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Ofdm (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a digital multi-carrier transmission technique that distributes data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies to minimize interference between carriers. This allows high data transmission over bandwidth-constrained and hostile channels. In OFDM, adjacent channels are orthogonal having a 90-degree phase shift which prevents interference and increases spectral efficiency. It has advantages over other techniques in efficiency and resistance to noise and fading, though it has higher peak-to-average power ratios and complexity.

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67 views20 pages

Ofdm (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a digital multi-carrier transmission technique that distributes data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies to minimize interference between carriers. This allows high data transmission over bandwidth-constrained and hostile channels. In OFDM, adjacent channels are orthogonal having a 90-degree phase shift which prevents interference and increases spectral efficiency. It has advantages over other techniques in efficiency and resistance to noise and fading, though it has higher peak-to-average power ratios and complexity.

Uploaded by

Bhuvanesh Waran
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing )

BASICS OF OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a method that allows to tra nsmit high data rates over extremely hostile channels at a comparable low comple xity. Orthogonal FDMs (OFDM) spread spectrum technique distributes the data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies. This spa cing provides the orthogonality in this technique which prevents the demodulators fr om seeing frequencies other than their own.

HOW OFDM WORKS First of all the FDM part - Frequency division multiplexing is a technology that transmits several signals at the same time over a single transmission path, in a medium such as a cable or wireless system. Each signal is transmitted inside i ts own unique frequency range (the carrier frequency), which is then modulated b y the data that is needing to be transmitted.

Orthogonal FDM's spread spectrum technique spreads the data over a lot of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies. In OFDM modulation, adjacent channe ls are mathematically orthogonal, having a 90-degree phase shift.

In traditional FDM the sub-channels arent orthogonal therefore need to be separate d by guard bands which obviously wastes much needed spectrum. Hence a guard inte rval is used, which is larger than the expected delay spread, which is done by a rtificially extending the symbol time and then removing this extension at the re ceiver, in this a minimum bandwidth is lost

It distributes the data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at pr ecise frequencies. This spacing provides the "orthogonality" in this technique w hich prevents the demodulators from seeing frequencies other than their own.

FDM OFDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM frequency dividing EARN IN SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY

OFDM BANDWIDTH DIVISION

Orthogonal Frequency-Divison Multiplexing (OFDM) - transmitter

OFDM DEFINITION OFDM = Orthogonal FDM Carrier centers are put on orthogonal frequencies ORTHOGONALITY - The peak of each signal coincides with trough of other signals Subcarriers are spaced by 1/Ts

MODULATION

TYPES OF OFDM C-OFDM MIMO-OFDM V-OFDM W-OFDM Flash-OFDM

DIFFERENCES FROM OTHER MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES OFDM versus TDM -number of carriers -synchronization -sensitivity -capacity/effi ciency advantages -complexity and cost issues OFDM versus WDM -more flexible -higher bandwidth efficiency

ADVANTAGES Makes efficient use of the spectrum by allowing overlap. By dividing the channel into narrowband flat fading subchannels, OFDM is more resistant to freq uency selective fading than single carrier systems are. Eliminates ISI and IFI through use of a cyclic prefix. Using adequate channel coding a nd interleaving one can recover symbols lost due to the frequency selectivity of the channel.

Provides good protection against cochannel interference and impulsive parasitic noise. It is possible to use maximum likelihood decoding with reasonable complex ity. OFDM is computationally efficient by using FFT techniques to implement the modulation and demodulation functions. Is less sensitive to sample timing offset s than single carrier systems are.

DISADVANTAGES The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude with a very large dynamic range, ther efore it requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak to average power ratio. I t is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset and drift than single carrier sy stems are due to leakage of the DFT. High sensitivity inter-channel interference , ICI

APPLICATIONS Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) HDTV-Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Wireless LAN Networks Broadband Wireless Access System Power-line Technology Asymmetric D igital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

HISTORY ABOUT OFDM OFDM was invented more than 40 years ago. The concept of using parallel d ata transmission by means of frequency division multiplexing (FDM) was published in mid 60s. In the 1980s, OFDM was studied for high-speed modems, digital m obile communications, and high-density recording. In the 1990s, OFDM was exploited for wideband data communications over mobile radio FM channels, high-b it-rate digital subscriber lines (HDSL; 1.6 Mbps), asymmetric digital subscriber lines(ADSL, 1,536 Mb/s),

very-high-speed digital subscriber lines (VDSL;100 Mbps), digital audio broadcas ting (DAB), and highdefinitiontelevision (HDTV) terrestrial broadcasting. In 200 7,100 Gb/s CO-OFDM transmission over 1000 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) w ith high spectral efficiency of 2 bit/s/Hz has been demonstrated by various grou ps.

Future, as the industry is embracing the imminent commercialrollout of 100 Gb/s Ethernet (100 GbE), the feasibility of 1 Tb/s Ethernet is the next logical step. Also multimode fiber in conjunction with multiple-input multipleoutput OFDM (MI MO-OFDM) is proposed as a technology to achieve 100 Tb/s per fiber that takes ad vantage of mode multiplexing in the optical fiber.

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