrate the order of execution of constructors and destructors in inheritance

//Constructors and destructors in inheritance

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class A

public:

A()

cout<<"A's constructor "<<endl;

~A()

cout<<"A's destructor "<<endl;

};
class B:public A

public:

B()

cout<<"B's constructor "<<endl;

~B()
{

cout<<"B's Destructor "<<endl;

};

class C:public B
{
public:
C()
{
cout<<"C's constructor "<<endl;
}
~C()
{
cout<<"C's Destructor "<<endl;
}
};

int main()

C c;

return 0;

Output:

A's constructor

B's constructor

C's constructor

C's Destructor

B's Destructor

A's destructor
 Exercise -5(Templates, Exception Handling)

1. a)Write a C++ Program to illustrate template class

2. b)Write a Program to illustrate member function templates
3. c) Write a Program for Exception Handling Divide by zero
4. d)Write a Program to rethrow an Exception

// a)Write a C++ Program to illustrate template class

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

template<class T>

class Data

{
public:
Data(T v)
{
cout<<"Value = "<<v<<endl;

cout<<"Size = "<<sizeof(v)<<" byte(s) "<<endl;

}
};
int main()
{
Data <char>ch('A');

Data <int>i(15);

Data <double>f(25.6563);

return 0;

}
Output:

Value = A

Size = 1 byte(s)

Value = 15

Size = 4 byte(s)

Value = 25.6563

Size = 8 byte(s)
//2. b)Write a Program to illustrate member function templates

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template <class T>
class data
{
T x,y;
public:
T maximum(T a,T b)
{
x=a;
y=b;
cout<<"Maximum ("<<x<<" and "<<y<<") is : ";
return (x>y)?x:y;
}
};
int main()
{
data <int>d1;
cout<<d1.maximum(15,20)<<endl;
data <double>d2;
cout<<d2.maximum(25.243,11.742)<<endl;
data <char>d3;
cout<<d3.maximum('S','M')<<endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Maximum (15 and 20) is : 20
Maximum (25.243 and 11.742) is : 25.243
Maximum (S and M) is : S

//3. c) Write a Program for Exception Handling Divide by zero

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a,b;
cout<<"Enter values of a and b : "<<endl;
cin>>a>>b;
try
{
if(b!=0)
cout<<"Result of (a/b) is : "<<(a/b)<<endl;
else
throw b;
}
catch(int e)
{
cout<<"Divide by error due to b = "<<b<<endl;
}
return 0;
}

Output1:
Enter values of a and b :
25 0
Divide by error due to b = 0

Output2:
Enter values of a and b :
150 10
Result of (a/b) is : 15
//4. d)Write a Program to rethrow an Exception

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
try
{
int a,b;
cout<<"Enter a and b values : ";
cin>>a>>b;
try
{
if(b==0)
throw b;
else
cout<<"(a/b) = "<<a/b<<endl;
}
catch(int)
{
throw;
} //rethrowing the exception
}
catch(int)
{
cout<<"Second value b can not be zero "<<endl;
}
return 0;
}

Output:
Enter a and b values : 95 5
(a/b) = 19

Output2:
Enter a and b values : 15 0
Second value b can not be zero
 Exercise -6
1. Write a C++ program illustrating user defined string processing functions using pointers (string
length, string copy, string concatenation)
2. Write a C++ program illustrating Virtual classes & virtual functions.
3. Write C++ program that implement Bubble sort, to sort a given list of integers in ascending order

1. Write a C++ program illustrating user defined string processing functions using pointers (string
length, string copy, string concatenation)

a) Strlen()

This is the string length function. It returns the length of the string passed to it as the argument.

Syntax:

strnlen(string1)

The parameter string1 is the name of the string whose length is to be determined.

The above function will return the length of the string string1.

b) strcpy()

This is the string copy function. It copies one string into another string.

Syntax:

strcpy(string1, string2);

The two parameters to the function, string1 and string2, are strings.

The function will copy the string string1 into the string 1

c) strcat()

This is the string concatenate function. It concatenates strings.

Syntax:

strcat(string1, string2);

The two parameters to the function, string1 and string2 are the strings to be concatenated.

The above function will concatenate the string string2 to the end of the string string1.
//C++ program illustrating user defined string processing functions using pointers (string length, string
copy, string concatenation)

#include<iostream>

#include<cstring>

using namespace std;

int main()

char name1[20];

char name2[20];

char name3[20];

//clrscr();

cout<<"Enter name1 : ";

cin>>name1;

cout<<"Enter name2 : ";

cin>>name2;

int len;

strcpy(name3, name1);

cout<< "strcpy( name3, name1) : " << name3 <<endl;

strcat(name1, name2);

cout<< "strcat( name1, name2) : " << name1 <<endl;

len = strlen(name2);

cout<< "strlen(name2) : " <<len<<endl;

return 0;

}
Output:

Enter name1 : sai

Enter name2 : kiran

strcpy( name3, name1) : sai

strcat( name1, name2) : saikiran

strlen(name2) : 5

2. Write a C++ program illustrating Virtual classes & virtual functions.

Virtual Base Classes:

Virtual base classes are used in virtual inheritance in a way of preventing multiple “instances” of a given
class appearing in an inheritance hierarchy when using multiple inheritances.

Need for Virtual Base Classes:

Consider the situation where we have one class A.

This class is A is inherited by two other classes B and C.

Both these classes are inherited into another in a new class D as shown in figure below.
As we can see from the figure that data members/function of class A are inherited twice to class D.

One through class B and second through class C.

When any data / function member of class A is accessed by an object of class D, ambiguity arises as to
which data/function member would be called?

One inherited through B or the other inherited through C. This confuses compiler and it displays error.

Syntax:

class derivedclassname:virtual public baseclassname

//Write a C++ program illustrating Virtual classes.

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class A1

protected:

int a1;

};

class A2 : public virtual A1 // virtual declaration

protected:

int a2;

};

class A3 : public virtual A1 // virtual declaration

protected:

int a3;

};
class A4 : public A2,A3 // virtual declaration

{
int a4;

public:

void get()

{
cout<<"Enter values for a1, a2,a3 and a4 : ";

cin>>a1>>a2>>a3>>a4;

void put()

{
cout<<"a1="<<a1 <<"\na2="<<a2 <<"\na3="<<a3 <<"\na4="<<a4;
}

};

int main()

//clrscr();

A4 a;

a.get(); // Reads data

a.put(); // Displays data

return 0;

}
Output:

Enter values for a1, a2,a3 and a4 : 10 20 30 40

a1=10

a2=20

a3=30

a4=40
Virtual function

A virtual function is a member function which is declared within a base class and is redefined(

Overridden) by a derived class. When you refer to a derived class object using a pointer or a

reference to the base class, you can call a virtual function for that object and execute the derived

class’s version of the function.

• Virtual functions ensure that the correct function is called for an object, regardless of

the type of reference (or pointer) used for function call.

• They are mainly used to achieve Runtime polymorphism

• Functions are declared with a virtual keyword in base class.

• The resolving of function call is done at Run-time.

Syntax:

virtual returntype methodname;

Source Code:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class base {

public:

virtual void print()

{

cout<< "print base class" <<endl;

void show()

cout<< "show base class" <<endl;

};

class derived : public base

{
 public:

void print()

cout<< "print derived class" <<endl;

void show()

cout<< "show derived class" <<endl;

};

int main()

base* bptr;

derived d;

bptr = &d;
 // virtual function, binded at runtime

bptr->print();

// Non-virtual function, binded at compile time

bptr->show();

Output:

print derived class

show base class

/* 3. Write C++ program that implement Bubble sort, to sort a given list of integers in ascending
order. */

Bubble Sort:

Bubble Sort is the simplest sorting algorithm that works by repeatedly swapping the adjacent elements

if they are in wrong order.

Example:

First Pass:

( 5 1 4 2 8 ) –> ( 1 5 4 2 8 ), Here, algorithm compares the first two elements, and swaps since 5 > 1.

( 1 5 4 2 8 ) –> ( 1 4 5 2 8 ), Swap since 5 > 4

( 1 4 5 2 8 ) –> ( 1 4 2 5 8 ), Swap since 5 > 2

( 1 4 2 5 8 ) –> ( 1 4 2 5 8 ), Now, since these elements are already in order (8 > 5),

algorithm does not swap them.

Second Pass:

( 1 4 2 5 8 ) –> ( 1 4 2 5 8 )

( 1 4 2 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 ), Swap since 4 > 2

( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 )

( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 )
Now, the array is already sorted, but our algorithm does not know if it is completed.

The algorithm needs one whole pass without any swap to know it is sorted.

Third Pass:

( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 )

( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 )

( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 )

( 1 2 4 5 8 ) –> ( 1 2 4 5 8 )

//Source Code

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

int num, i, arr[50], j, temp;

cout<<"\n Enter Total Number of Elements : ";

cin>>num;

cout<<"\n Enter "<<num<<" Elements : \n\n";

for(i=0; i<num; i++)

cout<<" ";

cin>>arr[i];

cout<<"\n\n Sorting Array using Bubble Sort... \n";

for(i=0; i<(num-1); i++)

for(j=0; j<(num-i-1); j++)

 {

if(arr[j]>arr[j+1])

temp=arr[j];

arr[j]=arr[j+1];

arr[j+1]=temp;

cout<<"\n Sorted Element in Ascending Order : \n";

for(i=0; i<num; i++)

cout<<" ";

cout<<arr[i]<<" ";

return 0;

Output:

Enter Total Number of Elements : 10

Enter 10 Elements :

25 36 85 15 45 62 90 55 11 77

Sorting Array using Bubble Sort...

Sorted Element in Ascending Order :

11 15 25 36 45 55 62 77 85 90