VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

SUBJECT: MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

THEME: Iris setosa species

Author:

Class : KTTC.

Lecturer : Ph.D. Dang Ngoc Sinh

Name :

Student ID :

HANOI – 2024
Table of contents

Table of contents..............................................................................................................................................2
Abstract............................................................................................................................................................3
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................3
Literature Review..............................................................................................................................................4
Contents...........................................................................................................................................................5
1. Data..........................................................................................................................................................5
2. Analyze regression results........................................................................................................................6
2.1. Economic significance of regression coefficients...............................................................................6
2.2. Statistical significance of regression coefficients...............................................................................7
3. Confidence interval for regression coefficients.........................................................................................7
4. Test the appropriateness of the model.....................................................................................................7
5. Check the model for defects.....................................................................................................................7
5.1 Multicollinearity..................................................................................................................................7
5.1.1 Testing multicollinearity phenomenon............................................................................................7
Discussion.........................................................................................................................................................7
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................8
References........................................................................................................................................................9

2
Abstract
knowledge in plant structure and
form.
The implications of these findings go
In this paper, an analysis of the way beyond what is pertinent to
correlation between sepal width and botanical research efforts. Based on
sepal length in the Iris setosa, which patterns and morphological
is one of the plants with incredible characteristics, the study advances
physiological characteristics, is knowledge of plant development in
presented. Among the physical traits Iris setosa. Furthermore, it draws
currently used in the identification of attention to the use of
this species and measured include; morphological characters for
sepal width (X) and sepal length (Y) taxonomy since the measurement of
that are significant in the particular characters may help to
classification of its specimens. increase the effectiveness and
Originally used in plant morphology reliability of the species
and taxonomy, these differentiation process.
measurements, expressed in
The broader implications of this
centimeters have become a
work reach beyond the identification
standard in the field. Download it
of additional new species and
Understanding the relationship
subgenera of Iris, to contributing to
between them and not only helps in
the general improvement and
species identification but also forms
efficiency for faster and robust
the basis for further research
identification applicable to
regarding floral morphology.
taxonomic studies of Iris and
Moreover, biotic factors are related
potentially other plant families.
with these physical characters, and
Furthermore, the study provides
their analysis is an important part of
premise for future studies on
botanical science.
associations between other floral
In this paper the mode of analysis characters including petal size and
used to test the quantitative length, stems, and reproductive
correlation of sepal width to sepal organs. Extensions of the same
length in the Iris setosa is regression would also help to boost the filed on
analysis. A clear positive gods plant morphology and would
inclined linear relationship is there furthermore help to explore new
between two sepals, which confirms possibilities of concerning their
the fact that as one sepal’s width ecological as well as evolutionary
shows a direct proportion with importance.
length. This relationship is
Through linking these results with
demonstrated using a derived
the other botanical researches, this
regression equation which also
work highlights the role of sepal
provides a precise prediction of
measurements in morphological
sepal length given the sepal width.
researches and, therefore, their
In terms of the ability to make
significance for taxonomical
predictions, this suggests that
investigations. It provides a basis for
statistical models may be of great
subsequent studies that may
value in the development of
examine other aspects of plant
3
characteristics, their relationships, In these research, the author wants
and their significance for plant to determine whether sepal width
taxonomical organization and has a linear relationship with sepal
biological diversity protection. length in Iris setosa specimens by
performing regression test. More

Introducti precisely, it aims at testing whether

these two characteristics are linearly
related and, if so, to what extent the

on variation in sepal width affects sepal

length. In this way, the study further
advances the knowledge of plant
The species, known as iris setosa, is morphology and taxonomy, of great
from the well researched genus of utility for botanists, horticulturalists
iris, greatly due to the unique and anyone interested in the
structural form of the flower. Among structural behaviour of flowering
all the body features, Sepal width plants.
and Sepal length are considered the
Furthermore, this study fits within
most important one taking into
the emerging paradigm of
consideration the structural
quantitative approaches in botany
differences among the plants and
because of the need for quantitative
their relation to growth and
techniques for enhancing the
development. Sepal width is another
identification and classification
important metric given in
precision of species. The emphasis
centimeters and characterizes the
of this study on Sep setosa
width of the sepal, while sepal
underlines the significance of the
length shows the length of this
morphological traits as quantitative
structure. Altogether, these traits
indices of plant attributes for
are used as key reference
subsequent studies on related
benchmarks required for plant
species and floral characters to build
taxonomy and plant body shape
analysis.
Providing an appreciation of how
sepal width and length are related is
Literature
significant in plant biology since
knowledge of the two helps in
uncovering how the characteristics
Review
affect and play a role in rendering Many disciplines have investigated Iris
the overall structure of the flower. setosa, from recruitment in the machine
By investigating this relationship in learning classification systematic,
the context of Iris setosa given that computer vision systematic, to plant
systematic. This literature review brings
the growth patterns are relatively
out the methodologies of the three
stable this relationship adds onto
main papers and their findings
our understanding of the concerning Iris setosa.
morphological properties of this
species as well as helping in This research focuses on the
comparative analysis with other classification of the Iris setosa using a
machine learning algorithm.
species of Iris.
4
Angkita Bardhan and Deval Verma Iris setosa Plant Regeneration
(2022) used the algorithms of
Radojević and Subotić (2011) were
supervised machine learning for the
involved in the research on
classification of the Iris setosa among
regeneration of Iris setosa through
other species. To increase the
somatic embryo genesis and
recognition accuracy, this work
organogenesis. From mature embryos,
employed Naïve Bayes and K-Nearest
the researchers were successful in
Neighbor (KNN) algorithms where
plantlet regeneration by changing from
spatial features of the flower was used
one culture media to another. Callus
for training. Iris dataset with 150
formation both embryogenic and
recognisable data composed of 50
organogenic callus under specific
samples each of Iris setosa, Iris
conditions were produced which also
versicolor, and Iris virginica was used.
differentiated in to plantlets and with
Naïve Bayes classifier testing index was
the development of somatic embryos
100%, and for KNN 98.57% proving the
they were subsequently germinated in
steadiness of such approaches. The
mineral solution containing growth
authors focused on the role of
regulators 2,4-D and kinetin. M. B.
supervised learning for dealing with
Available histological studies showed
such visually diverse issues of
that somatic embryos and adventitious
classification, especially in case flowers
buds derived from embryogenic or
have many similarities in morphological
organogenic calli. The efficiency gained
characteristics.
from this study was key to
Computer Vision Challenges with Iris understanding tissue culture practices
setosa and future possibilities of culturing Iris
setosa on a commercial scale.
Using natural scenes for the Iris setosa
photographs, Rocha Filho et al. (2021) These studies taken together, thus
proposed a new computer vision demonstrate the utility of Iris setosa for
dataset. Contrary to the classical purposes of analysis. Hence Iris setosa
problem of classification based on the holds the significance for different
Iris dataset, the given dataset had noisy branches of science starting with
backgrounds and different object machine learning and computer vision,
orientations, which made the and up to plant regeneration and
benchmark more difficult. The study cloning. I highlight that its application
found that without preprocessing the envelops deeper classificatory values in
accuracy of traditional machine learning species identification and propagation
methods was just 63%, while state-of- and opens the door to other concerns
the-art deep learning models achieved related to the existing crisis in biodiosis
82% accuracy. This research highlighted and technological advancement.
that computer vision can work well with
large real-world datasets, yet a lot more
research is required to achieve the
same level of performance of MnIST.
Contents
1. Data

X Y
3.5 5.1
3 4.9
3.2 4.7
3.1 4.6
5
 3.6 5
3.9 5.4
3.4 4.6
3.4 5
2.9 4.4
3.1 4.9
3.7 5.4
3.4 4.8
3 4.3
4 5.8
4.4 5.7
3.9 5.4
3.5 5.1
3.8 5.7
3.8 5.1
3.4 5.4
3.7 5.1
3.6 4.6
3.3 5.1
3.4 4.8
3 5
3.4 5
3.5 5.2
3.4 5.2
3.2 4.7
3.1 4.8
3.4 5.4
4.1 5.2
4.2 5.5
3.1 4.9
3.2 5
3.5 5.5
3.6 4.9
3 4.4
3.4 5.1
3.5 5
2.3 4.5
3.2 4.4
3.5 5
3.8 5.1
3 4.8
3.8 4.6
3.7 5.3
3.3 5

Variables: Y represents the sepal length.

X represents the sepal width. Summarize x y:

6
 2. Analyze regression results
Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max 2.1. Economic significance of
regression coefficients
x 48 3.441667 .3802761 2.3 4.4 - B1 = 2.73 > 0
y 48 5.008333 .3583849 4.3 5.8 Shows that the best price has a
constant amount of 2.73
The value of X will range from 2.3 to
5.8 and 4.3 to 5.8 for Y with - B2 = 0.66 > 0
standard deviations of 0.35 shows a
Inverse ratio shows that every 1
fairly high level of point
unit increases will increase 0.66 unit
concentration
of best price
Suppose we have a regression
2.2. Statistical significance of
model:
regression coefficients
Y = β1 + β2X Test pair of hypotheses:
Regression model (1) using Stata,
we obtain the following rerult: { β J =0
βJ ≠ 0
(j=2)

Table 1: regression model Y = β1 + Inspection standards: T=

^β −β
β2X J j
T ( n−2 )
Sⅇ ( β^ )
Dependent variable: Y
w α =(T :|T |>t 0.025=1.95)
45

Method: Least Squares Tqs2 = 6.68 → Reject H0, accept

H1→ B2 is statistically significant
Date:16/11/2024
Time:9:14 am 3. Confidence interval for
regression coefficients
Included observation: 48
The confidence interval for the
regression coefficients is given by
Source SS df MS Number of obs = 48
F( 1, 46) = 44.57
the following formula:
Model 2.97057974 1 2.97057974 Prob > F = 0.0000
 ^β i – t a/ 2 Se( ^β i) < βi < ^β i + t a/ 2
n−k n−k
Residual 3.06608637 46 .066654052 R-squared = 0.4921
Adj R-squared = 0.4810
Total 6.03666611 47 .128439705 Root MSE = .25817 Se( ^β i)
 The confidence interval for the
y Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
intercept is calculated as:
x .6611083 .0990297 6.68 0.000 .461772 .8604447
_cons 2.733019 .3428582 7.97 0.000 2.042881 3.423157
^β 1 - t (n−2)
a/ 2
Se( ^β 1 ) < β1 < ^β 1 + t (n−2)Se( ^β 1 )
a/ 2
From the above estimation results
we obtain:  2.73-1.95*0.34 < β1 <
(PRF): E(Y/X)= β1 + β2X 2.73+1.95*0.34
(SRF): Y = 2.73 + 0.66X  2.067< β1 < 3.393

7
 Discussion
That means that when other factors
remain constant, the Best price is in
the range (2.067;3.393)
The findings of this research are a
Similarly we have: positive linear relationship between
sepal width and sepal length in the
0.48< β2 < 0.83 Iris setosa since the regression
That means, other things being equation is Y = 2.73 + 0.66 X. It also
equal, X1 is in the range (0.48;0.83) indicates that sepal width is directly
related to sepal length since the
4. Test the appropriateness of variables have tendencies to
the model. proportionally rise as the other
Test pair of hypotheses: varies. More precisely, with each
increase in sepal width by 1 cm,
H0: R2 = 0 sepal length expands by 0.66 cm.
Concerning the two morphological
H1: R2 ≠ 0 characters, the relatively high slope
coefficient (0.66) confirms the fact
2
R /(2) that there is a relatively strong
F¿ F (2; 45)
(1−R 2)/(45) positive relationship between them.
The positive correlation observed for
Domain rejected Wa = (F: F >
this characteristic agrees with other
F0.05(2;45) = 4.977) researches carried out on plants
morphometry where floral
We have: F = 44.57 ∈ Wa dimensions are known to have
positive relationships. In Iris setosa
 Reject H0, accept H1 these results may mean that the
 Suitable model dimensions of sepals are controlled
during growth in a coordinated
R2 = 0.478 shows that the manner by genetic and
environmental influences. For
independent variable explains
example, the large sepals would
47.8% of the variation in the mean stronger support of the sepals,
dependent variable which, in turns, would enhance the
flower’s harmony and practical use.
5. Check the model for defects The intercept value of means that,
5.1 Multicollinearity when the sepal width is equal to
5.1.1 Testing multicollinearity zero, the sepal length would be 2.73
phenomenon respectively. This is actually out of
So this model is appropriate and bound for Iris setosa in so far as
there is no multicollinearity sepal width is concerned, and hence
phenomenon because there is only 1 logically not possible, but its
independent variable. We have presence in the context of
overcome the multicollinearity regression analysis is significant to
problem in the original model cover the overall variation of the
different variables.
8
As the given data shows, these following studies are suggested,
conclusions have some implications which may bring further light to
for morphological and taxonomical genetic and environmental factors
study of plants. Awareness of that might contribute to the floral
correlation between sepal width and formation.
sepal length is important in species
identification since shape is an
important factor when identifying
species in botany. In addition, this
will offer a better understanding of
Conclusion
how different Iris setosa might exist
Y = 2.73 + 0.66X
or sustain itself under various
environmental conditions with This equation shows that there is
regard to the physical dimensions positive linear relationship between
that could in one way or the other sepal width and the sepal length. In
be subjected to soil factors such as other words, increase of the sepal
type and quality, availability of light width by 1 cm means the increase of
or water ratio. the sepal length by about 0.66 cm
on average. The constant term,
However, the present study has its
2.73, is the estimated sepal length
limitations also. The analysis is also
when sepal width is zero, although
limited to a first-order contingent
such a value is not borne out of
model, which means that it
reality since it is an outlier of the
presupposes that changes in sepal
range of actual biological data of Iris
width are paralleled by changes in
setosa.
sepal length in proportion. Although
the above assumption accords with The study also indicates that sepal
the data, non-linear relationships width has some effect on sepal
may be present under some length proving the close relationship
circumstances or in other species of between or within these attributes.
Iris. However, the sepal size may This kind of relationship is very
also be affected by other factors not important especially for researchers
addressed in this study including and botanists because it gives
variation in genes, or change of comprehensive data on patterns of
environment. Future work could plant growth, classification type and
build on this by using multivariate plant morphological aspects relating
analysis to include other factors to different species.
affecting the dimensions of the
Sepal. Therefore, the outcomes of this
paper dovetail with knowledge
Thus, the work clearly evidences about the morphology of Iris setosa
that there is a very high correlation and show that regression analysis
between sepal width and sepal can be valuable in discovering
length in Iris setosa. Therefore, the correlations between dimensions of
studies extend the knowledge of the the physical characteristics of
morphology of the species and join plants. The research conducted to
the global discourse on plant support the current study can be
development. Molecular equation taken further and applied to explore

9
other factors which could help to
have better insight of plant
morphology; for instance,
environmental factors and genetic
differences.

Reference
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10