Noun

14 NOUN
CHAPTER

‘fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] xq.k] dk;Z ;k voLFkk dsNoun

uke dks
(laKk) dgk tkrk gSA
’
A Noun is a word used as a name of a person, place or thing.
Noun ik¡p izdkj ds gksrs gSa%
1. PROPER NOUN (O;fDrokpd)
2. COMMON NOUN (tkfrokpd)
3. COLLECTIVE NOUN (lewgokpd)
4. MATERIAL NOUN (nzO;okpd)
5. ABSTRACT NOUN (Hkkookpd)
(1) PROPER NOUN
 Proper noun ls gekjk rkRi;Z fdlh
O;fDr] oLrq rFkk LFkku ds
ls gksrk
uke gSA
tSls%Ram, Delhi, Gita etc.
(a) Ram is my friend.
(b) I live in Delhi.
(2) COMMON NOUN
 ftl Noun (laKk) ls ,d oxZvFkoktkfr ds O;fDr ;k oLrq dk cks/ gks] mls
Common Noun
(tkfrokpd laKk) dgrs gSaA tSls&
King, boy, girl, city etc.
(a) The boy said that the nearest town is very far.
(b) The girls are going to the nearest village.
(3) COLLECTIVE NOUN
 ftl Noun (laKk) lslewgdk cks/ gks] mls
Collective Noun (lewgokpd laKk)dgrs gSaA
tSls%
Team, Committee, Army etc.
lkekU;r%
Collective Noun dk iz;ksx Singular esa gksrk gSA budk iz;ksxesa rHkh fd;k tkrk gS
Plural
tc erHksn
n'kkZ;k tk, ;k fiQj
izR;sd lnL; ds ckjs esa dqN dgk tk,A
(a) The flock of geese spends most of its time in the pasture.

S.V.

(b) The jury 

is deciding the matter.
S.V .

(c) The committee meets


 every week.
S.V.

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(d) The team are

 divided over the issue of captainship. (erHksn)
P.V.

(e) The jury have

 taken their
 seats. (izR;sd O;fDr)
P.V. P.P.

(4) MATERIAL NOUN

 ftl Noun (laKk) ls ,slsinkFkZ
dk cks/ gks ftlls nwljh oLrq,a cu ldsa] mls Noun (inkFkZokpd laKk)
Material
dgrs gSaA
tSls%Silver, iron, wood etc.
(a) The necklace is made of gold.
(b) She has purchased a tea set of silver.
(c) He got his furniture made of teak wood.
 Material Nouns, Countable ugha gksrs gSa vFkkZr~ budh fxurh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA bUgsa ekik ;k rkSyk tk ld
gS
AbudslkFk lkekU;r
%Singular verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ,oa buds igys
Article dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k
tkrk gSA
(5) ABSTRACT NOUN
 Abstract Noun, ,slsxq.k] Hkko] fØ;k ,oa voLFkk
dksO;Dr djrk gS ftUgsa
Nwvk ugha
tk ldrk gS] ns[kk
ugha tk ldrk gS] cfYd
dsoy eglwl fd;k tk dlrk gSA
tSls%Honesty, bravery, hatred (quality), laughter (action), poverty, youth (state).
 Abstract Noun dk iz;ksx lkekU;r%Singular esa fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls%(a) People respect his sincerity.
(b) Honesty is the best policy.
 Noun d ks(A) Countable ,oa (B) Uncountable esa Hkh ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA
(A) COUNTABLE NOUNS
 Countable Noun og Noun gksrk gS] ftldhx.kuk dh tk ld sA
tSls%(a) We bought six tables.
(b) I have a few friends.
(c) She watched many movies last month.
(B) UN-COUNTABLE NOUNS
 Uncountable Noun og Noun gksrk gS] ftldh
x.kuku dh tk lds A
tSls%(a) J. Priestly discovered oxygen.
(b) They decided to sell the furniture.
(c) Much money was wasted on the show.

Countable Noun Uncountable Noun

M oney, time, know ledge
Eg:- Stars, Seconds, R upees etc.
etc.
Singular w ith P lural w ith
Verb- Singular P lural Singular Verb
Noun Noun
M any, few , a number of, the number
Adjective- M uch, little, quantity of
of.
Article - A/An/ the can be used. only 'the' can be used

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IMPORTANT POINTS
RULE 1
 dqNNouns dk iz;ksx ges'kk Plural form esa gh gksrk gSA bu ds vUr esa yxs
Nouns s dks gVkdj] bUgsa
Singular ugha cuk;k tk ldrkgSA ;s fn[kus esa Hkhyxrs gSa] ,oa budk
Plural iz;ksx Hkh
Plural dh rjg gksrk
gSA ,sls
Nouns fuEu gSa%
Scissors (dSaph), tongs (fpeVk), pliers (Iykl) , pincers (dhy fudkyus okyk ;a=k) , bellows
(iwQ¡duh)
, jeans, trousers, pants, pajamas, shorts, gallows (iQk¡lh dk iQank) , fangs
(Mad), spectacles (p'ek) , reading glasses, sun glasses, goggles, binoculars (nwjchu) ,
eyeglasses, Alms ( nku), amends (la'kks/u), archives (tgk¡ ,srgkfld nLrkost j[ks tkrs gSa),
arrears (cdk;k) , auspices (leFkZu ,oa fn'kk funsZ'k) , congratulations, embers ( jk[k),
fireworks (iVkds), lodgings (jgus dk LFkku fdlh ds fuokl esa) , outskirts (ckgjh bykdk),
particulars (fooj.k) , proceeds (fcØh ls izkIr iSls)
, regards (lEeku), riches (/u&lEifÙk),
remains, savings (cpr) , shambles, (csrjrhc LFkku] VwVh&iQwVh gkyr esa)
, surroundings
(vkl&ikl dk bykdk) , tidings (vizekf.kr lekpkj) , troops (ny)] tactics (;qfDr), thanks,
valuables (eqY;oku phT+ks)
, wages, belongings (lkeku) etc.
tSls%(a) Where are my pants? (d) The proceeds were deposited in the bank.
(b) Where are the tongs? (e) Alms are given to the beggars.
(c) All his assets were seized. (f) The embers of the fire were still burning.
uksV%'Wages' dk iz;ksx
singular ,oa plural nksuksforms esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks ns[ksa&
vFkZ Form Example
etnwjh Plural Wages are paid in cash.
Wages P.v
ifj.kke Singular Wages of hard work is sweet.
S.v
RULE 2
 dqNNouns fn[kus esa Plural yxrs gSa ysfdu vFkZ esa
Singular gksrs gSA budkiz;ksxges'kk
Singular esa gh gksrk gSA tSls%
News, Innings, Politics, Summons (cqykok&tSls U;k;ky;
l )s , Physics, Economics, Ethics (uhfr 'kkL=k) , Mathematics, Mumps (xylqvk) ,
Measles ([kljk) , Rickets (lq[kk jksx) , Shingles (nkn) , Psoriasis (,d peZjksx),
Billiards, Athletics (os [ksy ftlesa 'kkjhfjd cy yxrk gS) , Civics, Linguistics (Hkk"kk dk
vè;;u) etc.
tSls%(a) No news is good news. (c) Economics is an interesting subject.
(b) Politics is a dirty game. (d) Ethics demands honesty
RULE 3
 dqNNouns fn[kus esa Singular yxrs gSa] ysfdu budk iz;ksx Plural
ges'kk esa gksrk gSAcattle
tSls%
(eos'kh), cavalry (?kqM+lokj lSfud)
, infantry (iSny lSfud), poultry (eqxhZ o cÙkd)
, peasantry
(fdlku) , children, gentry (mPp oxZ ds yksx) , police ,oapeople (yksx)buds lkFk dHkh‘s’Hkh
ugha yxk;k tkrk] tSls%
cattles, childrens fy[kuk xyr gSA
tSls%(a) Cattle are grazing in the field.
(b) Our infantry have marched forward.
(c) Police have arrested the thieves.
uksV%'People' dk vFkZ ^yksx*
gS A'Peoples' dk vFkZ 'gS fofHk ewyoa'k (
different races) ds yksx'A
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RULE 4
 dqNNouns dk iz;ksx ] dsoy Singular form esa gh fd;k tkrk gSA ;s
Uncountable Nouns gSaA buds
lkFkArticle A/An dk iz;ksx Hkh ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
Scenery (utkjk) , Poetry (dkO;) , Furniture, Advice (lykg) , Information (lwpuk),
Business (O;kikj), Mischief ('kjkjr) , Bread, Stationery (isu&isafly bR;kfn)
, Crockery
(di] IysV bR;kfn), Luggage (lkeku) , Baggage (lkeku) , Postage (Mkd 'kqYd)
, Knowledge
(Kku), Wastage (O;FkZ phT+k), Jewellery (vkHkw"k.k)
, Breakage (VwVh&iwQVh phT+ks)
, Equipment
(;a=k), Work (dke) (Works dk vFkZ gS lkfgR; ,ys[k) Evidence (lk{;@lcwr), Word (tc
'word' dk vFkZ] lans'k ;k oknk gks)]
Fuel (bZa/u)
, ,oa Cost (dher) .
tSls%(a) The scenery of Kashmir is very charming.
(b) I have no information about her residence.
(c) The mischief committed by him is unpardonable.
(d) His hair is black. (cky& laiw.kZ :i ls&
Hair) (two or more strands — hairs)
(e) I have bought some equipment that I needed for the project.
(i) bu Nouns dk cgqopu ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA tSls%
Sceneries, informations, furnitures bR;kfn fy[kuk
xyr gSA
(ii) ;fn mDrNouns dk Singular ;k Plural nksuksa
forms esa vko';drk gksrks] buds lkFk
dqN 'kCntksM
+s
tkrs gaSA
uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.k ns[ksa%
(a) He gave me a piece of information.
(b) All pieces of information given by her were reliable.
(c) Many kinds of furniture are available in that shop.
(d) I want a few articles of jewellery.
(e) He ate two slices of bread.
(f) Please show me some items of office stationery.
(g) The Police have found a few strands of hair/ a few hairs in the car.
uksV%Money dk plural form 'Monies' gks ldrk gS ftldk vFkZ fudyrk'amounts
gS of money'.
tSls%Monies have been collected and handed to the child welfare society.
RULE 5
 dqNNouns, Plural ,oa Singular nksuksa esa ,d gh :ijgrs
esa gSaA tSls%
deer, sheep, series ,
species, fish, aircraft, counsel, vacation etc.
tSls%(a) One deer is running.
(b) Two deer is are running.
(c) There are two fish in the pond.
(d) There are many fishes in the aquarium.('Fishes' dk vFkZ gS fofHk iztkfr;ksa
fish) ds
RULE 6
 Hyphenated noun dk iz;ksx dHkhplural
Hkh form esaughagksrkA
tSls%(a) He gave me two hundred-rupees notes. ( rupees dksrupee esa ifjofrZr djsa)
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(b) He stays in five-stars
 hotels
  . ( stars dksstar
 esa ifjofrZr djsa)
Adj. N
Note: vxj Noun Adjective dk dk;Z djsa rks Singular
og form esa gksxkA
tSls% I am suffering from 
eyes infection.
 
(Change eyes into eye)
Adj. N

RULE 7
 dqNnouns dk iz;ksx yksx cksy&pky dh Hkk"kk esa djrs gS ysfduiz;ksx
okLro
djuk
esa
xyr
mudk
gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k%xyr iz;ksx lgh iz;ksx
1. Cousin brother Cousin
or
Cousin sister
2. Pickpocketer Pickpocket
3. Good name Name
4. Big/small blunder Blunder (Blunder dk vFkZ gksrk gS cM+h HkwyA
big dk iz;ksx
vr%
xyr gSSA
5. Strong breeze Strong wind (Breeze ges'kk light ,oa gentle gksrk gS)
6. Bad dream Nightmare
7. Proudy Proud
8. Cheater Cheat
 fuEufyf[krnouns esa Hkh gesa confusion jgrk gS-
1. Floor (iQ'kZ) Ground (tehu)
2. Skill (lh[k dj izkIr djrs gS) Talent - Inborn (tUe ls gksrk gS)
3. Envy (bZ";k tks nwljks
hpht+ks
d sdk
ns[k dj gks)Jealously (bZ";k tks viuh pht+ksks [kks
us
dds Mj ls gks)
uksV% vusd Confusing nouns vFkZ lfgrChapter 16 esa fn, x, gSaA
RULE 8
 dqNNouns tks vFkZ esa Pluralrks gksrs gSa ysfdu ;fn iwoZbuds fdlh fuf'pr la[;kRed fo'ks"k.k
(Definite Numeral Adjective) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks bu dksPluralise ugha fd;k tkrk
Noun
gSA tSlsPair,
% hundred, dozen, thousand, million, billion, etc.
tSls%(b) I have two hundred rupees only.
(c) She purchased three dozen pencils.
(d) He has already donated five thousand rupees.
 ysfdu ;fn buds lkFk Indefinite countable dk iz;ksx gks rksPluralise
bUgsa fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls%dozens of women, hundreds of people, millions of dollars
tSls%(a) Hundreds of people came to see the fair.
(b) He donated millions of rupees.
(c) I have two pairs of shoes. (pairs dk iz;ksx
'of' ds otg fd;k tkrk gSA
Two pair shoes xyr gSA
Pair dk iz;ksx ckdh ls FkksM+k ) vyx gSA
RULE 9
 ;fn fdlh Noun ds ckn Preposition dk iz;ksx gks vkSj fiQj ogha repeat gks rks og
'Noun' 'Noun'
Singular form esa gksuk pkfg,A tSls%
tSls%(a) Town after town was devastated.
(b) Ship after ship is arriving.
(c) The BJP organized door to door campaign.

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 bl rjg ds okD;ksaTowns
esa after towns, Rows upon rows, doors to doors ;k ships after ships
fy[kuk xyr gSA
RULE 10
 Common Gender Nouns tSls%Teacher, student, child, clerk, advocate, worker,
writer, leader, musician etc. ,sls nouns gSa ftudk iz;ksx
male ,oa female nksuksa ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA bUgsa
Dual Gender Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tc bl rjg Noun
ds dk iz;ksxSingular esa fd;k tkrk
gS rks
lkekU;r%he/his/him dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
(1) Every leader should perform his duty.
WORDS DENOTING GROUPS
1. A band of musicians. 19. A curriculum of studies.
2. A board of directors, etc. 20. A flight of steps, stairs.
3. A bevy of girls, women, officers etc. 21. A fleet of ships or motorcars.
4. A bunch of grapes, keys, etc. 22. A flock/ flight of birds.
5. A bundle of sticks and hay. 23. A gang of robbers, labourers.
6. A caravan of pilgrims, travellers. 24. A garland/bunch/bouquet of flowers.
7. A chain/range of mountains or hills. 25. A heap of ruins, sand, stones.
8. A choir of singers. 26. A herd of cattle.
9. A class of students. 27. A litter of puppies.
10. A retinue of servants/ attendants. 28. A pack of hounds, cards, dogs.
11. A clump/grove of trees. 29. A pair of shoes, scissors, trousers.
12. A code of laws. 30. A series of events.
13. A constellation/ galaxy of stars. 31. A sheaf of corn, arrows.
14. A battalion/ troop/ regiment/army of 32. A swarm of ants, bees or flies.
soldiers. 33. A train of carriages, followers etc.
15. A convoy of ships, cars etc.moving 34. A volley/ fusillade/ salvo of shots,
under an escort. bullets
16. A course or series of lectures. 35. A forum of people (discussing issues)
17. A crew of sailors. 36. A congregation of people (discussing
18. A crowd/mob of people. (Mob is angry religious issues)
crowd) 37. A shoal/school of fish
NOUN-GENDER
Gender dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS%
(1) Masculine Gender (iqfYayx)% ,sls Noun tks male gennder dksO;Dr djrs gSa] Masculine
Gender dgykrs gSaA tSls%
Tiger, Father, Lion, God etc.
(2) Feminine Gender (L=khfyax)% ,sls Noun tks Female gender dks O;Dr djrs gSa] Feminine
Gender dgykrs gSaA ,sls%
Tigress, Woman, Lioness, Mother, Sister, Goddess etc.
(3) Common Gender (mHk; fyax) ,sls Noun tks L=kh ,oa iq#"k nksuksa ds fy, iz;qDr
]SaCommon
gksrs g
Gender dgykrs gSaA tSls%
Child, Baby, Teacher, Servant, Student, Cousin, Infant,
Thief, Neighbour etc.
(4) Neuter Gender (uiqald fyax)%
,sls Noun tks mufuthZo oLrqvksa
dks O;Dr djrs gSa tks u gSa vkSj
male
u gh female gSa]
Neuter Gender dgykrs gSaACopy,
tSls% Book, Room, Paper, T.V., Box, etc.
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RULES FOR CHANGING MASCULINE NOUN TO FEMININE NOUN
RULE 1 Masculine Feminine
 dqNcases esaMasculine Noun ds ckn Emperor(jktk) Empress
‘ess’ yxkus lsFeminine Noun cuk;k tk Governor Governess
ldrk gSA tSls% Duke Duchess
Masculine Feminine God Goddess
Author (ys[kd) Authoress Master Mistress
Host (estcku) Hostess Sorcerer (tknwxj) Sorceress
Jew Jewess
RULE 4
Mayor Mayoress
Poet (dfo) Poetess  dqNcases esaCompound Masculine Noun
Tutor Tutoress dsfirst vFkoksecond 'kCn esa dqN
ifjorZufd; s
Shepherd(xM+sfM+;k) Shepherdess tkrk gSA tSls%
Giant (nkuo) Giantess Masculine Feminine
Heir (mÙkjkf/dkjh) Heiress Man-servant Maid - servant
Lion Lioness Washerman Washerwoman
Priest(iqtkjh) Priestess Buck-rabbit Doe-Rabbit
Tailor (nthZ) Tailoress Brother-in law Sister-in-law
He-bear She-bear
RULE 2 Bull-calf Cow-calf
 dqNcases esaMasculine Noun ds vfUre Jack-ass Jenny-ass
vowel ,oa mlds igys vkus okys
consonant Headmaster Headmistress
Milkman Milkmaid
dks gVkdj‘ess’ tksM+us ls Feminine
Hkh Postmaster Postmistress
Noun cu tkrk gSA tSls% Peacock Peahen
Masculine Feminine Landlord Landlady
Actor Actress Father-in-law Mother-in-law
Benefactor(midkj djus okyk)Benefactress Step-Father Step-Mother
Hunter (f'kdkjh) Huntress He-goat She-goat
Cock-sparrow Hen-sparrow
Prince (jktdqekj) Princess
Dog-wolf Bitch-wolf
Waiter Waitress Stepbrother Stepsister
Ambassador Ambassadress Grandson Granddaughter
Director Directress
RULE 5
Negro Negress
Tiger Tigress  Foreign words ,oa vU; fofo/ 'kCnksa ds
Masculine ,oa Feminine gender uhps
RULE 3 fn;s x;s gSaA
budks fdlh fo'ks"k fu;e ds rgr
ifjofrZr ugha djrs gSa
As:
 dqNcases esaMasculine Noun ds 'kCnksa esa
Masculine Feminine
dqNchange fd;k tkrk gS ,oa vUr esa
‘ess’ Administrator Administratrix
Feminine Noun cu tkrk gSA Executor (dk;kZfUor djus okyk)
yxkus ij Hkh Executrix
Lad(yM+dk) Lass
tSls%
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Prosecutor Proscutrix Hero Heroine
Boar (cuSyk lwvj) Sow Testator(olh;rdrkZ) Testatrix
Brother Sister Bachelor Maid
Colt(cNM+k) Filly Boy Girl
Dog Bitch Cock Hen
Buck (e`x) Doe Drake (cÙkd) Duck
Monk Nun Father Mother
Gander(gal) Goose Bridegroom Bride
Horse Mare Gentleman Lady
King Queen Husband Wife
Man Woman Lord Lady
Mr. Miss/Mrs Male Female
Sheep Ewe Nephew (Hkrhtk) Niece
Son Daughter Sir Madam
Uncle Aunt Widower (fo|qj) Widow
Fox Vixen Wizard (tknwxj) Witch
Ox/ Bull Cow

NOUN-NUMBER (SINGULAR-PLURAL)
SINGULAR NOUN: blls ,d O;fDr] ,d LFkku ;k  blds dqNExceptions Hkh gSaA tSls%
,d oLrq dk cks/ gksrk gSABoy,
tSls%
Girl, Table.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
PLURAL NOUN: blls ,d ls vf/d O;fDr] LFkku
;k oLrqvksa tSls% Boys, Girls. Stomach Stomachs Radius
dk cks/ gksrk gS Cities, Radii
Locus Loci Ox Oxen
Changing Singular to Plural:
Some Rules RULE 3
RULE 1
 dqNNoun ds vUr esa
‘o’ vkrk gS ,oa mlls
iwoZ
 dqNNoun ds vUr esa's' yxkus ls ogPlural cu dksbZ
O;atu(consonant) gksrks] mldkPlural
tkrk gSA tSls%
Boy, Girl, Kite, Telephone etc. cukus ds fy,Noun ds vUr esa'es' yxkrs gSaA
RULE 2 tSls%
 ftu Noun ds vUr esa s, ss, ch, sh, z ;k x Singular Plural Singular Plural
vkrk gS mudk
Plural cukus ds fy, vUr esa
es tksM+Hero Heroes Potato Potatoes
fn;k tkrk gSA tSls% Mosquito Mosquitoes Mango Mangoes
Singular Plural Singular Plural Cargo Cargoes Echo Echoes
Bus Buses Fox Foxes  blls dqNExceptions Hkh gSaA tSls%
Watch Watches Switch Switches
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Ass Asses Canvas Canvases
Dynamo Dynamos Memento Mementos
Fix Fixes Class Classes
Ratio Ratios Piano Pianos
Church Churches Quiz Quizzes
Tax Taxes Dish Dishes Solo Solos Photo Photos
Box Boxes Coach Coaches Studio Studios Embryo Embryos

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RULE 4  blds dqNExceptions Hkh gSaA tSls%
 ;fn fdlh Noun ds vUr esadouble vowel Singular Plural Singular Plural
yxs gq, gksa rks mldk
Plural cukus ds fy, mlds Belief Beliefs Chief Chiefs
vUr esas yxk fn;k tkrk gS tSls% Cliff Cliffs Dwarf Dwarfs
Singular Plural Singular Plural Grief Griefs Gulf Gulfs
Bee Bees Tree Trees Proof Proofs Roof Roofs
Zoo Zoos Radio Radios Safe Safes Scarf Scarfs
Woe Woes Portfolio Portfolios Turf Turfs Brief Briefs
RULE 5 RULE 8
 Compound noun esaeq[; 'kCnds lkFk‘s’
 ;fn Noun ds vUr esa'y' vk;s ,oa'y' ls iwoZ
dksbZ
yxkus ij mldkPlural cu tkrk gSA tSls%
O;atu(consonant) vkrk gS rks 'y' dh txg
Singular Plural
'ies' yxkus ls mldkplural cu tkrk gSA tSls%
Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law
Singular Plural Singular Plural Bed-room Bed-rooms
Cry cries Country countries Commander-in- Commanders-in-
Family families Pony ponies chief chief
City cities Dictionary dictionaries Step-daughter Step-daughters
Lorry lorries Reply replies Maid-servant Maid-servants
RULE 6 Pea-hen Pea-hens
 ;fn Noun ds vUr esa dksbZPeacock
'y' vk;s ,oa'y' ls iwoZ
Peacocks
Mother-in-law Mothers-in-law
Vowel vkrk gks rks
's' yxkus ls mldkPlural
Sister-in-law Sisters-in-law
cu tkrk gSA tSls% Member of Members of
Singular Plural Singular Plural Parliament Parliament
Key Keys Donkey Donkeys Man hater Man haters
Ray Rays Monkey Monkeys Woman lover Woman lovers
Way Ways Valley Valleys Man lover Man lovers
Toy Toys Storey Storeys Note: Handful, mouthful ,oa spoonful dk
RULE 7 plural form handfuls, mouthfuls ,o a
spoonfuls gksrk gSA
 ;fn Noun ds vUr esa 'f' ;k 'fe' vk;s rks
Plural
cukus ds fy,'f' ;k 'fe' dks gVkdj'ves' yxkrs RULE 9
gSaA tSls%  fuEuNouns ,sls gSa ftudkPlural cukus ds

Singular Plural Singular Plural fy, Inside Vowels esaifjorZu djrs gSaA
Calf Calves Half Halves Singular Plural Singular Plural
Man Men Woman Women
Wife Wives Thief Thieves
Foot Feet Tooth Teeth
Wolf Wolves Life Lives
Mouse Mice Louse (tw~a)Lice
Leaf Leaves Knife Knives
Goose Geese
Shelf Shelves Loaf Loaves
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Noun
RULE 10 IMPORTANT
 fuEufyf[krNouns ,sls gSa ftudk
Plural cukus  Latin ds fuEu 'kCnksa ij è;ku nsa% bu 'kCnksa ds ihNs
ds fy, 'en' tksM+rs
gSaA tSls% ‘um’ vkrk gS] ysfdu budsPlural cukus gsrq
Singular Plural Singular Plural
ihNs‘s’ yxk;k tkrk gSA
Child Children Ox Oxen
Singular Plural
RULE 11 Asylum Asylums
 dqNNouns ds nks rjg dsPlural curs gSaMuseum Museums
ftudk vFkZ Hkh vyx gksrk gSA tSls% Premium Premiums
(1) Brother Forum Forums
Brothers - Sons of the same Pendulum Pendulums
parents. (B) dqNLatin words ds vUr esa 'us' vkrk gSA
Brethren - Members of a society,
budk Plural ‘us’ dks ‘i’ ds cnydj cuk;k
community or a
religious group. tkrk gSA tSls%
(2) Cloth Singular Plural Singular Plural
Cloths - Unstitched cloth. Radius radii Syllabus syllabi
Clothes - Stit ched clothes (C) dqNGreek 'kCnksa ds vUr ‘is’esa
vkrk gS budk
(Garments)
Plural ‘is’ dks 'es' esa cnydj cuk;k tkrk gSA
(3) Die
Dies - Stamps used for Singular Plural
printing and coining. Analysis Analyses
Dice - Small cubes used in Crisis Crises
games. Hypothesis Hypotheses
(4) Index Basis Bases
Indexes - tables of contents in a Thesis Theses
book.
Oasis Oases
Indices - Signs used in algebra.
(D) dqNGreek 'kCnksa ds vUr ‘on’esavkrk gS budk
Plural ‘on’ dks‘a’ esa cnyusls curk gSA tSls%
SOME TYPICAL PLURAL NOUNS (NUMBER)
Singular Plural
(A) Latin words: Latin ds dqN 'kCn] ftuds
vUr Phenomenon Phenomena
esa
'um' vkrk gS]
,dopu gksrs gSaAPlural
budks Criterion criteria
cukus ds fy,'um' gVkdj ‘a’ yxk;k tkrk gSA(E) vU; dbZNouns ds Plural fuEu izdkjcurs gSa%
tSls% Singular Plural Singular Plural
Singular Plural If Ifs I I’s
Datum Data 5 5s P P’s
Ovum Ova
BA BAs ATM ATMs
Agendum Agenda
But Buts T T’s
Dictum Dicta
Memorandum Memoranda 10 10s MP MPs
Stratum Strata MA MAs UPC UPCs
English for General Competition 164
Noun
(F) dqNNouns ds Singular ,oa]Plural forms dsvFkZ iw.kZar;k
vyx gksrs gS] vr% budk
iz;ksx lko/kuhiwoZd
djuk pkfg,A
tSls%Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
Air (gok) Airs (fn[kkoVh O;ogkj)
Return (okilh) Returns (vk; dk fglkc)
Iron (yksgk) Irons (tathjsa)
Sand (jsr) Sands (jsfxLrku)
Wood (ydM+h) Woods (taxy)
Abuse (nq#i;ksx) Abuses (dqjhfr;k¡)
Good(adj) (vPNk) Goods (lkeku)
Water (ikuh) Waters (leqnz)
Work (dke) Works (lkfgR; ys[k)
Fruit (iQy tSls lsc bR;kfn) Fruits (urhtk (esgur bR;kfn dk))
Wit (okd~iVqrk) Wits (cqf¼erk)
Pain (nnZ) Pains (vFkd iz;kl)
(G) dqNNouns dk Singular form esa ,d vFkZ
gksrk gS ijUrq
Plural Form esa ,d ls vf/d A
Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
Custom fjokT+k Customs fjokT+k] lhek 'kqYd
Manner rjhdk Manners rjhds] f'k"Vkpkj
Quarter ,d&pkSFkkbZ Quarters ,d&pkSFkkbZ] vkokl
Letter v{kj] fpV~Bh Letters v{kj] fpV~Bh] lkfgR;
NOUN ds lkFkOF/ APOSTROPHE dk iz;ksx
(A) Apostrophe dk iz;ksx
Possessive case ds fy, thfor oLrq ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA tSls%
tSls%(a) Mohan’s book (b) a cow’s horn (c) a woman’s purse
(B) ;fn Plural 'kCn dk vfUre v{kj‘s’ gS rks
apostrophe dk iz;ksx djrs le; ‘s’ ugha yxkrs gSa] dsoy
apostrophe (*) dk gh iz;ksx djrs gSaA
tSls%(a) Boys’ college (b) Girls’ school (c) Working women's hostel
(C) tc Noun flLdkj èofu (hissing sound) ls [kRe gks]‘s'rksughayxrk gSA
for peace’ sake, for conscience’ sake, for goodness’ sake, for Jesus’ sake, Ganesh'
book.
uksV%God's sake.
(D) Possessive Pronoun ( his, hers, yours, ours, theirs) ds lkFkapostrophe ugha yxkrs gSaA
tSls%Yours faithfully, Yours truly.
(E) fuEutitles ds lkFkapostrophe vfUre 'kCn ds lkFk gh yxkrs gSaA
tSls%(a) Commander-in-chief’s orders.
(b) My son-in-law’s sister.
(F) futhZo oLrq ds lkFk
's dk iz;ksx ugha djrs'Of'
gS dk iz;ksx djrs gSA
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Noun
tSls%Table's leg ds LFkku Leg
ij of table dk iz;ksx djsaA
viokn_
(a) tc fdlh fuftZo dk ekuoh;dj.k (Personification) fd;k tk,A
tSls%
(a) Sun's fury (b) Nature's love
(b) le;] Hkkj ,oa txg lacaf/r Nouns ds lkFkA
tSls%
(a) a day’s leave. (b) arm’s length. (c) a pound’s weight. (d) 7 O' clock
(c) dqN lEekutud Nouns ds lkFkA
tSls%
(a) court’s orders (b) at duty’s call
(d) dqNPhrases ds lkFkA
tSls%
(a) at one’s wit’s end. (b) within a stone’s throw
(e) HkkSxksfyd fi.M ds lkFk
tSls%
(a) Earth's atmosphere.
(G) ‘Double apostrophe’ dk iz;ksx u djsa
tSls%(a) My wife’s secretary’s mother has expired. ( ×)
bldh txg gesa fy[kuk pkfg;sA
The mother of my wife’s secretary has expired.
(H) anybody/ Nobody/ Everybody/ Somebody/ Anyone/Someone/No one/Everyone
ds lkFk's dk iz;ksxfd;k tk ldrk gSA
tSls%(a) Everyone’s concern is no one’s concern.
(b) Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
 ;fn buds cknelse dk iz;ksx gksapostrophe
rks dks else ds lkFk yxkrsgSaa
tSls%(a) I can rely on your words, not somebody else’s.
(b) I obey your orders and nobody else’s.
(;gk¡Somebody’s else ;k Nobody’s else fy[kuk xyr gksxkA)
SPOTTING THE ERROR
1. (a) My sister / (b) has read / (c) pages post./ (d) No error
after pages of the Bible./ (d) No error 5. (a) I like / (b) the poetries / (c) of Byron
2. (a) I went to the temple / (b) with my and Shelley./ (d) No error
parents, aunts / (c) and cousin sisters. 6. (a) The beautiful / (b) surrounding of
/ (d) No error the place / (c) enchanted me./ (d) No
3. (a) He / (b) takes pain / (c) over his error
work./ (d) No error 7. (a) No Porter being available/ (b) he
4. (a) The Manager put forward / (b) a carried / (c) all his luggages himself./
number of criterions / (c) for the (d) No error
English for General Competition 166
Noun
8. (a) The table’s legs / (b) have been / help them solve the triple murder
(c) elaborately carved./ (d) No error case (E) No error
9. (a) The sceneries / (b) of Kashmir / 23. (a) The sheafs / (b) of the wheat plants
(c) is very charming./ (d) No error were too heavy / (c) for the weak
10. (a) The driver showed / (b) great talent farmer to carry them on his head./
in keeping / (c) the damaged car (d) No error
under control./ (d) No error 24. (a) The population of India /(b) is
11. (a) When I entered the bedroom / (b) I divided into two classes- / (c) Haves
saw a snake crawling / (c) on the and Haves not./ (d) No error
ground./ (d) No error 25. (a) All his sister-in laws /(b) are
12. (a) Alms / (b) are given/ (c) to the extremely co- operative / (c) and she
poors./ (d) No error doesn’t miss her real sisters at all./
13. (a) Lasers are / (b) indispensable tools (d) No error
/ (c) for the delicate eyes surgery./ 26. (a) Envy strikes a woman / (b)when
(d) No error she sees her husband / (c) talking to
14. (a) If you have a way with words / (b) a another woman./ (d) No error
good sense of design and 27. (a) Two summons have been issued
administration ability / (c) you may by the court / (b) but he has not / (c)
enjoy working in high pressure world yet appeared before the court./ (d) No
of advertising./ (d) No error error
15. (a) Last week’s sharp hike in the 28. (a) The Vaidya's / (b) have been living
wholesale price of beef / (b) is a strong here / (c) for about a decade./ (d) No
indication for / (c) higher meat costs error.
to come./ (d) No error 29. (a) You are among those/ (b) man who
16. (a) Whenever he goes to Mumbai / (b) earned name and fame not by / (c)
he stays in/ (c) five-stars hotels./ (d) chance but by hard work ./ (d) No error
No error 30. (a) Children are playing / (b) and
17. (a) The company has ordered / (b) making mischief s/ (c) as their
some / (c) new equipments./ (d) No holidays have started./ (d) No error.
error 31. (a) Sheeps are economically useful/ (b)
18. (a) A strong breeze / (b) blew his / (c) and so they are reared/ (c) for wool and
cap off./ (d) No error. meat./ (d) No error.
19. (a) One of her firmest belief among the 32. (a) I read the letter/ (b) and made him
Hindus is that/ (b) Karma affects their aware/ (c) of its content./ (d) No error.
/ (c) life and also the life after death./ 33. (a) I shall not go to party tonight/ (b)
(d) No error since I have many works to complete/
20. (a) He was advised to take/ (b) two (c) befor e I give presentat ion
spoonsful of / (c) medicine times a tomorrow./ (d) No error.
day./ (d) No error 34. (a) One must be always/ (b) true to
21. (a) It is a big blunder/(b) but we had / one's words/ (c) if one wants to get
(c) to ignore it/(d)No error respect from everyone./ (d) No error.
22. (A) The police have received / (b) two 35. (a) Even after the enactment of several
important informations / (c) that can Acts and Provisions /(b) we can see

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Noun
five years old boys/ (c) working in 49. (a) My cousin brother is a cheater/
hazardous factories./ (d) No error. (b) and he / (c) cheats his family
36. (a) The fan’s blade / (b) has broken/ (c) members and friends too./ (d) No
and we must buy a new fan before error.
disposing it of./ (d) No error. 50. (a) The committee/ (b) could not come
37. (a) She wears spectacle/ (b) and so she to/ (c) a final conclusion./ (d) No error.
was unable to see the gansgter/ (c) 51. (a) The cattle in the meadow/ (b) was
that attacked her last night./ (d) No terrified to hear/ (c) the roar of a lion
error. which appeared to be wild with
38. (a) All the furnitures have been/ (b) anger./ (d) No error.
sold for a song/ (c) as we were in a 52. (a) There should be/ (b) no furnitures/
hurry to leave the town./ (d) No error. (c) in my room./ (d) No error.
39. (a) The angry mob/ (b) attacked the 53. (a) That house/ (b) is built of/ (c)
police officers/ (c) when they came to stones./ (d) No error.
raze the illegal construction./ (d) No
54. (a) Santosh liv es/ (b) by the
error.
principals/ (c) he professes./ (d) No
40. (a) They left/ (b) their luggages/ (c) at error.
home by mistake and went to the
55. (a) The astronomer/ (b) who predicts
railway station./ (d) No error.
the future/ (c) has arrived./ (d) No
41. (a) The car could not/ (b) ascend the
error.
steep hill/ (c) because it was in the
wrong gears./ (d) No error. 56. (a) He told me that/ (b) it was/ (c) his
friend’s Sankar’s house./ (d) No error.
42. (a) The ticket window/ (b) remained
closed / (c)throughout the day./ (d) No
error.
Answers with explanation
43. (a) Satyajit Ray, who conceived, co-
authored / (b) and directed a number 1. (c) 'Page after page' dk iz;ksx lgh gksxkA
of good films, was/ (c) one of India’s vxj fdlh preposition ds igys vkSj ds
most talented film maker./ (d) No cknsame noun dk iz;ksx gksrknoun
gS rks
error. dk iz;ksx
'singular form' esa djsaA
44. (a) I think this/ (b) is not your book. /
(c) It is some body’s else./ (d) No error. 2. (c) 'Cousin sisters' dguk xyr gksrk gSA
45. (a) You should not put/ (b) your sign Cousins dk iz;ksx djsaA
on any paper / (c) that you haven’t 3. (b) takes pains dk iz;ksx djsaAphrase
bl
read./ (d) No error.
dk vFkZ gS ^dkiQh iz;kl djuk*A
46. (a) Towns after towns were/ (b)
conquered / (c) by him but he found 4. (b) 'Criterion' dk plural form 'Criteria'
no peace./ (d) No error. gSA
47. (a) When we reached the fair/ (b) we
5. (b) 'Poetry' uncountable noun gSA bldk
found that there / (c) was no place to
stand./ (d) No error. cgqopu ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
48. (a) All the evidences were/ (b) against 6. (b) 'Surroundings' dk iz;ksx djsa ftldk vFkZ
him and he was / (c) held guilty./ (d) gS vkl&ikl dh txgA'Surrounding'
No error.
surround (verb) dk 'ing' form gSA

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Noun
7. (c) 'Luggage' dk iz;ksx djsaA 'Luggage' 16. (c) 'five-stars' hyphenated noun gS tks
uncountable noun gS vkSj bldk dksbZ dHkh Hkh plural form esa ugha gksrkA
'five
plural form ugha gSA star' dk iz;ksx djsaA
8. (a) table's legs ds LFkku'Legs
ij of table' 17. (c) 'Equipment' uncountable noun gS
dk iz;ksx djsaA lkekU;r% futhZo oLrq s ds lkFk ftldk plural form ugha gksrkA
dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA 18. (a) 'breeze' ges'kk gentle gksrk gSA rst+k dsgo
9. (a) 'Scenery' dk iz;ksx djsaA 'Scenery' fy, 'Strong wind' 'kCn dk iz;ksx djsA
uncountable noun gSA 19. (a) 'One of the' ds ckn vkus okyk
'noun plural
10. (b) 'talent' ds LFkku 'skill'
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA form esa gksrk gSA vr%
'One of the firmest
Talent dk vFkZnatural
gS ability to do beliefs' dk iz;ksx djsaA
something. 'Skill' dk vFkZ 'typegS of 20. (b) 'Spoonsful' ugha 'Spoonfuls' dk iz;ksx
activity that requires special djsaA
training and knowledge'.Driving
21. (a) 'blunder' dk vFkZ gksrk 'biggSmistake.'
skill dk iz;ksx lgh gksrk gSA
vr%blunder ds lkFk'big' dk iz;ksx xyr
11. (c) Ground dk vFkZ'edkugS ds ckgj dh/jrh
gksxkA
dk mijh lrg'AGround ds LFkku'floor'ij
22. (b) 'Information' uncountable noun gSA
dk iz;ksx djsaA
floor dk vFkZ'edku ds vanj
bldk plural cukus ds fy,'pieces of
dk iQ'kZ* gksrk gSA
information' dk iz;ksx djsaA
12. (c) 'the poors' ds LFkku 'theij poor' dk
23. (a) 'Sheaf' dkplural form 'Sheaves' gksrk
iz;ksx djsaA
'The poor' dk vFkZ gS xjhc oxZA
gS u fd'Sheafs'A
'Poor' adjective gSA bl esa's' dk iz;ksx u
24. (c) 'Have nots' dk iz;ksx djsa ftldk vFkZ gksrk
djsaA
'The poor' plural common noun
gS jfgr oxZA
gSA
25. (a) 'Sisters-in-law' dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Sister-
13. (c) 'eyes surgery' ds LFkku ij 'eye
in-law' dk cgqopu'Sisters-in-law' gksrk
surgery' dk iz;ksx djsaA'Eyes' noun gS
gSA
ijUrq ;gk¡'eyes' surgery dh fo'ks"krk crk
26. tks gekjk gS vkSj mls [kkus ds Mj ls gesa bZ";k
(a)
jgk gS ,oa adjective dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
gksrh gSJealousy
rks dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
vxj noun adjective dk dk;Z djsa rks og
gSA tc ml oLrq ds fy, bZ";k gks tks gekjk ugha
singular form esa gksrk gSA vr%
'eyes'
rksenvy dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
ugha'eye' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
(a) 'Summons' ,d Countable noun gS
27.
14. (b) 'administration' noun gSA ;gk¡ gesa
'ability' dh fo'ks"krk crkus'adjective'
okys vkSjSingular g SA b ld kplural
summonses gksrk gSA vr% 'two
dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A administration
summonses' dk iz;ksx djsaA
dk adjective form 'administrative'
(a) Vaidyas dk iz;ksx djsaA
28. apostrophe (')
dk iz;ksx djsaA
15. (c) 'Costs' ds LFkku 'Cost'
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA gVk nsaA
29. (b) 'men' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
'Those' ds lkFk
Noun ds :i esa 'Cost' uncountable
plural countable noun dk iz;ksx gksxkA
noun gS vkSj bldk cgqopu ugha gks ldrkA

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Noun
30. (b) 'Mischief' uncountable noun gSA46. (a) 'Town after town' dk iz;ksx djsaA vxj
bldk plural form ugha gks ldrk gSA fdlh preposition ds igys vkSj ckn esa
31. (a) 'Sheep' dk singular rFkk plural form same noun dk iz;ksx gks noun rks
'sheep' gh gksrk 'Sheeps'
gSA ds LFkku ij singular form esa gksuk pkfg,A
Sheep dk iz;ksx djsaA 47. (c) 'no place' ds LFkku'no
ij room' dk iz;ksx
32. (c) Content ds LFkku'Contents'
ij dk iz;ksx djsaA
'Room' dk noun ds vFkZ 'enough
djsaA'Contents' dk vFkZ gS 'things empty space for people or things
contained in something'. to be fitted in' Hkh gksrk gSA
33. (b) 'work' uncountable noun gSA 'Many 48. (a) 'evidence' uncountable noun gS vr%
pieces of work' dk iz;ksx djsaA bldk dksbZplural form (evidences) ugha
34. (b) 'true to one's word' dk iz;ksx djsa ftldk gks ldrkA lkFksingular
gh verb 'was'
vFkZ gksrk gS ^tqcku dk iDdk*A dk iz;ksx djsaA
35. (b) 'five year old boys' dk iz;ksx djsaA ;gk¡ 49. (a)
five 'Cousin brother' ,oa 'Cheater' nksuksa
year adjective dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA vr% ;g gh ,slsnouns gS tks yksx cksy&pky dh Hkk"kk
plural form esa ugha gksxkA esa vDlj iz;ksx djrs gS ijUrq ,slk djuk xyr
36. (a) fan futhZo gSA's' vr%dk iz;ksx'fan' ds lkFk gksrk gSACousin ,oaCheat dk iz;ksx djsaA
u djsaA'The blade of fan' dk iz;ksx djuk 50. (c) 'final' 'kCn gVkConclusion
nsaA lnk final
lgh gksxkA gksrk gSA
37. (a) 'Spectacles' dk iz;ksx djsaA 51. (b) 'Cattle' plural noun gSA vr% 'was' ugha
38. (a) 'furniture' dk iz;ksx djsaA lkFk gh è;ku j[ksa 'were' dk iz;ksx djsaA
fd 'furniture' singular noun gS vr% 52. (b) 'furniture' ds lkFk's' dk iz;ksx ugha gks
singular verb 'has' dk iz;ksx gksxkA ldrk gSA
39. (a) 'angry mob dk iz;ksx xyr gSA 'Mob' dk 53. (c) 'stones' dks 'stone' esa ifjofrZr djsaA
iz;ksx djsaA D;ksafd
Mob dk vFkZ gksrk gS& mxz ;gk¡'Stone' ls gekjk rkRi;Z ml
material
HkhM+A Angry ds lkFkmob dk iz;ksx ls gS ftlls house dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA
superfluous gksxkA 'stone' dk plural HkhkekU;r%
l 'stone'
40. (b) 'luggage' dk iz;ksxluggages ds LFkku ij gh gksrk gSA
djsaA 54. (b) 'principals' (iz/kukpk;Z) 'principles'
dks
41. (c) 'wrong gear' dk iz;ksx djsaACar ,d le; (fl¼kUr) esa ifjofrZr djsaA
esa ,d ghgear esa gks ldrh gSA 55. (a) 'Astronomer' dks 'astrologer' esa
42. (a) 'ticket window' ds LFkku 'ticket ij ifjofrZr djsaA
'furure predict' djus okys
counter' dk iz;ksx djsaA dks'astrologer'
43. (c) 'One of' ds ckn vkus okyk noun plural dgrs gSaA
form esa gksuk pkfg,A vr%of' ds lkFk 56. (c)
'One 'friend's' dks 'friend' esa ifjofrZr djsaA
'film makers' gksxk u fd 'film maker' ,d lkFk 'double apostrophe' dk iz;ksx
44. (c) 'Somebody else's' lgh iz;ksx gSA ugha gksrk gSA
45. (b) 'Sign' verb gSA your ds cknnoun dk
iz;ksx gksxk signature
;kfu dk
English for General Competition 170