Unit-5 Object Oriented Programming

Object Oriented Concept

 All languages those supports the concepts of OOP they are considered as OOP
programming language.
 All OOP based languages supports the following concepts.
o Class and Object
o Abstraction and Encapsulation
o Constructor and Destructor
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
 Class
o Class is a group of methods and variables where methods are known as
Member function and variables are known as Data Member.
o In vb.net class is created using Class Keyword and completed with End Class.
o Once class is created you can created any number of objects.
Syntax:
[accessmodifier][Shadows][MustInherit|NotInheritable]
Class <Classname>
[Inherits classname]
[Implements interfacenames]
[statements]
End Class

where
 Accessmodifier defines the access levels of the class; it has values as - Public,
Protected, Friend, Protected Friend and Private. Optional.
 Shadows indicate that the variable re-declares and hides an identically named
element, or set of overloaded elements, in a base class. Optional.
 MustInherit specifies that the class can be used only as a base class and that you
cannot create an object directly from it, i.e., an abstract class. Optional.
 NotInheritable specifies that the class cannot be used as a base class.
 Inherits specifies the base class it is inheriting from.
 Implements specify the interfaces the class is inheriting from.

Example
o Add new class file to the project and give proper name (Class1.vb). The
extension of the class is .vb
 o Write down the following code in Class1.vb File

Public Class Class1 'class name

Dim a, b As Integer
'Class Method
Sub getdata(ByVal i As Integer, ByVal j As Integer)
a=i
b=j
End Sub
Sub disp() 'class method
MsgBox("a==" & a & "b==" & b)
End Sub
Function sum() As Integer 'function
Return a + b
End Function
End Class

o Add windows form name frmclass.vb and write down the following code in
btnclass click event.

Private Sub btnclass_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles btnclass.Click
Dim obj As New Class1 ‘object is created
obj.getdata(10, 20) ‘method is called
obj.disp()
MsgBox("the sum of two no is " & obj.sum())
End Sub
Object
o It is runtime entity.
o It is member of class which is able to access methods and variables of class
which has been declared in Public Mode.
o In vb.net ,it can be created as follows:
Syntax:
o <object> As New <Class Name>
 o Example:

Private Sub btnclass_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles btnclass.Click
Dim obj As New Class1 ‘object is created
obj.getdata(10, 20) ‘method is called
obj.disp()
MsgBox("the sum of two no is " & obj.sum())
End Sub
 Abstraction
o It refers to the act of representing essentials features without including the
background details or explanations.
o It defines way to abstract or hide your data and members from outside class.
o Classes use the concept of Abstraction.
o When we define a classes then different accessibility mode define the access
level of variables and methods. They are Public, Private, Protected.
Example:

Public Class Class1 'class name

Dim a, b As Integer
'Class Method
Sub getdata(ByVal i As Integer, ByVal j As Integer)
a=i
b=j
End Sub
Sub disp() 'class method
MsgBox("a==" & a & "b==" & b)
End Sub
Function sum() As Integer 'function
Return a + b
End Function
End Class

Encapsulation
o It is a process to bind data and methods in a unit called class. When we
define class that process itself define the concept of Encapsulation.
o It can protect your data from accidental corruption.
o Rather than defining the data in the form of public, we can declare those
fields as private.
 Example

Public Class Class1 'class name

Dim a, b As Integer
'Class Method
Sub getdata(ByVal i As Integer, ByVal j As Integer)
a=i
b=j
End Sub
Sub disp() 'class method
MsgBox("a==" & a & "b==" & b)
End Sub
Function sum() As Integer 'function
Return a + b
End Function
End Class

 Constructor
o It is a special member function which is used to initialize the object of its
class.
o It is automatically called when object is created.
o In vb.net, The name of constructor is NEW()
o It can be overloaded.
o There are 2 types of constructor such as constructor with arguments and
without arguments.
 Example

Add Class file and give name ClsConstuctor

Public Class ClsConstuctor

Dim i As Integer
Dim n As Integer
'Constructor without arguments
Sub New()
MsgBox("I am Default Constuctor")
End Sub
'Constructor with arguments
Sub New(ByVal i As Integer)
n=i
MsgBox("I am paramiterized Constuctor")
MsgBox(n)
End Sub
Protected Overrides Sub finalize()
n=0
 MsgBox("I m Desctuctor")
End Sub
End Class

Add windows form and write down the following code in btnconstructor click event.

Private Sub btnConstructor_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e

As System.EventArgs) Handles btnConstructor.Click
Dim x As New ClsConstuctor
Dim y As New ClsConstuctor(10)
End Sub
 How to call Base Class Constructor
o It can be called using MyBase keyword.
o It cannot be used to access private members of class.
o It refers to the immediate base class and its inherited members
 Example:

Public Class ClsBase

Private x, y As Integer
Sub New()
x=0
y=0
End Sub
Sub New (ByVal a As Integer, ByVal b As Integer)
x=a
y=b
End Sub
End Class

Public Class clsderive

Inherits ClsBase
Private z As Integer
Sub New()
MyBase.New()
z=0
End Sub
Sub New(ByVal a As Integer, ByVal b As Integer, ByVal c As Integer)
MyBase.New(a, b)
z=c
MsgBox(a & b & c)
End Sub
End Class
Add windows form and write down the following code in btnconstructor click event.

Private Sub btnConstructor_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e

As System.EventArgs) Handles btnConstructor.Click
Dim obj As New clsderive
Dim obj1 As New clsderive(4, 6, 7)
End Sub
 Destructor
o It is a special function which is called automatically when a class is destroyed.
o A destructor is also known as finalizer. It is the last method run by class
o Within a destructor we can place code to clean up the object after it is used
,which might include decrement counters releasing resources
o It cannot be overloaded.
 Example:

Protected Overrides Sub finalize()

n=0
MsgBox("I m Desctuctor")
End Sub

 Inheritance
o It is a process of creating a new class called derives class from the existing
class called Base Class.
o The existing class is known as parent, base, super class.
o The new class is known as child, derive, sub class.
o It is also known as code reusability.
o It can be created by using inherits keyword.
o A derive class obtain all of the methods, properties, and events of the
base class.
o There are 3 modifier related with inheritance.
 Inherits
 NotInheritable
 MustInherit(Abstract Class)
 Syntax
Class <Class Name>
[inherits] Base Class Name
Statements
End Class
 Example
Add class file name clsbase and write down the following code
 Public Class ClsBase ‘Base Class
Protected a As Integer = 40
Sub disp()
MsgBox("I am Base Class")
End Sub
End Class

Public Class clsderive ‘Derive Class

Inherits ClsBase
Dim b As Integer = 20
Sub show()
MsgBox("value from Base Class=" & a)
MsgBox("value from Derive Class=" & b)
MsgBox("I am Derived Class Method")
End Sub
End Class

Add windows form and write down the following code in btninheritance click
event
Private Sub btninheritance_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs) Handles btninheritance.Click
Dim x As New clsderive
x.disp() ‘Base Class Method
x.show() ‘Base + derive Class’
End Sub

 NotInheritable
o It is known as seal class. If we write NotInheritable keyword in class then no
other class can be derived from this class.
o It gives surety that your class is not become parent of any class.
 Example
Create class clsA as NotInheritable and try to derive it in clsB

Public NotInheritable Class clsA

End Class

Public Class ClsB

Inherits clsA ‘ClsB cannot inherite from class ClsA because ‘ClsA is declared as
NotInheritable

End Class
 MustInherit (Abstract Class)
o MustInherit Keyword is used to create Abstract Class.
o It specifies that class is intended as a base class.
o It provides Skelton to the derived class. it has no actual code.
o It is not used to create an object.
o If our class contains at least one MustOverride method then our class should
be declare as MustInherit class.
o Methods written in Abstract class as MustOverride are automatically appear
in the derived class.
o Mustoverride methods must be declared in MustInherite Class.
o No other statements are allowed and especially there is No End Sub or End
Function.
 Example

Add Class file and give name clsAbs1

Public MustInherit Class clsAbs1

MustOverride Sub add(ByVal a As Integer, ByVal b As Integer)
MustOverride Sub div(ByVal a As Integer, ByVal b As Integer)
End Class

Add another Class file and give name clstemp

Public Class clstemp

Inherits clsAbs1

Public Overrides Sub add(ByVal a As Integer, ByVal b As Integer)

MsgBox(a + b)

End Sub

Public Overrides Sub div(ByVal a As Integer, ByVal b As Integer)

MsgBox(a / b)

End Sub
End Class

Add windows form and write down the following code in btnabstactclass_Click event

Private Sub btnabstactclass_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As

System.EventArgs) Handles btnabstactclass.Click
Dim obj As New clstemp
 obj.add(10, 20)
obj.div(20, 10)
End Sub

 Polymorphism

It means “one name, multiple forms

There are two types of it (1) Design time (2)Run time
Design time polymorphism is achieved by function overloading
Run time polymorphism is achieved by function overriding
Function overloading means we can declare more than one functions with the same
name but arguments are different.
Example

Add Class file and write this code (it is the example of function overloading)
Public Class Clsmath

Function add(ByVal a As Integer)

Return MsgBox(a)
End Function

Function add(ByVal a As Integer, ByVal b As Integer)

Return MsgBox(a + b)
End Function

Function add(ByVal a As Integer, ByVal b As Integer, ByVal c As Integer)

Return MsgBox(a + b + c)
End Function
End Class

Write this code on btnpoly_click event

Private Sub btnpoly_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs)

Handles btnpoly.Click
Dim obj As New Clsmath
obj.add(5)
obj.add(5, 5)
obj.add(10, 20, 30)
End Sub
Run time polymorphism (function overriding)
 Function overriding means when we declare more than one function with same name
but in different class and the relationship between class is parent -child
 The overriding concept achieve only in inheritance.
 Derive class inherits methods from its base class
 If an inherited property or method needs to behave differently in the derived class.
 Overridable keyword is used to mark a function as override. We can redefine
overridable methods in derived class
 The overrides keyword is used to mark that a function is overriding some base class
function.
 The overrides keyword overrides an overridable property or method defined in the base
class
Example

Public Class Clsoverridable

Public Class base
Overridable Sub disp()
MsgBox("Base class")
End Sub
End Class
Public Class clsderived
Inherits base
Public Overrides Sub disp()
MyBase.disp()
MsgBox("Derived Class")
End Sub
End Class
End Class
Write this code in btnoverriding_click Event

Private Sub btnoverriding_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs)

Handles btnoverriding.Click
Dim obj As New Clsoverridable.clsderived
obj.disp()
End Sub
 Interface

Why interface used?

We cannot inherit more than one class in vb.net. If we wants to inherit then? Use interface
Interface
 Interfaces like classes define a set of properties, methods and events. But unlike classes,
an interface does not contain any implementation code
 Interface represents “Has a” relationship
 Classes which implements interface they write the coding in the interface’s method
 We can implements multiple interface
 If we want to use interface then we need to write” Implements” keyword

Syntax
Public Interface iface1
….logic
End Interface
Example

Add interface in your project

Public Interface Interface1

Sub hi()
End Interface

Add another interface in your project

Public Interface Interface2

Sub hello()
End Interface

Add Class File in your project

Public Class ClssInterface

Implements Interface1, Interface2

Public Sub hi() Implements Interface1.hi

MsgBox("Hi i m interface 1")
End Sub

Public Sub hello() Implements Interface2.hello

MsgBox("Hello i m interface 2")
End Sub
End Class
Write down this code in btninterface_click Event

Private Sub btninterface_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs)

Handles btninterface.Click
Dim obj As New ClssInterface
obj.hi()
obj.hello()
End Sub