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Lecture 3 - Gene Segregation and Interaction

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Lecture 3 - Gene Segregation and Interaction

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medallasnokee03
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Prepared by: Jonah Micah Lagua, Arleen Panaligan and Liwayway Taglinao

Department of Biological Sciences


College of Arts and Sciences
Cavite State University Main Campus
After the completion of the chapter, the students will be able to:

1. relate chromosomal segregation with Mendelian principles;

2. solve problems involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses illustrating Mendelian


principles;

3. explain the different dominance relationship;

4.describe the other patterns of inheritance;

5.explain the different kinds of interaction;

6.solve problems on gene interaction;

7.explain the environmental influence on gene expression.


1. Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment

2. Dominance Relationship

3. Multiple Alleles

4. Lethal Genes

5. Modifier Genes

6. Gene Interactions
Assignment and Problem Sets
Gene
-basic unit of inheritance
-a segment of DNA that specifies the structure of a protein or an RNA
molecule

Alleles
-alternate forms of a gene having the same position (locus) on a pair of
chromosomes and affecting the same trait
genotype
-indicates the genes (pair of alleles) of a particular individual
the genetic makeup of an organism

phenotype
- the physical characteristics of the individual
morphology, physiology, behavior
(Genotype + environment)
dominant allele
- hereditary factor that expresses itself even when there is only one copy in the
genotype

recessive allele
-only expresses itself when two copies are present in the genotype
homozygous
- having identical alleles for a given trait
e.g., AA; aa
heterozygous
-having different alleles for a given trait
-e.g., Aa
1 Removed stamens
from purple flower
2 Transferred sperm-
bearing pollen from
stamens of white
flower to egg-
bearing carpel of
purple flower

Parental
generation
(P)
Stamens
Carpel (male)
3 Pollinated carpel (female)
matured into pod

4 Planted seeds
from pod

5 Examined
offspring:
First all purple
generation flowers
offspring
(F1)

Image taken from : http://photos.demandstudios.com/getty/article/186/73/2668766_XS.jpg


Image taken from : https://i1.wp.com/www.pmfias.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/mendel-monohybrid-cross.jpg?resize=467%2C846
1. There are alternative forms of genes that account for variations in
inherited characteristics. (dominant and recessive alleles)

2. For each characteristic, an organism inherits 2 alleles, one from each


parent.
homozygous (AA;aa)
heterozygous (Aa)
3. If the two alleles differ, then one determines the organism’s
appearance and is called the dominant allele, the other has no
noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance and it is called recessive
allele. (Principle of Dominance)

4. A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited trait because
allele pairs separate (segregate) from each other during the production
of gametes. (Law of Segregation)

5) Members of one gene pair segregate independently from other gene


pairs during gamete formation and randomly combine during
fertilization. (Law of Independent Assortment)
Image taken from https://kaiserscience.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/law-of-segregation-law-of-independent-assortment1.jpg
Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross involving a single
pair of genes (one trait)

P = Parental generation
F1 = First filial generation; offspring from a genetic
cross.
F2 = Second filial generation of a genetic cross
Using the PUNNETT SQUARE (CHECKERBOARD METHOD)

Example: T- tall ; t- short


Female Parent Male Parent
Genotype TT x tt
In garden peas, round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds.
A plant that is homozygous for wrinkled seeds is crossed
with a plant that is heterozygous.

a. What percentage of plants will have round seeds?

b. What is the chance of the offspring being heterozygous?


In humans, brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes.
If a couple who are both heterozygous brown-eyed
reproduce with one another, what is the probability
that their child will have
a. brown eyes?
b. blue eyes?
In this method, the key is to Take Each Gene Independently (mnemonic: TEGI)
The allele for the presence of middigital hair is dominant over
the allele for its absence, and the allele for free earlobe is
dominant over the allele for attached earlobe. The
husband is heterozygous while the wife is homozygous
dominant for these two traits. What is the probability
that their child would have

a. middigital hair and free earlobes?


b. middigital hair and attached earlobes?
c. no middigital hair and free earlobes?
d. no middigital hair and attached earlobes?
Klug, W. S., & Cummings, M. R., Spencer, C.A., Killian D., Palladino M.A.
(2019). Essentials of genetics. USA: Pearsom Prentice Hall.

Mendioro et al. (2018). Genetics laboratory manual. 13th revision. UPLB:


Lakes Printing Press.

Images from the internet.

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