Scribd
Upload
3 views

Chapter 4 Engine Performance Parameters

Uploaded by

Bill Lim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Chapter 4 Engine Performance Parameters

Uploaded by

Bill Lim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

AUTO 2102/04D

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE 2
CHAPTER 3
PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING
CHARACTERISTICS

ENGKU AMIRUL RASHIDIN B. ENGKU ARIFF


Engine Geometry
VC
TDC (
s(q ) = a cosq + r − a sin q
2 2 2
)
1/ 2

B
Cylinder volume when piston at TDC (s=l+a)
S defined as the clearance volume Vc

BDC The cylinder volume at any crank angle is:

B 2
r
V (q ) = Vc + (r + a − s (q ))
s 4
Maximum displacement, or swept, volume:

B 2
q Vd = S
a
4
Compression ratio:

VBDC Vc + Vd
rc = =
For most engines B ~ L (square engine) VTDC Vc
Mean and Instantaneous Piston Speeds
VC
TDC
(
s = a cosq + l − a sin q
2 2 2
)
1/ 2

B
Average and instantaneous piston speeds are:
S
U p = 2 SN
BDC ds
Up =
dt
r Where N is the rotational speed of the crank shaft
s in units revolutions per second

Up   cosq 
= sin q 1 + 1/ 2 
q Up 2  (
(r / a )2 − sin 2 q ) 
a
Average piston speed for a standard auto engine
is ~15 m/s. Ultimately limited by material strength.
Therefore engines with large strokes run at lower
speeds those with small strokes can run
at higher speeds.
Engine Torque and Power
Torque is measured using a dynamometer.

Stator Force F

Rotor

N
Load cell

Note: w is the shaft angular velocity with units: rad/s


Engine Performance

5
Indicated Work
Given the cylinder pressure data over the operating
cycle of the engine one can calculate the work done
by the gas on the piston.

The indicated work per cycle is


Wi =  pdV

WA > 0

WB < 0

Compression Power Exhaust Intake


W<0 W>0 W<0 W>0
Indicated Power
Mechanical Efficiency

Mechanical efficiency depends on throttle position, engine


design, and engine speed. Typical values for car engines
at WOT are 90% @2000 RPM and 75% @ max speed.
Power and Torque versus Engine Speed

Rated brake power There is a maximum in the brake power


versus engine speed called the rated
brake power.
1 kW = 1.341 hp
At higher speeds brake power decreases as
friction power becomes significant compared
to the indicated power

There is a maximum in the torque versus


Max brake torque
speed called maximum brake torque (MBT).
Brake torque drops off:
• at lower speeds do to heat losses
• at higher speeds it becomes more difficult
to ingest a full charge of air.
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP)

imep does not depend on engine speed, just like torque.

imep is a better parameter than torque to compare engines for design and
output because it is independent of engine speed, N, and engine size, Vd.

Brake mean effective pressure (bmep) is defined as:

Wb 2  T  nR bmep  Vd
bmep = = → T=
Vd Vd 2  nR
Maximum BMEP
Wb 2  T  n
bmep = =
Vd Vd
• The maximum bmep is obtained at WOT at a particular engine speed

• Closing the throttle decreases the bmep

• For a given displacement, a higher maximum bmep means more torque

• For a given torque, a higher maximum bmep means smaller engine

• Higher maximum bmep means higher stresses and temperatures in the


engine hence shorter engine life, or bulkier engine.

• For the same bmep 2-strokes have almost twice the power of 4-stroke
Specific Fuel Consumption

• Clearly a low value for sfc is desirable since at a given power


level less fuel will be consumed
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Size
•BSFC decreases with engine size due to reduced heat losses
from gas to cylinder wall.

•Note: cylinder surface to volume ratio increases with bore diameter.


cylinder surface area 2BS 1
= 
cylinder volume B S S
2
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Speed
• There is a minimum in the bsfc versus engine speed curve

• At high speeds the bsfc increases due to increased friction.


• At lower speeds the bsfc increases due to increased time for heat
losses from the gas to the cylinder and piston wall.
• bsfc increases with compression ratio due to higher thermal efficiency
Performance Maps

bmep@WOT

Constant bsfc contours from a


two-liter four cylinder SI engine
Combustion Efficiency

Where Qin = heat added by combustion per cycle


mf = mass of fuel added to cylinder per cycle
QHV = heating value of the fuel (chemical energy per unit mass)
Thermal Efficiency

• Thermal efficiencies can be given in terms of brake or indicated values

• Indicated thermal efficiencies are typically 50% to 60% and brake


thermal efficiencies are usually about 30%
Arbitrary Efficiency
(aka fuel conversion efficiency)
Volumetric Efficiency

where ra is the density of air at atmospheric conditions Po, To for an


ideal gas ra =Po / RTo and R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K (at standard conditions
ra= 1.181 kg/m3)

• Typical values for WOT are in the range 75%-90%, and lower when
the throttle is closed.
Air-Fuel Ratio

• The ideal AF is about 15:1, with homogenous combustion


possible in the range of 6 to 19.

• For a SI engine the AF is in the range of 12 to 18 depending


on the operating conditions.

• For a CI engine, where the mixture is highly non-homogeneous


and the AF is in the range of 18 to 70.

You might also like