Senior High School

General Biology 1
Quarter 2– Module 3
Photosynthesis: Light Dependent
Reactions

1
General Biology – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Photosynthesis: Light Dependent Reactions
Second Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Compiler/ Contextualizer: EUSEBIA L. HERNANDEZ, MT1 Don Sergio
Osmeña Sr. Memorial National High School
Editors/Reviewers:
MS. CELIA C. GEPITULAN - Principal 1, Regino Mercado Night High
School
MRS. JOCELYN C. BUTANAS - MT1, Talamban National High School
MR. BONNIE JAMES SACLOLO- TIII- Cebu City Science High School
MR. REY A. KIMILAT- HTV, Abellana National High School
Language Editor
MRS. ROQUESA B. SABEJON-PSDS North District 7

Management Team:

Chairperson: DR. RHEA MAR A. ANGTUD - Schools Division Superintendent

DR. BERNADETTE A. SUSVILLA -Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
MRS. GRECIA F. BATALUNA Chief, Curriculum Instruction Division
MRS. VANESSA L. HARAYO- EPS, LRMDS
DR. RAYLENE S. MANAWATAO – EPS, Science

Department of Education – Schools Division of Cebu City, Region VII

Office Address: New Imus Road, Day-as, Cebu City, Philippines

Telefax: 032-2551516
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Website: http://www.depedcebucity.com

2
 What I Need to Know

MODULE 3
Photosynthesis: Light Dependent Reactions
__________________________________________________________________________________

Quarter : Second Quarter

Content Standard : The learners demonstrate an understanding of the light
independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Performance Standard : The learners should be able to explain the noncyclic
and cyclic flow of electrons during the light dependent
reaction.
Learning Outcomes : Upon the completion of the given unit, the SHS
students are expected to explain how plants convert
light energy from the Sun and stored it as chemical
energy in organic molecules.
Learning Competency : Describe the patterns of electron flow through light
dependent reaction events (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j4).
Duration : 1 Week
Topic : Photosynthesis: Light Dependent Reactions
________________________________________________________________________________

Hello STEM learners! In this module, you will explore how light energy is
converted to chemical energy during light independent reactions inside the
chloroplast. As you understand the processes, you will identify the molecules
needed and produced during light reactions that are needed in the Calvin cycle.
This module focuses on the lesson on light dependent reactions of
photosynthesis.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the important molecules involved in the light reactions;
2. describe the events and processes happening during light reactions;
3. identify the molecules produced during light reactions of photosynthesis;
and
4. trace the flow of electrons during the cyclic and noncyclic flow of
photosynthesis.

What I Know

Directions: Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following products from light reactions is needed during the
Calvin cycle?
A. O2 C. H2O and NADPH
B. CO2 and ATP D. ATP and NADPH
2. Which of the following process is directly driven by light energy?
A. ATP synthesis
B. reduction of NADP+ molecules
C. removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
D. creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid
membrane

3
3. What is the final electron acceptor during light dependent reactions?
A. ADP B. ADP C. FAD+ D. NADP+
4. Why is water needed in photosynthesis? It is needed because it
______________________.
A. absorbs electrons during the Calvin cycle
B. regenerates oxygen through Carbon-oxygen cycle
C. supplies electrons during light dependent reactions
D. converts light energy from the sun to chemical energy stored in glucose
5. What is the initial electron donor in the light reactions?
A. ADP B. H2O C. NADP D. O2
6. What gas is produced during photosynthesis?
A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. vaporized water D. carbon monoxide
7. Which of the following events does NOT occur in photosystem II?
A. Light energy excites electrons in an antenna pigment.
B. The spitting of water yields molecular oxygen as a by-product.
C. Excitation energy from chlorophyll is passed along to the P680
reaction center.
D. The reaction center donates pair of electrons to NADP + which is
converted to NADPH.
8. What happens when chlorophyll is struck by sunlight?
A. Energy from fat molecules is released.
B. The chlorophyll molecule is broken into two parts.
C. The electrons in the chlorophyll molecule become energized.
D. A chemical reaction turns chlorophyll into high energy carbohydrates.
9. Which of the following is NOT a step in the light-dependent reactions?
A. Pigments in photosystem II absorb light.
B. ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars.
C. High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain.
D.ATP synthase allows H+ ions to pass through the thylakoid
membrane.
10. Which molecule produced oxygen during light-dependent reactions?
A. CO B. CO2 C.H2O D.H3O+
11. What causes the protons to move into the thylakoid space during the light
dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
A. Brownian motion of the protons
B. concentration gradient in the stroma
C. pressure of the electrons in the stroma
D. movement of electrons through the electron transport chain
12. Where do the electrons used to reduce NADP+ come from during
noncyclic photophosphorylation?
A. CO2 B. H2O C. NADPH D. oxygen
13. In cyclic electron flow, the electrons passed through a series of molecules and
generate ATP. Which of the following is the correct sequence of molecules
during the process?
I. ferredoxin II. plastocyanin III. Photosystem I
IV. cytochrome complex V. primary electron acceptor
A. I,II,III,IV,V B. II,III,IV,V,I C.III,V,I,IV,II D.IV,V,I,II,III
14. Which of the following events occur during light dependent reactions?
A. Carbon dioxide attached to RuBP is aided by rubisco.
B. ATP and NADPH are used to produce high-energy sugars.
C. High-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain.
D. Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) is regenerated to fix another carbon dioxide
molecule.

4
15. Which energized electrons play a role in the formation of NADPH? Electrons
from _____________________________.
A. PS I cause the reduction of NADP+ to NADH
B. PS I cause the reduction of NADPH to NADP+
C. PS II cause the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH
D. PSII gained that causes the oxidation of NADP +

Light Dependent Reaction

Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy

that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds. There are two stages of
photosynthesis light-dependent reaction and the light-independent reaction (Calvin
cycle).

What’s In
Photosynthesis

Plant cells and some algae contain an organelle called the chloroplast. The
chloroplast allows plants to harvest energy from sunlight to carry on a process
known as photosynthesis. Specialized pigments in the chloroplast (including the
common green pigment chlorophyll) absorb sunlight and use this energy to
combine carbon dioxide and water and make glucose and oxygen. Study the
chemical equation of photosynthesis below then answer the guide questions on the
space provided.

6 CO2 + 6 H20 + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Guide Questions
1. What among the reactants is used during
a. light reaction? ________________________________________________
b. dark reaction? ________________________________________________
2. What is the product during
a. light reaction? ________________________________________________
b. dark reaction? ________________________________________________
3. Why is the sunlight needed in the light dependent reaction of
photosynthesis?
__________________________________________________________________

What’s New
Linear Electron Flow

Directions: Study the diagram of the light dependent reaction and answer the
guide questions on a separate sheet of paper.

5
Figure 1. Linear Electron Flow
Source:http://mandevillehigh.stpsb.org/teachersites/laura_decker/photosystem_notes

Guide Questions
1. What happens to the electrons when they encounter light energy?
____________________________________________________________________
2. How is oxygen formed in the first phase of light reaction?
____________________________________________________________________

3. What happens to the hydrogen ions formed from the splitting of water
molecules? ________________________________________________________
What Is It

Before you focus on the steps on noncyclic and cyclic electron flow, kindly read the
terms in the box for your guidance.

Unlocking of terms

a. ATP - stands for adenosine triphosphate; release energy when phosphate bonds are
hydrolyzed
b. cytochrome - an iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport
chains in mitochondria and chloroplast
c. ferredoxin - are iron-sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer by accepting
electrons when oxidized or reduced
d. NADP+ - stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron
acceptor that forms NADPH
e. NADPH - stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen formed
after NADP+ was reduced that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during
the light reactions
f. plastocyanin - a copper-containing compound in the electron transport chain that
accepts a pair of electrons from cytochrome complex
g. plastoquinone - it shuttles electron from photosystem II to cytochrome complex
h. photophosphorylation - is the process of generating ATP from ADP (adenine
diphosphate) and phosphate through chemiosmosis using the proton-motive force
generated across the thylakoid membrane during light reactions

6
Light Dependent Reactions

The sun is the ultimate source of energy. As the plants capture light energy,
it is transformed into chemical energy through photosynthesis. It is the light that
drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH by energizing the two photosystems
embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The key to this energy
transformation is a flow of electrons through the photosystems and other molecular
components built into the thylakoid membrane. This process is referred to as
linear electron flow or noncyclic flow and it occurs during the first stage of
photosynthesis - the light dependent reaction, as shown in Figure 2. Most plants
follow linear electron flow (Z scheme pathway) during light reactions; however, an
alternative pathway also occurs. The numbered steps in the text correspond to the
numbered steps in the figure.

Steps in Linear Electron Flow

1. Light energy or photon is absorbed by a pigment molecule of the light-
harvesting complex of photosystem II and is passed on to other pigment
molecules nearby until the energy makes it to the reaction center. In the
reaction center, it is absorbed by the P680 pair of chlorophyll a.
2. The electron in this pair of chlorophyll a is raised to an excited state and is
transferred to the primary electron acceptor. P680 loses its electron and
becomes positively charged (P680+).
3. The positively charged molecule attracts electrons from a water molecule,
resulting in the splitting up of H2O into two electrons, two hydrogen ions
(H+), and an oxygen atom with the provision of light energy a process called
photolysis. The oxygen atom immediately combines with another oxygen
atom to form an oxygen molecule (O 2) which is then released outside the leaf
through the stomata.

Figure 2. Noncyclic Electron Flow of Light-Dependent Reactions

Source: https://quizlet.com/259499527/linear-electron-flow-diagram)

4. The excited electrons are then passed on from the primary electron acceptor
to the electron carrier molecules plastoquinone (Pq), cytochrome complex,

7
 and plastocyanin (Pc) through the electron transport chain (ETC) until they
reach photosystem I.
5. At each transfer, the electrons release small amounts of energy. This energy
is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. The splitting up of
water molecules results in an uneven distribution of hydrogen ions in the
stroma and the lumen. The H+ ions try to equalize their distribution by
moving from the lumen to the stroma through the aid of a membrane protein
called ATP synthase. This is referred to as chemiosmosis. The movement of
hydrogen ions through the ATP synthase channel triggers the synthesis of
ATP from ADP. The ATP contains high-energy phosphate bonds.
6. Meanwhile, the photon is also absorbed, and energy is passed on from one
pigment molecule to another until the energy reaches the reaction center
complex of photosystem I. The energy excites the electron present in the pair
of P700 chlorophyll a located here. The excited electron is then transferred to
a primary electron acceptor, making the P700 positively charged and now
seeking electrons to fill up the missing ones. This is filled up by the electrons
from photosystem II that are passed on through the electron transport
chain.
7. The photo-excited electron from the primary electron acceptor of
photosystem I enters another electron transfer chain, passing the electron to
an iron-containing protein called ferredoxin (Fd).
8. An enzyme, the NADP+ reductase, then transfers the electron to NADP + and
stabilizes it by adding a proton (H+) to form NADPH. NADPH is then released
to the stroma and becomes part of the Calvin Cycle.

In linear electron flow, the final electron acceptor is the NADP+

forming NADPH. As the electron passes from one carrier molecule through
the electron transport chain it releases energy which is used to pump
hydrogen ions in the stroma and lumen aided by ATP synthase through a
process chemiosmosis. The movement of the H+ ions trigger the
phosphorylation of ADP forming ATP. The light reactions use solar power
to generate ATP and NADPH, which provide chemical energy and reducing
power, respectively, to the carbohydrate-synthesizing reactions of the Calvin
cycle.

Cyclic Electron Flow

In certain cases, photoexcited electrons can take an alternative path called
cyclic electron flow, which uses photosystem I (PS I) but not photosystem II (PS
II). As shown in Figure 3, cyclic flow is a short circuit: The electrons in PS I cycle
back from ferredoxin (Fd) to the cytochrome complex, and from there continue to
P700 chlorophyll in the PS I reaction-center complex. There is no production of
NADPH and no release of oxygen that results from this process. On the other hand,
the cyclic flow does generate ATP. Rather than having both PSII and PSI, several of
the currently existing groups of photosynthetic bacteria are known to have a single
photosystem related to either PSII or PSI. The purple (Chromatium sp.) and green
sulfur (ex.Chlorobium tepidum) bacteria (see Figure 3) are among the species that
use cyclic electron flow to generate ATP during the process of photosynthesis.
Evolutionary biologists hypothesize that these bacterial groups are descendants of
ancestral bacteria in which photosynthesis first evolved.

8
 a.Chromatium sp. b. Chlorobium tepidum

Figure 3. Purple and green sulfur bacteria

Source:http://cfb.unh.edu

Cyclic electron flow can also occur in photosynthetic species that possess
both photosystems; this includes some prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria as well
as the eukaryotic photosynthetic species brown and green algae that have been
tested. Although the process is probably part of an “evolutionary leftover” (remains
of ancestral characteristics) research suggests it plays at least one beneficial role
for these organisms. Mutant plants that are not able to carry out cyclic electron
flow can grow well in low light, but do not grow well where light is intense. This
supports the idea that cyclic electron flow is an adaptation for some species and
photoprotective (protects the plant from intense sunlight) function.

Figure 4. Cyclic Electron Flow

Source:https://quizlet.com/259502206/cyclic-electron-flow-diagram

Chemiosmosis in Chloroplast
Chloroplasts generate ATP by chemiosmosis. An electron transport chain
pumps proton (H+) across a membrane as electrons are passed through a series of
carriers that are progressively more electronegative. Thus, electron transport
chains transform redox energy into a proton-motive force, potential energy stored
in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane. The thylakoid membrane of the
chloroplast pumps protons from the stroma into the thylakoid space (interior of the
thylakoid), which functions as the H+ reservoir. As the hydrogen ions diffuse from

9
the thylakoid space back to the stroma, ATP is synthesized through
phosphorylation of ADP aided by ATP synthase complexes, whose catalytic knobs
are on the stroma side of the membrane. The synthesis of ATP here is referred to as
photophosphorylation since it is driven by light energy. Thus, ATP forms in the
stroma, where it is used to help drive sugar synthesis during the Calvin cycle.

Steps in Chemiosmosis

1. Water is split by photosystem II on the side of the membrane facing the

thylakoid space.
2. As plastoquinone (Pq) transfers electrons to the cytochrome complex, four
protons are translocated across the membrane into the thylakoid space.
3. A hydrogen ion is removed from the stroma when it is taken up by NADP +.
Notice that in step 2, hydrogen ions are being pumped from the stroma into
the thylakoid space. The diffusion of H + from the thylakoid space back to the
stroma (along the H+ concentration gradient) powers the ATP synthase.
These light-driven reactions store chemical energy in NADPH and ATP,
which shuttle the energy to the carbohydrate-producing Calvin cycle.

Figure 5. Chemiosmosis in Chloroplast

Source: https://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch10/chemiosmosis.html

Remember that this light-reaction “machinery” within the thylakoid

membrane containing these molecules and molecular complexes in the figure is
present in numerous copies in each thylakoid. Notice also that NADPH, like ATP, is
produced on the side of the membrane facing the stroma, where the Calvin cycle
reactions take place.
In summary, during light reactions, electron flow pushes electrons from
water, where they are at a low state of potential energy, ultimately to NADPH,

10
where they are stored at a high state of potential energy. The light-driven electron
flow also generates ATP. Thus, the equipment of the thylakoid membrane converts
light energy to chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH. (Oxygen is a by-
product.) These products of the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle to
synthesize sugar from CO2.

What’s More

Light Reactions of Photosynthesis

A. Sequencing of Events
Directions: Arrange the following events during the noncyclic electron flow of
light reactions. Write 1 as the first event and 10 for the last on th
e space provided.

the photo-excited electron from photosystem I enters another electron

___ transfer chain, passing the electron to ferredoxin
NADP+ reductase transfers the electron to NADP+ and stabilizes it by
___ adding a proton (H+) to form NADPH
electrons in chlorophyll a is raised to an excited state and is transferred
___ to the primary electron acceptor
excited electrons of P700 reaches the primary electron acceptor making
___ the photosystem positively charged
the movement of hydrogen ions through the ATP synthase channel
___ triggers phosphorylation of ADP forming ATP
as the electrons transfer in each carrier molecule in ETC, it releases
___ small amounts of energy to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane
the excited electron from the primary electron acceptor in the
___ Photosystem II passed through the ETC
H2O molecule splits into 2 hydrogen ions and oxygen
___
photon strikes the chlorophyll pigments in Photosystem II
___
P680 loses its electron and becomes positively charged (P680+)
___

B. Comparing Non-cyclic and Cyclic Electron Flow

Directions: Complete the table below to compare the cyclic and non-cyclic flow
of electrons during light reaction events. Answer the guide questions.

Noncyclic Cyclic

Photosystems involved
Number of electron transport
chain (ETC)
Carrier molecules
Raw materials
Products

11
Guide Questions

1. What is the role of sunlight during light dependent reactions? How about
H2O? _____________________________________________________________________
2. Which of the pathways for electron flow produced enough energy for the
Calvin cycle? Explain. _____________________________________________________
3. Why does insufficient water supply during summer or dry season affect the
photosynthetic rate of the plants? _________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the appropriate term/s to complete the statements below. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Light dependent reaction is the first stage of photosynthesis that occurs in

the __________________.
2. This stage of photosynthesis requires sunlight and __________ molecules.
3. As the photon strikes the chlorophyll pigments, the electrons in the PS II get
excited and move to the higher energy level until it reaches the
_________________ making the photosystem electron deficient.
4. An enzyme catalyzes the splitting of a water molecule into two electrons, two
hydrogen ions (H+), and an oxygen atom which combines with another
oxygen atom and released through the __________.
5. Each photoexcited electron passes from the primary electron acceptor of PS
II to PS I via an ______________________________.
6. As the electron passes through the ETC, it releases a small amount of energy
which is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. This results in
the synthesis of ATP from ADP aided by the enzyme __________.
7. Meanwhile, while the photons strike the chlorophyll pigments in PS I, the
excited electrons move to the primary electron acceptor leaving the
photosystem as positively charged. The lacking electrons are filled from
_______ that are passed through ETC.
8. The photoexcited electron from the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem
I enters another electron transfer chain, passing the electron to an iron-
containing protein called ___________.
9. An enzyme, the NADP+ reductase, then transfers the electron to NADP + and
stabilizes it by adding a proton (H+) to form_________.
10. NADPH is then released to the ________ and becomes part of the Calvin
Cycle.

What I Can Do

Tracing the Electron Flow in Light-Dependent Reactions

Directions: Fill in the empty shapes with the names of the molecules involved in
light dependent reactions and write a brief explanation of the
processes on the space provided.

12
Explanation
____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Directions: Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT a step in the light dependent reaction?
A. production of ATP and NADPH molecules
B. splitting of H2O molecule into H+ ions and O2 gas
C. carbon dioxide attaches to RuBP aided by rubisco
D. high-energy electrons move through the electron transport chain
2. Why is cyclic electron flow important in photosynthesis? It is important
because it _______________________________.
A. generates greater amount of energy in simple but efficient pathway
B. allows the plants to conserve energy produced during photosynthesis
C. converts chemical energy from inorganic molecules with less input of ATP
D. allows the plants sensitive to light and living in low light environment to
produce ATP
3. What is the final electron acceptor during the light reaction?
A. ATP B. GDP C. FADH2 D. NADP+
4. Which of the following process happens within the thylakoid?
A. The Calvin cycle produces sugars.
B. Ribulose biphosphate is regenerated.
C. Carbon dioxide attaches to RuBP aided by rubisco.
D. Electrons move through the electron transport chain.
5. How is NADPH produced during light reaction? It is produced
through_____________________.
A. chemiosmosis B. phosphorylation C. photolysis D. synthesis

13
6. In noncyclic electron flow, the electrons passed through a series of molecules
along the electron transport chain to produce the molecules needed in the
Calvin cycle. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events
during the process?
I. Photolysis III. Reduction of NDAP+ to NADPH
II. Photophosphorylation IV. Photoexcitation of chlorophyll pigments
A. I, II, III, IV B. II, I, IV, III C. II, I, III, IV D.IV, I, II, III
7. Which of the following processes is directly driven by light energy?
A. ATP synthesis
B. reduction of NADP+ molecules
C. removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
D. creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid
membrane
8. Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the thylakoid space
(lumen) is no longer separated from the stroma. Which of the following
processes will be directly affected by the damage?
A. the synthesis of ATP C. the reduction of NADP+
B. the splitting of water D. the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
9. What happens to the electron as it transfers from each carrier molecule in the
electron transport chain? It __________________________________ .
A. releases energy to split H2O molecule into hydrogen and oxygen gas
B. activates electrons in the stroma causing it to move across the
membrane
C. releases small amounts of energy to pump hydrogen ions across
the membrane
D. initiates a chemical reaction which turns chlorophyll into high energy
carbohydrates
10. Which of the following correctly represents the flow of electrons during
photosynthesis?
A. NADPH O2 CO2
B. H2O NADPH Calvin cycle
C. H2O photosystem I photosystem II
D. NADPH electron transport chain O2
11. Which of the following is the function of ATP synthase during light
dependent reactions?
A. generates NADPH C. generates ATP through chemiosmosis
B. breaks down NADPH D. breaks down ATP through chemiosmosis
12. Which of the following does NOT occur during the light dependent reaction?
A. photolysis of H2O C. regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
B. release of oxygen D. phosphorylation of ADP forming ATP
13. A green plant is kept in a brightly lighted area for 48 hours. What will
happen if the plant is transferred to a dark room for 48 hours?
A. Photosynthesis will stop completely.
B. Glucose production inside each plant cell will increase.
C. The rate at which nitrogen is used by the plant will increase.
D. The rate at which oxygen is released from the plant will decrease.
14. What is the primary function of the light dependent reactions of
photosynthesis? Its primary function is to _______________________.
A. produce carbon dioxide
B. produce ATP and NADPH
C. convert light energy to glucose
D. produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water

14
15. Why does the space inside the thylakoid become positively charged during the
light dependent reaction? It becomes positively charged because
______________________________.
A. carbon dioxide builds up in the stroma as the reaction proceeds
B. electrons have a positive charge and are released here by Photosystem II
C.ATP synthase pushes H+ ions from the stroma across the membrane into
space
D. H+ ions build up in the space as a water molecule is split into hydrogen
and oxygen gas

References
Offline sources

Reece, J.B; Urry, L.A; Cain, M.L; Wasserman, S.A; Minorsky, P.V; and Jackson,
R.B. (2014). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA): Pearson Benjamin
Cummings.
Teaching Guide in General Biology 1. Department of Education. 2016

Online sources
http://mandevillehigh.stpsb.org/teachersites/laura_decker/photosystem_noteshm
https://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch10/chemiosmosis.html
https://www.barnesville.k12.mn.us/cms/lib/MN02204890/Centricity/Domain/93
/Bio_10_Chapter_8_Study_Test_10-11.pdf
https://www.houstonisd.org/cms/lib2/TX01001591/Centricity/Domain/5363/S_
BI_Photosynthesis09_T.pdf
https://quizlet.com/259499527/linear-electron-flow-diagram
https://quizlet.com/259502206/cyclic-electron-flow-diagram/
https://www.ets.org/s/gre/pdf/practice_book_biology.pdf

15
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Cebu City
Office Address: Imus Street, Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (032) 255-1516 / (032) 253-9095
E-mail Address: [email protected]