INSTITUTE OF AERONOTICAL ENGINEERING

AN ASSIGNMENT REPORT OF

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE – AEED01

BY

REETHIKA PUPPALA

23951A6297

CYBER SECURITY

INSTITUTE OF AERONOTICAL ENGNINEERING

DUNDIGAL,HYDERABAD – 500043,TELANGANA
INDIA
 1. A sine wave has a frequency of 50KHZ.How many cycles does it
complete in 20ms?

in this question we are going to find the sine wavw frequency of 50KHZ,and
how many cycles does it complete

so

Number of cycles =Frequency *Time period

Given:
Frequency of the sine wave=50kHz

Time period=20ms

First,convert the time period from milliseconds (ms) to seconds (s):

Number of cycles=50*10^3 Hz *0.02s

Number of cycles=20 cycles

Therefore, the sine wave completes 20 cycles in 20 ms.

2. A coil of inductance 400 ? H, and of negligible resistance, is

connected to a 5 kHz supply. If the current fl ow is 15 mA, determine
the supply voltage .
To determine the supply voltage for the given scenario, we will use the
relationship

between voltage, current, and inductance in an AC circuit.

Given data:

 Inductance, 𝐿=400L=400 mH =400×10−3=400×10−3 H =0.4=0.4 H

 Frequency of the supply, 𝑓=5f=5 kHz =5000=5000 Hz
 Current flowing through the coil, 𝐼=15I=15 mA =15×10−3=15×10−3 A

We know that for an inductor in an AC circuit:

𝑉=𝐿⋅𝑑𝐼𝑑𝑡V=L⋅dtdI

Where:

 𝑉V is the voltage across the inductor,

 𝐿L is the inductance,
𝑑𝐼𝑑𝑡dtdI is the rate of change of current with respect to time.



At a frequency of 55 kHz, the angular frequency 𝜔ω is given by:

The current through the inductor can be expressed as a sinusoidal

function: \[ I(t) = I_{\text{max}} \sin(\omega t) \]
where \( I_{\text{max}} \) is the maximum current amplitude.
The rate of change of current with respect to time \( \frac{dI}{dt} \) is: \
[ \frac{dI}{dt} = \omega I_{\text{max}} \cos(\omega t) \]
The maximum current \( I_{\text{max}} \) is \( 15 \) mA \( = 15 \times
10^{-3} \) A.
Now, substitute the values into the voltage equation:
\[ V = L \cdot \omega I_{\text{max}} \]
\[ V = 0.4 \times 10000\pi \times 15 \times 10^{-3} \]
\[ V = 0.4 \times 150 \times 10^{-3} \pi \] \[ V = 0.06 \pi \] Now, calculate
the numerical value:
\[ V \approx 0.06 \times 3.14159 \]
\[ V \approx 0.1885 \text{ volts} \] Therefore, the supply voltage is
approximately \( 0.1885 \) volts.

3.Obtain the relationship between line and phase current in a 3-phase

balanced star connected system.
In a 3-phase balanced star (wye) connected system, the relationship
between line current (𝐼𝐿IL) and phase current (𝐼𝜙Iϕ) is given by:

𝐼𝐿=3⋅𝐼𝜙IL=3⋅Iϕ

Here's an explanation of this relationship:

1. Phase Current (𝐼𝜙Iϕ): This is the current flowing through each

phase of the star-connected load.

2. Line Current (𝐼𝐿IL): This refers to the current flowing through

each line (or phase conductor) of the supply to the load.

Understanding the Relationship:

 In a star (wye) connected system, each load impedance is connected

between a phase (line) and the neutral point.
 The phase current 𝐼𝜙Iϕ is the current flowing through each load
impedance.
  The line current 𝐼𝐿IL is the current flowing through each line (or
phase conductor) that connects the source to the load.

Deriving 𝐼𝐿=3⋅𝐼𝜙IL=3⋅I ϕ:

 In a balanced 3-phase system, the phase currents 𝐼𝜙I ϕ are

balanced and have a phase difference of 120 degrees with respect

The line currents 𝐼𝐿IL are higher than the phase currents because
to each other.

they represent the vector sum of the phase currents.

To find the relationship between 𝐼𝐿IL and 𝐼𝜙I ϕ, consider the phasor
representation of the currents:

Each phase current 𝐼𝜙I ϕ can be represented as a phasor with

an amplitude 𝐼𝜙I ϕ.


 The line current 𝐼𝐿IL is the phasor sum (vector sum) of the
three phase currents.

For a balanced system:

The magnitude of each phase current 𝐼𝜙I ϕ is the same.

The line current 𝐼𝐿IL is 33 times the magnitude of any one of the


phase currents, due to the geometric relationship between the
phase and line currents in a balanced 3-phase system.

Conclusion:

The relationship 𝐼𝐿=3⋅𝐼𝜙IL=3⋅Iϕ holds true for a balanced star (wye)

connected 3-phase system, where 𝐼𝐿IL is the line current and 𝐼𝜙I ϕ is the
phase current. This relationship is fundamental in understanding and
analyzing 3-phase AC power systems.

4.Explain the steps in calculating the Thevenins voltage. State the

application of Thevenins theorem.
Calculating the Thevenin's voltage involves several steps to determine the equivalent voltage
source of a network seen from two terminals. Here’s a detailed explanation of the process:

Steps to Calculate Thevenin's Voltage:

1. Identify the Load Terminals: Determine which two terminals of the network you are
interested in finding the Thevenin equivalent voltage across.
2. Isolate the Network: Remove the load resistor or component connected across the
terminals of interest. This step is crucial because Thevenin's theorem states that you
need to analyze the network without the load to find the equivalent voltage.
 3. Find the Open Circuit Voltage: Calculate the voltage across the terminals of interest
when there is no load connected (i.e., when the terminals are open). This voltage is the
Thevenin's voltage (𝑉thVth).
 If the terminals are connected directly to the network, you might need to use
techniques such as mesh analysis, nodal analysis, or other circuit analysis
methods to find the voltage.

4. Reconnect the Load: After finding 𝑉thVth, reconnect the load across the terminals.

Application of Thevenin's Theorem:

 Circuit Simplification: simplify a complex network into an equivalent circuit with a

single voltage source (𝑉th) and a single series resistor (𝑅th). This simplification
facilitates easier analysis of the circuit's behavior.
 Voltage and Current Analysis: By replacing a portion of a circuit with its Thevenin
equivalent, you can quickly analyze the voltage and current relationships at various
points in the circuit.
 Design and Troubleshooting: The theorem is useful in circuit design to predict and
control the behavior of circuits.
 Interfacing Different Circuits: When connecting different circuits or components,
Thevenin's theorem helps determine the appropriate voltage levels and impedance
matching between different parts of a system.

5.What is voltage regulator.draw zener diode symbol.

A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that maintains a constant
output voltage regardless of variations in input voltage, load current, or
temperature. There are various types of voltage regulators, including
linear regulators (like the Zener diode voltage regulator) and switching
regulators (such as buck, boost, and buck-boost regulators).

Zener Diode Symbol:

The Zener diode is a type of diode that operates in reverse bias under
certain conditions, allowing it to maintain a constant voltage across its
terminals when the voltage exceeds a certain value known as the Zener
voltage or breakdown voltage. Here is the symbol of a Zener diode:

Anode | | Cathode ----- | | | | -----

 Anode: The positive terminal of the Zener diode symbol.
  Cathode: The negative terminal of the Zener diode symbol.
 The symbol often includes a bent line near the cathode to indicate
the Zener breakdown characteristic.

Voltage Regulator Using Zener Diode:

A basic voltage regulator circuit using a Zener diode typically looks like
this:+ V_in | | R | | ----- | | Z Load | | ----- | | - V_out

 V_in: Input voltage to the regulator circuit.

 R: Current-limiting resistor.

Load: Connected across the output voltage 𝑉outVout.

 Z: Zener diode connected in reverse bias.

 V_out: Regulated output voltage.

input voltage 𝑉inVin exceeds its breakdown voltage 𝑉𝑍VZ. This causes
In this configuration, the Zener diode conducts in reverse bias once the

𝑉outVout to stabilize at approximately 𝑉𝑍VZ, providing a constant voltage

to the load despite variations in 𝑉inVin.

Applications of Zener Diodes:

Zener diodes are commonly used in various applications including:

 Voltage Regulation: As voltage regulators in simple circuits.

 Overvoltage Protection: To protect circuits from excessive
voltage spikes.
 Voltage Reference: Providing a stable reference voltage for analog
circuits.
 Clipping and Clamping Circuits: In signal processing and
waveform shaping.

In summary, Zener diodes play a crucial role in voltage regulation and

protection circuits due to their unique reverse breakdown characteristics,
making them versatile components in electronics design.

6.Interpret the principle of operation of DC motors.

The principle of operation of DC motors is based on the interaction
between magnetic fields and electric currents. Here’s a detailed
interpretation of how DC motors work:

Basic Components:
 1. Armature: The armature is the rotating part of the DC motor,
typically consisting of windings (conductors) mounted on a shaft.

2. Field Magnets: These are permanent magnets or electromagnets

that create a magnetic field within the motor.

3. Commutator: A commutator is a rotary electrical switch that

periodically reverses the current direction in the armature windings,
ensuring continuous rotation in a specific direction.

4. Brushes: Brushes are conductive contacts that deliver current to

the commutator.

Operation Principle:

1. Magnetic Field Creation:

 When a direct current (DC) is supplied to the field magnets,

they create a fixed magnetic field within the motor.

2. Armature Current and Magnetic Interaction:

 DC is also supplied to the armature windings through the

commutator and brushes.
 The current flowing through the armature windings generates
its own magnetic field due to the right-hand rule of
electromagnetism (where the direction of the magnetic field
around a conductor is determined by the direction of current
flow).

3. Lorentz Force:

 When the armature windings carry current and interact with the
magnetic field created by the field magnets, a force is exerted
on the windings according to the Lorentz force law.
 This force causes the armature (and hence the shaft to which it
is attached) to rotate.

4. Commutator Action:

 As the armature rotates, the commutator ensures that the

direction of current through each armature coil reverses at the
correct moment to keep the torque (rotational force) in the
same direction.
 This reversal of current direction through the armature
windings ensures continuous rotation of the motor shaft.
 5. Torque and Speed Control:

 The torque produced by the motor is proportional to the current

flowing through the armature windings and the strength of the
magnetic field.
 The speed of the motor is controlled by varying the applied
voltage (which affects the armature current) or by varying the
load on the motor.

Applications:

DC motors are widely used in various applications including:

 Electric vehicles: They are used in traction motors.

 Industrial machinery: They power conveyor belts, pumps, and
other machinery.
 Home appliances: Found in fans, blenders, and vacuum cleaners.
 Robotics: Used for precise motion control in robotic arms and
mobile robots.

In summary, DC motors operate on the principle of electromagnetic

interaction between a fixed magnetic field and a rotating armature,
converting electrical energy into mechanical energy to produce rotational
motion.

7.List h parameters of common emitter configuration.

In electronics, the ℎh-parameters (hybrid parameters) are a set of four parameters used to

configuration of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the ℎh-parameters are typically denoted
model the behavior of a transistor in different configurations. For the common emitter

as follows:

1. h_ie (Input impedance at the emitter terminal):

 This parameter represents the input impedance looking into the emitter of the
transistor with the base open-circuited (no signal source connected to the base).

2. h_re (Small-signal current gain):

 This parameter represents the ratio of the change in emitter current (Δ𝐼𝐸ΔIE)
to the change in emitter-base voltage (Δ𝑉𝐸𝐵ΔVEB), with the collector open-
circuited.

3. h_fe (Current gain):

 This parameter represents the ratio of the change in collector current (Δ𝐼𝐶ΔIC)
to the change in base current (Δ𝐼𝐵ΔIB), with the collector open-circuited. It is
 also known as the small-signal current gain of the transistor in the common
emitter configuration.

4. h_oe (Output conductance):

 This parameter represents the conductance between the collector and emitter
terminals of the transistor when the base and emitter are short-circuited. It
indicates how the output current varies with the output voltage.

Summary of ℎh-parameters for Common Emitter Configuration:

 h_ie: Input impedance at the emitter terminal.

 h_re: Small-signal current gain (Δ𝐼𝐸Δ𝑉𝐸𝐵ΔVEBΔIE).
 h_fe: Current gain (Δ𝐼𝐶Δ𝐼𝐵ΔIBΔIC).
 h_oe: Output conductance (reciprocal of output resistance).

These ℎh-parameters are essential for small-signal analysis and designing amplifier circuits
using BJTs in the common emitter configuration. They describe how the transistor responds
to small variations in voltages and currents around its operating point.

8.Define the current gain of common base configuration.

n the context of transistor configurations, the current gain of a common
base configuration refers to the ratio of the output current to the input
current when the base of the transistor is common between the input and
output circuits. Let's define it more formally:

Current Gain (Common Base Configuration):

The current gain (𝛼α) of a common base transistor configuration is

defined as:

𝛼=𝐼𝐶𝐼𝐸α=IEIC

where:

𝐼𝐶IC is the collector current,

𝐼𝐸IE is the emitter current.



Characteristics of Common Base Configuration:

current 𝐼𝐸IE is the sum of the base current 𝐼𝐵IB and the collector
1. Current Gain (𝛼α): In the common base configuration, the emitter

current 𝐼𝐶IC:

𝐼𝐸=𝐼𝐵+𝐼𝐶IE=IB+IC
 The current gain 𝛼α can also be expressed as:

𝛼=𝐼𝐶𝐼𝐵+𝐼𝐶α=IB+ICIC

However, for small-signal analysis, 𝐼𝐵IB is typically very small

compared to 𝐼𝐶IC, so 𝐼𝐸≈𝐼𝐶IE≈IC and 𝛼≈1α≈1.

2. Input and Output Characteristics:

 The input impedance (𝑟𝜋rπ) seen by the input signal is
relatively low.
 The output impedance (𝑟𝑜ro) looking into the collector is high.

3. Applications:
 The common base configuration is often used in RF (Radio
Frequency) amplifiers and high-frequency applications where it
provides good voltage gain and input-output impedance
matching.

Summary:

The current gain 𝛼α of a common base configuration describes how much

the collector current 𝐼𝐶IC is amplified relative to the emitter current 𝐼𝐸IE
. It is a key parameter in understanding the amplification characteristics
and impedance properties of this transistor configuration.

9.Explain H Parameters of two port network.

The H-parameters (hybrid parameters) of a two-port network describe its behavior in terms
of the relationships between voltages and currents at both ports. These parameters are
particularly useful for characterizing active and passive components such as transistors,
operational amplifiers, and other electronic circuits. Here’s an explanation of the H-
parameters for a two-port network:

H-Parameters Matrix:

For a two-port network, the H-parameters matrix is typically represented as:

[𝑉1𝐼1]=[𝐻11𝐻12𝐻21𝐻22][𝐼2𝑉2][V1I1]=[H11H21H12H22][I2V2]

Where:

𝑉1V1 and 𝐼1I1 are the voltage and current at port 1, respectively.
𝑉2V2 and 𝐼2I2 are the voltage and current at port 2, respectively.


𝐻11H11, 𝐻12H12, 𝐻21H21, and 𝐻22H22 are the H-parameters of the network.


Interpretation of H-Parameters:

1. H₁₁: Input impedance seen at port 1 when port 2 is terminated by a

short circuit (current source).

2. H₁₂: Forward transfer admittance from port 2 to port 1. It represents the

current into port 1 for a unit voltage applied to port 2, with port 1 open-circuited.

3. H₂₁: Reverse transfer admittance from port 1 to port 2. It represents the

current into port 2 for a unit voltage applied to port 1, with port 2 open-circuited.

4. H₂₂: Input impedance seen at port 2 when port 1 is terminated by a

short circuit (current source).

Application and Usage:

 Amplifiers and Active Devices: H-parameters are commonly used in the analysis and
design of amplifiers and active devices because they describe how voltages and
currents are transformed and interact between input and output ports.

 Small-Signal Analysis: H-parameters are particularly useful in small-signal analysis,

where they describe the linear response of the network to small variations around its
operating point.

 Conversion between Parameters: H-parameters can be converted into other

parameter sets like Y-parameters (admittance parameters) or Z-parameters (impedance
parameters), depending on the specific requirements of the analysis or design.

 Circuit Design and Optimization: Engineers use H-parameters to optimize circuit

performance, ensure stability, and predict the behavior of complex networks involving
active components.

Summary:

H-parameters provide a compact and insightful way to represent the behavior of a two-port
network, describing how voltages and currents relate between input and output ports under
small-signal conditions. They are integral to the analysis and design of electronic circuits,
offering valuable insights into signal processing, amplification, and network performance.

10.Why Y parameters are called so? Define them.

Y-parameters are named so because they are derived from the admittance matrix (Y-matrix)
of a linear electrical network. Let's define Y-parameters and explain their significance:

Definition of Y-Parameters:

Y-parameters, also known as admittance parameters or admittance matrix parameters,

describe the behavior of a linear electrical network in terms of its admittance relationships.
They are represented by a matrix that relates the currents and voltages at different ports
(terminals) of the network under small-signal conditions.

For a two-port network, the Y-parameters matrix is typically denoted as:

[𝐼1𝐼2]=[𝑌11𝑌12𝑌21𝑌22][𝑉1𝑉2][I1I2]=[Y11Y21Y12Y22][V1V2]

Where:

𝐼1I1 and 𝐼2I2 are the currents into ports 1 and 2, respectively.
𝑉1V1 and 𝑉2V2 are the voltages at ports 1 and 2, respectively.


𝑌11Y11, 𝑌12Y12, 𝑌21Y21, and 𝑌22Y22 are the Y-parameters of the network.



Significance and Application:

1. Characterization of Networks: Y-parameters provide a concise representation of the

network's behavior in terms of how currents and voltages interact at each port. They
are particularly useful for analyzing and designing circuits involving amplifiers,
filters, and other multi-port networks.

2. Impedance and Admittance Relationships: Y-parameters allow for easy conversion

between impedance parameters (Z-parameters) and admittance parameters (Y-
parameters), providing flexibility in network analysis depending on whether voltage
sources or current sources are used for excitation.

3. Matrix Representation: The Y-matrix directly relates the currents and voltages at
different ports, making it straightforward to determine the input/output characteristics
of the network and to analyze signal propagation and power transfer.

4. Small-Signal Analysis: Y-parameters are primarily used in small-signal analysis to

understand how a network responds to small variations in voltage and current around
its operating point. This is crucial in designing amplifiers and other sensitive
electronic circuits.

Conclusion:

Y-parameters are named after the admittance matrix (Y-matrix) they describe. They
provide a powerful tool for characterizing and analyzing linear electrical networks, offering
insights into how currents and voltages are interconnected at different ports under small-
signal conditions. This understanding is fundamental in circuit design, analysis, and
optimization in various fields of electrical engineering and electronics.