4th Generation Cellular Network

Planning
 Cellular Network Generations
2

• It is useful to think of cellular Network/telephony in

terms of generations:
– 0G: Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones
– 1G: Analog cellular telephony
– 2G: Digital cellular telephony
– 3G: High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video
telephony)
– LTE (4G): IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and
multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G
 INTRODUCTION : 4G
 Latest and Fastest Generation of mobile phone
communication.
 Based on same 3G Technology with improvements
named as LTE.
 First used in 2008 in Sweden.
 Range: 100MB/s to 1GB/s.
 4G TECHNOLOGY
 High-speed data access
 High quality streaming video
 Combination of wi-fi and wi-max
 Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
 One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.
 MAGIC:
 Mobile Multimedia
 Anytime Anywhere
 Global Mobility Support
 Integrated Wireless Solution
 Customized Personal Services .
 DRAWBACKS OF 4G
• Battery uses is more
• Hard to implement
• Need complicated hardware
• Expensive equipment required to implement next
generation network.
• New technology which makes it more expansive than 3G
• It is impossible to make our current equipment to be
compatible with 4G
 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE)
• Long Term Evolution (LTE) – Standard created
by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project
– Deployed globally
– All packet switched network
– High throughput and QoS considerations
– Provides wireless retransmissions of lost data

6
 LTE – Targets
• High data rates
– Downlink: >150 Mbps
– Uplink: >50 Mbps

• Low delay/latency
– User plane RTT: < 10 ms RAN RTT (fewer nodes, shorter TTI)
– Channel set-up: < 100 ms idle-to-active (fewer nodes, shorter messages, quicker node resp.)

• High spectral efficiency

– Targeting 3 X HSPA Rel. 6 (@ 2006 )

• Spectrum flexibility
– Operation in a wide-range of spectrum allocations, new and existing
– Wide range of Bandwidth: 1.4, 1.6, 3.0/3.2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz, FDD and TDD

• Simplicity – Less signaling, Auto Configuration e-NodeB

– ”PnP”, ”Simple as an Apple”

• Cost-effective migration from current/future 2/3G systems

• State-of-the-art towards 4G
• Focus on services from the packet-switched domain
 Simplified Network Architecture
WCDMA LTE/SAE

SAE Core NW
Core NW
(EPC)

A flat architecture for

optimized
performance and Moving all RNC
cost efficiency functions to e-NodeB
RNC RNC

NodeB NodeB e-NodeB e-NodeB

UE UE
 Network Architecture
IMS IP Multimedia Internet
PSTN/ISDN
subsystem

GMSC GGSN
PDN-GW

HLR
IP backbone
MME/ MME/
S-GW S-GW
VLR
MSC SGSN

IP
BSC RNC

BTS NodeB eNodeB eNodeB

2G, GSM and GPRS 3G, UMTS with WCDMA LTE/SAE 4G

Duplex techinque: FDD Duplex techinque: FDD (and TDD) Duplex technique: FDD or TDD
Freq band: 900MHz, 1800MHz, 1900MHz Freq band: 2 GHz 15 bands Freq band: 450MHz up to 2.6GHz 15 bands
Bandwidth per carrier: 200 kHz Bandwidth per carrier: 5 MHz BW Bandwidth 1.25 – 20 MHz BW
Multiple access: TDMA Access tech: CDMA Multiple access: OFDM (OFDMA DL and SC-
FDMA UL)
 E-UTRAN Architecture
EPC
(Evolved MME/S-GW MME/S-GW
Packet Core) SAE
(Service Architecture
Evolution)
S1

E-UTRAN X2 LTE
(Long Term Evolution)
eNB eNB
X2
X2

eNB

MME (Mobility Management Entity) Distribution of paging messages to the eNBs, Security control, Idle state
mobility control, SAE bearer control, Ciphering and integrity protection of
NAS signalling

S-GW (Serving Gateway) Termination of U-plane packets for paging reasons; Switching of U-plane
for support of UE mobility

eNB (e-NodeB) RRM: Radio Bearer Control, Admission Control, Connection Mobility
Control Scheduling, IP Header Compression, encryption of user data
streams, Scheduling and transmission of paging messages, Selection of
an MME at UE attachment, Routing of user plane data towards serving
GW, Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information,
Measurements and reporting
 LTE basics
Radio resources Scheduling
1ms 1ms 1ms
FDD:
time
TDD:
Scheduling: Allocation of Physical resource blocks
DL: OFDMA (PRB) and which Modulation Scheme to use

freq
UL: SC-FDMA Alt 1 Round robin, red, black, red
Sharing: frequency & time Alt 2 Best quality red, red, red …
Alt 3 Proportional fairness, quality/data volume,
180kHz red , red , black, red
Physical Resource Block (PRB): Also take into account the QoS of the service and UE
0.5 ms x 180 kHz category

PD SCH

PU SCH

UE category

eNB Modulation

QPSK 16QAM 64QAM

DL UL
Category DL MOD UL MOD
(Mbps) (Mbps)

1 10 64 QAM 5 16QAM

2 50 64 QAM 25 -

3 100 64 QAM 50 -

4 150 64 QAM 50 -

5 300 64 QAM 75 64QAM

 Key Radio features of LTE
Many similarities with HSPA/HSPA+….

Short TTI = 1 ms
Transmission Advanced
Fast Link Up to 64QAM time interval Scheduling
Adaptation Modulation Time & Freq.
due to
channel
bahaviour

scalable
ARQ
Automatic Repeat
Request
TX RX
DL: OFDMA MIMO
UL: SC-FDMA Channel
Tx Rx

Frequency re-use 1
 Performance Numbers
Peak Data Rates
Peak data rates
> 150
100 Mbps
90 Downlink
Uplink
80
70
60
Mbps 50
40
30
20
10
0
2 x 5 MHz 2 x 5 MHz 1 x 10 MHz 1 x 20 MHz 2 x 10 MHz 2 x 20 MHz
HSPA HSPA WiMAX WiMAX LTE LTE
Release 6 Release 8 802.16e 802.16e Release 8 Release 8

• Rather similar Peak Data Rates for HSPA evolution and WiMAX
• LTE provides outstanding Data Rates beyond 150 Mbps in 2 x 20 MHz Bandwidth
due to less overhead
• WiMAX uses asymmetric 29:18 TDD in 10/20 MHz, whereas HSPA and LTE use FDD
with 2 x 5 and 2 x 10/20 MHz
• Prerequisite: 2x2 MIMO with 64-QAM in Downlink
Presentation / Author / Date
 Frequency Reuse One in LTE
• LTE is designed for frequency reuse
of one  no frequency planning
required
• Inter-site interference coordination
is possible by exchanging load
information over X2 interface = soft
frequency reuse X2

• Current simulations show no clear X2

performance gains in downlink from
inter-site interference coordination
• Some performance potential in
uplink by exchanging overload
indicator information

Presentation / Author / Date

 LTE Frequency Variants in 3GPP – FDD
Total [MHz] Uplink [MHz] Downlink [MHz] Europe Japan Americas
1 2x60 1920-1980 2110-2170 UMTS core
2 2x60 1850-1910 1930-1990 US PCS
3 2x75 1710-1785 1805-1880 1800
4 2x45 1710-1755 2110-2155 US AWS
5 2x25 824-849 869-894 US 850
6 2x10 830-840 875-885 Japan 800
7 2x70 2500-2570 2620-2690 2600
8 2x35 880-915 925-960 900
9 2x35 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 Japan 1700
10 2x60 1710-1770 2110-2170 Extended AWS
11 2x25 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9 Japan 1500
12 2x18 698-716 728-746 US700
13 2x10 777-787 746-756 US700
14 2x10 788-798 758-768 US700
xx Presentation
2x30?/ Author /790-820
Date 832-862? UHF (TV)
 Elements of 4G LTE architecture

Mobile device:
Mobility
 smartphone, tablet, laptop, Mobile device
(UE)
Management
Entity (MME)
Home Subscriber
Service (HSS)
Base station
IoT, ... with 4G LTE radio (eNode-B)

 64-bit International Mobile to

Internet
Subscriber Identity (IMSI),
stored on SIM (Subscriber PDN gateway (P-GW)

Identity Module) card Serving Gateway (S-GW)

…
 LTE jargon: User Equipment
(UE)
radio access
network all-IP Enhanced Packet Core
(EPC)
 Elements of 4G LTE architecture

Base station:
 at “edge” of carrier’s network
 manages wireless radio Mobile device
Mobility
Management Home Subscriber
Service (HSS)
resources, mobile devices in (UE)
Base station
Entity (MME)

its coverage area (“cell”) (eNode-B)

to
 coordinates device Internet
authentication with other PDN gateway (P-GW)
elements
 similar to WiFi AP but: …
Serving Gateway (S-GW)

• active role in user mobility

• coordinates with nearly base
stations to optimize radio
use
 LTE jargon: eNode-B
 Elements of 4G LTE architecture

Home Subscriber Service

 stores info about mobile Mobility
Management Home Subscriber
devices for which the Mobile device
(UE) Entity (MME) Service (HSS)
Base station
HSS’s network is their (eNode-B)

“home network” to
Internet
 works with MME in device PDN gateway (P-GW)
authentication
Serving Gateway (S-GW)
…
 Elements of 4G LTE architecture

Serving Gateway (S-GW),

PDN Gateway (P-GW) Mobility
Management Home Subscriber
 lie on data path from mobile
Mobile device Service (HSS)
(UE) Entity (MME)
Base station
to/from Internet (eNode-B)

to
 P-GW Internet
• gateway to mobile cellular PDN gateway (P-GW)
network
• Looks like any other …
Serving Gateway (S-GW)

internet gateway router

• provides NAT services
 other routers:
• extensive use of tunneling
 Elements of 4G LTE architecture
Mobility Management
Entity
 device authentication
(device-to-network,
network-to-device)
Mobility
coordinated with mobile Mobile device
(UE)
Management
Entity (MME)
Home Subscriber
Service (HSS)
home network HSS Base station
(eNode-B)

to
 mobile device management: Internet

• device handover between cells PDN gateway (P-GW)

• tracking/paging device location …

Serving Gateway (S-GW)

 path (tunneling) setup from mobile

device to P-GW
LTE SGW | Serving Gateway
• One or more SGWs will serve given group of eNBs for user plane data.
• Single UE is served by one S-GW at any time.
• It receives instructions from MME to set up and tear down sessions for
particular UE.
• It acts as interface module for signalling between PGW and MME.
• It takes care of user IP packets between P-GW and eNB.
 LTE: data plane control plane
separation

HSS control plane

 new protocols for mobility
management , security,
base station
MME
P-GW authentication (later)
S-GW

data plane
 new protocols at link,
base station S-GW P-GW
physical layers
 extensive use of tunneling to
IP tunnels facilitate mobility
LTE data plane protocol stack: first hop

Application LTE link layer protocols:

Transport  Packet Data Convergence: header
IP IP compression, encryption
Packet Data
Convergence
Packet Data
Convergence  Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol:
Link

Radio Link Radio Link fragmentation/reassembly, reliable data

Medium Access Medium Access transfer
Physical Physical  Medium Access: requesting, use of radio
transmission slots

data
plane
base station S-GW P-GW
 LTE data plane protocol stack: first
hop
Application LTE radio access network:
Transport  downstream channel: FDM, TDM within
IP IP frequency channel (OFDM - orthogonal
Packet Data
Convergence
Packet Data
Convergence
frequency division multiplexing)
Link

Radio Link Radio Link • “orthogonal”: minimal interference

Medium Access Medium Access between channels
Physical Physical • upstream: FDM, TDM similar to OFDM
 each active mobile device allocated two or
more 0.5 ms time slots over 12 frequencies
• scheduling algorithm not standardized –
base station
up to operator
• 100’s Mbps per device possible
 LTE data plane protocol stack:
packet core

tunneling:
GTP-U
 mobile datagram
GTP-U GTP-U
UDP UDP UDP encapsulated using GPRS
IP IP IP IP Tunneling Protocol
Packet Data
Convergence (GTP), sent inside UDP
Radio Link link link link
Medium Access datagram to S-GW
Physical Physical Physical Physical  S-GW re-tunnels
datagrams to P-GW
 supporting mobility:
\ only tunneling endpoints
base station S-GW P-GW change when mobile
user moves
LTE data plane: associating with a BS
1
2
3 data
plane
base station S-GW P-GW

1 BS broadcasts primary synch signal every 5 ms on all frequencies

 BSs from multiple carriers may be broadcasting synch signals
2 mobile finds a primary synch signal, then locates 2nd synch signal on this freq.
 mobile then finds info broadcast by BS: channel bandwidth, configurations;
BS’s cellular carrier info
 mobile may get info from multiple base stations, multiple cellular networks
3 mobile selects which BS to associate with (e.g., preference for home carrier)
4 more steps still needed to authenticate, establish state, set up data plane
 LTE mobiles: sleep modes

ZZZZ...

data
plane

as in WiFi, Bluetooth: LTE mobile may put radio to “sleep” to conserve

battery:
 light sleep: after 100’s msec of inactivity
 wake up periodically (100’s msec) to check for downstream transmissions
 deep sleep: after 5-10 secs of inactivity
 mobile may change cells while deep sleeping – need to re-establish association
 Home network, visited network: 4G

Home
home network:
Subscriber
Server
 (paid) service plan with
cellular provider, e.g.,
home mobile
carrier network P-GW
Verizon, Orange
public Internet  home network HSS stores
and
inter-carrier IPX identify & services info
in home
network
visited network:
 any network other than
P-GW your home network
SIM card: global visited mobile
identify info carrier network  service agreement with
including home other networks: to provide
network roaming in
visited network access to visiting mobile
 Global cellular network: a network of
IP networks
home network HSS:
Home
Subscriber  identify & services info,
Server
while in home network
home mobile and roaming
carrier network P-GW
public Internet
and
inter-carrier IPX
all IP:
in home  carriers interconnect
network with each other, and
public internet at
exchange points
P-GW
SIM card: global visited mobile  legacy 2G, 3G: not all IP,
identify info in carrier network handled otherwise
home network
roaming in
visited network
 Handover between BSs in same
cellular network

data path before handover

source BS
1 current (source) BS selects
S-GW 3 target BS, sends Handover
1 4 Request message to target BS
2
P-GW
2 target BS pre-allocates radio
data path after
time slots, responds with HR
handover MME target BS ACK with info for mobile

3 source BS informs mobile of new BS

 mobile can now send via new BS -
handover looks complete to mobile
4 source BS stops sending datagrams to mobile, instead forwards to new
BS (who forwards to mobile over radio channel)
 Handover between BSs in same
cellular network
source BS

S-GW 3
1 4 5 target BS informs MME that it is
2 6
P-GW new BS for mobile
5 7  MME instructs S-GW to
4th Generation Cellular Network Planning
5 change tunnel endpoint to be
MME target BS (new) target BS

6 target BS ACKs back to source BS: handover complete, source BS can

release resources
7 mobile’s datagrams now flow through new tunnel from target BS to S-
GW
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

• Orthogonal: all other subcarriers zero at sampling point

• Sub carrier spacing 15 kHz

Benefits
+ Frequency diversity
+ Robust against ISI
+ Easy to implement
+ Flexible BW
+ Suitable for MIMO
+ Classic technology
(WLAN, ADSL etc)

f
 Multi Antenna Possibilities
Directivity Diversity Spatial Multiplexing
Antenna/Beamforming gain “Reduce fading” “Data Rate multiplication”

Example Example Example

Channel knowledge (average/instant)

Transmit the signal in the best Transmit the signal in all Transmit several signals in
direction directions different directions

•Different techniques make different assumptions on channel knowledge at rx and tx

•Many technqiues can realize several benefits
•Realized benefit depends on channel (incl. antenna) and interference properties
LTE Network Planning
LTE coverage area
Capacity Plan
LTE -Advanced