Theories

Mnemonic: Trusting Automatically Initiates Industrial Identity and Intimacy
Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development (Refer PB page 40)
Trust Vs Mistrust
1. Infancy: Birth-1-year old.
2. Ability to form meaningful relationships, hope about the future, trust in
others.
3. Faith in the environment.
4. Unfavorable outcome: Poor relationships, suspicion, fear of the future.
Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt

◦ Early childhood: 1-3 years old.Self-control, self-esteem, and willpower.
◦ Sense of adequacy.
◦ Autonomy emphasizes their desire for independence and self-control
and building their self-esteem.
◦ Unfavorable outcome: Feelings of shame and self-doubt, poor self-
control, low self-esteem, lack of independence.
Initiative Vs Guilt
5. Late childhood: 3-6 years old.
6. Ability to initiate one's own activities, to be a "self-starter"
7. Self-directed behavior, goal formation, sense of purpose.
8. Initiative leads to a sense of purpose and can help develop leadership
skills, failure results in guilt. Essentially, kids who do not develop
initiative at this stage may become fearful of trying new things. When
they do direct efforts toward something, they may feel that they are
doing something wrong.Unfavorable outcome: Sense of guilt, lack of
self-initiated behavior, lack of goal orientation.
9. Essentially, kids who do not develop initiative at this stage may
become fearful of trying new things. When they do direct efforts
toward something, they may feel that they are doing something wrong.
10. Unfavorable outcome: Sense of guilt, lack of self-initiated
behavior, lack of goal orientation.
11. Initiative emphasizes the child's ability to initiate tasks and
activities, while Autonomy emphasizes their desire for independence
and self-control. Both stages are crucial for the development of a
healthy sense of self and interpersonal relationships.
Industry Vs Inferiority
◦ School-age: 6-12 years-old.
◦ Ability to learn how things work, to understand and organize.
◦ Making friends and getting along with classmates,
◦ proficiency in schoolwork and play.
◦ Ability to work, sense of competency and achievement.
◦ Friends and classmates play a role in how children progress through
the industry versus inferiority stage. Through proficiency at play and
schoolwork, children are able to develop a sense of competency and
pride in their abilities.
◦ Unfavorable outcome: A sense of inferiority at understanding and
organizing.
◦
Identity Vs Role Confusion

12. Adolescence: 12-20 years old.
13. Personal sense of identity: A solid sense of identity means that
you know who you are, what you value, and how you see yourself in
society.Seeing oneself as a unique and integrated person (a unity in
thought, emotion, and action).
14. Unfavorable outcome: Confusion over who and what really one
is, poor self-identification in group setting.
Intimacy Vs Isolation
15. Early adulthood: 20-35years old.
16. Committed relationships and capacity to love.
17. Unfavorable outcome: Inability to form affectionate relationships,
emotional isolation.
Generativity Vs Stagnation
◦ Middle adulthood: 35-65 years old.
◦ Ability to give time and talents to others, ability to care for others.
◦ Concern for family and society in general.
◦ Unfavorable outcome: Concern only for self:
Integrity Vs Despair
18. Late adulthood: >65 years old.
19. Fulfillment and comfort with life, willingness to face death,
insight, and balanced life events.
I
◦ A sense of integrity.
◦ Unfavorable outcome: Bitterness, dissatisfaction with life, despair over
prospect of death.
Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development (PB pg. 44)

1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years): In this stage, infants and toddlers
leam about the world through their senses and motor activities. They explore
their environment, develop object permanence.
• Object permanence: Object permanence describes a child's ability to
know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be
seen or heard.
• Object constancy: Object Constancy allows us to trust that our bond
with those who are close to us remains whole even when they are not
physically around. With Object Constancy, absence does not mean
disappearance or abandonment, only temporary distance.
2. Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years): During this stage, children
develop language skills and begin to use symbols to represent
objects and ideas. However, their thinking is still egocentric,
meaning they have difficulty seeing things from others'
perspectives. They also exhibit magical thinking and are not yet
capable of logical reasoning
3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years): In this stage, children

become more capable of logical thinking, but their reasoning is still
grounded in concrete experiences and objects. They can understand
conservation (the idea that quantities remain the same despite
changes in appearance), perform basic mental opcrations, and think
more logically about concrete objects and situations.
4. Formal Operational Stage (12 years and older): During this final
stage, adolescents and adults develop the ability for abstract and
hypothetical thinking.They can think critically, solve complex
problems, and engage in systematic reasoning about abstract
concepts. This stage is marked by greater cognitive flexibility and
the ability to reason about concepts beyond concrete experiences.

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Mnemonic: Trusting Automatically Initiates Industrial Identity and Intimacy

Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development (Refer PB page 40)

Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt

Identity Vs Role Confusion

Jean Piaget's four stages of cognitive development (PB pg. 44)

3. Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years): In this stage, children

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