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CHAPTER 8: Securing the Republic, 1790-1815
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When George Washington took office as the first president of the United States, American leaders
believed that the new nation’s success depended on:
a. creating political parties as a means of channeling the people’s passions.
b. maintaining political harmony.
c. protecting all forms of freedom.
d. Washington’s willingness to serve until he died.
e. coining money.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: p. 222
OBJ: 1. Identify the issues that made the politics of the 1790s so divisive.
TOP: Political History | Introduction: George Washington’s Inauguration
MSC: Remembering
2. Alexander Hamilton’s long-term goal was to:

a. build up the Republican Party’s political power.
b. assure that the United States would be a primarily agrarian nation.
c. promote the power of state governments.
d. make the United States a major commercial and military power.
e. succeed George Washington as president.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 223
TOP: Economic Development | Hamilton’s Program MSC: Remembering
3. With regard to Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson’s debates in the 1790s, what aspect of
their differences in opinion can still be seen in today’s United States?
a. Whether foreign policy in the United States should favor Great Britain or France.
b. Whether alcohol should be taxed.
c. Whether the United States should remain a nation of mostly farmers.
d. Whether the Constitution should be interpreted strictly or loosely.
e. Whether the capital should remain in Washington, D.C.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 223–224
TOP: Political History | Hamilton’s Program | The Emergence of Opposition
MSC: Applying
4. When looking at today’s United States economically, whose visions and ideas seem to have
become the most realized?
a. Alexander Hamilton’s ideas on government subsidies for businesses.
b. Thomas Jefferson’s promotion of America being mostly a nation of small farmers.
c. John Adams’s support of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
d. James Madison’s lack of support for commercial capitalism.
e. George Washington’s backing of Jay’s Treaty.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 223–224
TOP: Political History | Changes | Hamilton’s Program | The Emergence of Opposition
MSC: Applying
5. Which of the following was part of Alexander Hamilton’s financial program?
a. Paying off all the new national debt.
b. The Bank of the United States, modeled on the Bank of England.
c. A tax on wine producers as a means of raising revenue.
d. Taxes and subsidies to promote the growth of cotton.
e. Creating Washington, D.C., as a major trade port.
TOP: Economic Development | Hamilton’s Program MSC: Remembering
6. Which of the following was an objection raised by critics of Hamilton’s proposals?

a. Hamilton’s plan for bonds was not doing enough to help speculators invest.
b. A whiskey tax would lead to prohibition of alcohol.
c. The proposals would do virtually nothing to aid in the development of manufacturing.
d. Hamilton’s program would create a corrupt alliance between government and large
commercial interests.
e. Hamilton was not creating a large enough army to defend the United States.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: p. 224
TOP: Political History | The Emergence of Opposition MSC: Understanding
7. Opponents of Hamilton’s economic plan:

a. included George Washington.
b. were mostly northerners who had supported ratification of the Constitution.
c. believed future growth was to be found through close ties with Britain.
d. agreed to a compromise that included placing the national capital in the South.
e. were simply jealous of Hamilton’s close relationship with Washington.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 224–225
TOP: Political History | The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain MSC: Remembering
8. “Strict constructionists” believed that:

a. Jay’s Treaty should be construed or interpreted to put more restrictions on Indians.
b. freedom of speech and of the press should be restricted if the president believed that to be
necessary.
c. the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution.
d. the “general welfare” clause of the Constitution gave the federal government power to
create a national bank.
e. the creation of new western settlements should be strictly limited to avoid Indian wars.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: p. 224
TOP: Constitutional History | The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain MSC: Remembering
9. Pierre Charles L’Enfant is well known for:

a. leading a slave rebellion in Saint Domingue.
b. designing Washington, D.C.
c. masterminding the XYZ affair.
d. negotiating the Louisiana Purchase.
e. writing Letters from an American Farmer.
TOP: Cultural History | The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain MSC: Remembering
10. How did Americans respond to the French Revolution?

a. Almost everyone supported it at first, because the French seemed to be following in the
footsteps of Americans.
b. Hamilton supported the creation of a standing army to prepare the nation should French
radicalism spread across the Atlantic.
c. Opponents of the French Revolution formed the Republican Party, headed by Thomas
Jefferson.
d. They blocked passage of Jay’s Treaty, which showed preference for Great Britain.
e. President Washington immediately spoke out against French radicals and dispatched
American warships to assist England.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: p. 225
TOP: Global Awareness | The Impact of the French Revolution MSC: Understanding
11. What happened to King Louis XVI during the French Revolution?
a. He abdicated the throne and moved to Switzerland.
b. He successfully fled to Austria with his wife.
c. He ruled as a less powerful constitutional monarch after the Revolution.
d. He was executed.
e. He was rescued from French imprisonment by British spies.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: p. 225
OBJ: 2. Explain how the competing views of freedom and global events promoted the political
divisions of the 1790s.
TOP: Global Awareness | The Impact of the French Revolution MSC: Remembering
12. Which international partner did Alexander Hamilton think most important for the survival and
prosperity of the United States?
a. The Indians. d. The West Indians.
b. The Spanish. e. The British.
c. The French.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 225–226
13. What aspect of Jay’s Treaty was true?

a. The United States attacked British forts, resulting in damage claims.
b. The United States lost interest in the British forts in the Midwest.
c. The United States was prepared to respect all Native American claims to western land.
d. The United States gained no concessions from Britain in regards to British aggression on
the high seas.
e. France made peace with Great Britain and pushed the United States to sign the agreement.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 225–226
TOP: Political History | Changes | The Impact of the French Revolution
MSC: Understanding
14. Edmond-Charles Genêt was a French diplomat who:
a. was also a British spy, which led to his arrest in the United States.
b. tried to recruit Americans to fight for France against the British.
c. sought refuge in America as soon as the French Revolution began in 1789.
d. became a key adviser to President Washington on European affairs.
e. sought unsuccessfully to convince the Democratic-Republican Societies to support the
French Revolution.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 225
15. Which of the following led directly to the formation of an organized political party opposed to the
Federalist Party?
a. The Hamilton-Burr duel.
b. The election of 1800.
c. Shays’s Rebellion.
d. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
e. Jay’s Treaty.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: p. 226
TOP: Political History | The Impact of the French Revolution MSC: Remembering
16. Which of the following is true of the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794?

a. The “rebels” largely blamed the Republican Party for their troubles.
b. The Rebellion ended after a battle in which the “rebel” leader, Rufus King, was killed.
c. It represented the first major challenge to the administration of President John Adams.
d. It was the only time in U.S. history that the president commanded an army in the field.
e. The Rebellion demonstrated that North-South divisions over slavery could turn violent.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: p. 226
TOP: Political History | The Whiskey Rebellion MSC: Remembering
17. What was one difference between Shays’s Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion?
a. Shays’s dealt with unhappy farmers; the Whiskey event involved numerous drunks.
b. Shays’s required national troops to be sent in, but the Whiskey Rebellion involved no
military.
c. Shays’s was put down by a state government; the Whiskey event required the national
government to get involved.
d. The Whiskey Rebellion involved violence, but Shays’s was peaceful protests.
e. Shays’s involved taxes; the Whiskey event involved only prohibition of alcohol.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: p. 226
TOP: Political History | Changes | The Whiskey Rebellion MSC: Evaluating
18. The French Revolution:

a. was very conservative compared to the American Revolution.
b. reinforced the Republicans’ sympathy toward the French.
c. brought American troops to France to fight for liberty.
d. had very little impact on American foreign policy.
e. had the support of the American Federalist Party.
divisions of the 1790s. TOP: Global Awareness | The Republican Party
MSC: Remembering
19. The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s:

a. criticized the Washington administration.
b. spoke out against the French Revolution.
c. formed only about a dozen chapters in various cities.
d. strongly supported Hamilton’s economic program.
e. broke up and created the Democratic and Republican parties by 1797.
TOP: Political History | An Expanding Public Sphere MSC: Remembering
20. Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman:

a. was the first pamphlet published in the United States by an American woman.
b. was inspired by Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man.
c. won strong support from the Federalist Party.
d. strongly challenged traditional gender roles.
e. was based on her experiences as a cross-dressing soldier during the Revolutionary War.
TOP: Social History | The Rights of Women MSC: Remembering
21. Which of the following is true of women and political life in the new republic of the 1790s?
a. The use of the word “male” in various provisions of the Constitution of 1787 excluded
women from any role in politics.
b. Women, unlike white men and male African-American slaves, were specifically not
counted in determining congressional representation.
c. Some women contributed to a growing democratization of political life by arguing for
increased rights for their sex.
d. By 1799, women actually gained the right to vote, but not the right to hold office, in four
New England states and in Pennsylvania.
e. The prevailing view of women as intellectually inferior to men meant that women’s
involvement in politics never was considered.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 230–231
TOP: Social History | The Rights of Women MSC: Remembering
22. In the late eighteenth century, what activity would Judith Sargent Murray have praised?
a. Women joining a sewing group.
b. Men meeting at the town council to create a public school.
c. Boys being groomed to be future leaders.
d. Women being given the chance to attend college.
e. Native American men serving on the tribal council.
TOP: Primary Document Analysis | Voices of Freedom MSC: Analyzing
23. What activity in today’s world would the Democratic-Republic societies most likely praise?
a. A militia group patrolling the American borders.
b. A cable news show debating American government policy.
c. The American government supporting a dictator in order to trade for more oil.
d. The police preventing television coverage of its response to a riot.
e. Politicians calling for a quota system for immigration.
TOP: Primary Document Analysis | Voices of Freedom MSC: Applying
24. The 1796 election pitted John Adams and Thomas Pinckney against:
a. James Madison and John Marshall.
b. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.
c. Aaron Burr and John Jay.
d. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
e. Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: p. 231
TOP: Political History | The Election of 1796 MSC: Remembering
25. Which of the following was true of the United States in 1797?
a. The two political parties were divided on the role of the government.
b. The Federalists dominated the South and Republicans controlled New England.
c. England respected American neutrality in regard to the war in Europe.
d. John Adams was willing to use the ideas of Thomas Jefferson.
e. Adams was eager to have Hamilton as his vice president.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: p. 231
TOP: Political History | The Election of 1796 MSC: Analyzing
26. The “quasi-war” was a war of the United States against:

a. England. d. France.
b. Spain. e. Canada.
c. the Netherlands.
TOP: Global Awareness | Military History | The Election of 1796
MSC: Remembering
27. Fries’s Rebellion:

a. was an uprising in Massachusetts.
b. was provoked because of heavy taxes on whiskey.
c. resulted in over 300 deaths and much property destruction.
d. resulted in the execution of Daniel Shays for treason.
e. led to terrorism of Fries’s supporters.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: p. 232
TOP: Political History | The Election of 1796 MSC: Remembering
28. The Sedition Act targeted:

a. Alexander Hamilton’s economic ideas.
b. Federalists.
c. the Republican press.
d. illegal immigrants.
e. British sympathizers.
divisions of the 1790s. TOP: Political History | The “Reign of Witches”
MSC: Remembering
29. What did Jefferson fear with the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
a. There would be a war against an angry France.
b. War would be declared against England.
c. Immigrants would keep coming to the United States.
d. A hysteria like the Salem witch trials would result.
e. Newspapers were being too critical of the president.
divisions of the 1790s. TOP: Political History | Changes | The Reign of
Witches
MSC: Applying
30. The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were a response to:

a. the election of 1800. d. Fries’s Rebellion.
b. Hamilton’s economic plan. e. impressments of American sailors.
c. the Alien and Sedition Acts.
TOP: Political History | The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
MSC: Remembering
31. Thomas Jefferson’s original Kentucky resolution served as an argument for what?
a. Freedom of religion. d. Immigration reform.
b. States’ rights. e. Free trade.
c. The right to bear arms.
TOP: Political History | Changes | The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
MSC: Analyzing
32. Why did Thomas Jefferson call the Election of 1800 the “Revolution of 1800”?
a. He was willing to let John Adams remain as president.
b. He wanted to use force to maintain his victory in the election.
c. He was voicing criticism of Aaron Burr’s actions in the West.
d. He hoped to free many of the slaves in the South.
e. He was talking about freedom that secured America’s independence.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 233–234
TOP: Political History | The “Revolution of 1800” | Slavery and Politics
MSC: Understanding
33. What was a great irony of the election of 1800?

a. The election finished in a tie.
b. The House of Representatives had to pick the winner.
c. The Democratic-Republicans won their first election.
d. George Washington was not alive to see the results.
e. Alexander Hamilton advocated for Thomas Jefferson.
TOP: Political History | Changes | The “Revolution of 1800” MSC: Analyzing
34. Who wrote a petition to Congress as the president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, calling
for the end of slavery?
a. Matthew Lyon. d. Mary Wollstonecraft.
b. Patrick Henry. e. Benjamin Franklin.
c. Sarah Morton.
divisions of the 1790s. TOP: Political History | Slavery and Politics
MSC: Remembering
35. Toussaint L’Ouverture led a slave revolt that eventually created what nation?
a. Mexico. d. Jamaica.
b. Cuba. e. Puerto Rico.
c. Haiti.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: p. 235
TOP: Global Awareness | The Haitian Revolution MSC: Remembering
36. Whether in the Caribbean or in mainland North America, what was an essential ingredient to
fomenting a slave rebellion?
a. Money. d. The backing of politicians.
b. Help from Native Americans. e. A European army.
c. The literacy of slave leaders.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 235–236
TOP: Global Awareness | Civil Rights | The Haitian Revolution | Gabriel’s Rebellion
MSC: Analyzing
37. Gabriel’s Rebellion:

a. was doomed to fail because the African-American population of Richmond was so small.
b. demonstrated that slaves were as much aware of the idea of liberty as anyone else.
c. inspired Virginia to adopt a gradual emancipation law in 1803.
d. failed partly because its leaders were plantation slaves, who had less contact with the
outside world and were unaware of how little support they enjoyed.
e. prompted several states to pass laws requiring slaves to be educated about the Constitution
and the importance of obeying the law.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: pp. 235–236
divisions of the 1790s. TOP: Civil Rights | Gabriel’s Rebellion
MSC: Understanding
38. After becoming president, how did Thomas Jefferson deal with the Federalists?
a. He followed through on his inauguration speech’s statement (“We are all Republicans, we
are all Federalists”) and treated them as equals.
b. He courted their support because he knew he could never win approval for his policies
without them.
c. He tried to roll back almost everything they had done by cutting taxes and the size of
government.
d. Until just before leaving office, he used the Sedition Act to shut down Federalist
newspapers critical of his administration.
e. He led a successful effort to impeach and remove from office all Federalist judges, whom
he then replaced with Republicans.
OBJ: 3. Identify the achievements and failures of Jefferson’s presidency.
TOP: Political History | Jefferson in Power MSC: Understanding
39. What was the significance of the case Marbury v. Madison?

a. It was John Marshall’s first case as chief justice.
b. The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.
c. The Supreme Court declared that presidential power was greater than congressional
power.
d. The decision gave states important new powers to block a too-powerful federal
government.
e. Marbury’s win meant that he became the new chief justice, a post he held for twenty-one
years.
TOP: Constitutional History | Judicial Review MSC: Remembering
40. In its decision in the case of Fletcher v. Peck, the U.S. Supreme Court:
a. exercised the authority to overturn a state law that the Court considered to be in violation
of the U.S. Constitution.
b. declared that corruption involved in the making of a law automatically invalidated that
law.
c. held that slaves who ran away from their masters had to be returned to them, even if the
slaves had gone to a free state.
d. asserted that political parties were constitutional even though they were not mentioned in
the 1787 document.
e. said that the purchase of land from a foreign power, as in the case of Louisiana, was
constitutional.
TOP: Constitutional History | Judicial Review MSC: Remembering
41. The land involved in the Louisiana Purchase:

a. had been claimed by France from the 1600s until the United States acquired it.
b. included all of what is now Texas and the American Southwest.
c. was considered by Jefferson to be practically worthless, yet he did not want it to fall into
British hands.
d. stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky
Mountains.
e. consisted only of what is today the state of Louisiana and the southern half of Arkansas.
TOP: Geographic Issues | The Louisiana Purchase MSC: Remembering
42. Which of the following is true of the Louisiana Purchase?

a. The slave rebellion in Haiti almost persuaded Napoleon to keep Louisiana as a base from
which to attack the island if necessary.
b. France had guaranteed the United States commercial access to New Orleans, but Jefferson
feared that a British victory over France would deprive the United States of that access.
c. Jefferson believed that the Constitution explicitly and fully authorized this land deal.
d. Jefferson expected the land acquisition to make possible the spread of agrarian
republicanism.
e. Ironically, a majority of Republican congressmen opposed the Purchase, so Federalist
votes ultimately made its approval possible.
43. What did Americans consider the most important benefit of the Louisiana Purchase?
a. It ensured an essential marketplace for western farmers.
b. It provided essential raw materials.
c. It allowed friendly Native Americans to become part of the United States.
d. It provided access to many more bison.
e. It provided land for railroads.
44. Which of the following is true about the expedition of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark?
a. They slaughtered two different Indian tribes.
b. They encountered no Indians west of the Mississippi who were involved in trading.
c. Clark ended up staying in Montana to live with Indians on a permanent basis.
d. They brought back numerous plant and animal specimens.
e. They never reached the Pacific coast.
TOP: Geographic Issues | Lewis and Clark MSC: Remembering
45. Sacajawea was:

a. an elderly Indian woman whom Lewis and Clark enslaved during their journey.
b. born to a French-Canadian fur trapper and his native wife during Lewis and Clark’s
journey.
c. a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition.
d. the only member of the Lewis and Clark expedition to return safely to St. Louis.
e. the young Shoshone woman whom William Clark married during his winter in North
Dakota.
TOP: Ethnicity | Geographic Issues | Lewis and Clark MSC: Remembering
46. Which of the following statements is true of New Orleans under Spanish rule?
a. Men and women enjoyed complete legal equality, which was unheard of in the United
States.
b. Slavery was illegal.
c. Free blacks had nearly all the same rights as whites.
d. An owner could not free his or her slaves without special permission from the Spanish
monarch.
e. Native Americans had been considered full citizens, with all of the rights and privileges
associated with that status.
TOP: Civil Rights | Incorporating Louisiana MSC: Remembering
47. Why did Jefferson use the U.S. navy against North African states?
a. The Barbary pirates held American merchant ships hostage, and Jefferson sent in the navy
rather than pay the ransom.
b. Jefferson wanted to disarm the pasha of Tripoli, who had gathered weapons he planned to
use against the United States.
c. Plantation owners wanted to import more Africans before the international slave trade
became illegal in 1808, and they needed American firepower to help them do it.
d. Jefferson had tried to cut the naval budget, and Federalists had accused him of being
wishy-washy; Jefferson wanted to show that he could be tough.
e. Tripoli had declared war on the United States after Jefferson refused demands for
increased payments to the Barbary pirates.
TOP: Global Awareness | Military History | The Barbary Wars MSC: Remembering
48. What was the Embargo Act of 1807?

a. It banned trade with Indians due to attacks on American settlers in the West.
b. The act passed despite opposition from President Thomas Jefferson.
c. This policy hurt Great Britain more than it did American merchants.
d. Through Jefferson’s urging, Americans were prohibited from sending ships to foreign
ports.
e. It led to the British and French governments reaching out to negotiate with Jefferson about
free trade.
TOP: Political History | The Embargo MSC: Understanding
49. Jefferson’s Embargo Act:

a. was successful in restoring freedom of the seas.
b. stopped the policy of impressment.
c. severely hurt the economies of France and England.
d. provoked war with France.
e. caused economic devastation to American port cities.
TOP: Economic Development | The Embargo MSC: Remembering
50. Which policy or action showed Jefferson contradicting his own philosophy on government?
a. Jefferson’s advocacy for the Embargo Act.
b. Jefferson’s cutting funding for the military.
c. Jefferson’s paying down the national debt.
d. Jefferson’s ending most taxes.
e. Jefferson’s release of political prisoners.
TOP: Economic Development | The Embargo MSC: Analyzing
51. Which of the following contributed to the United States going to war in 1812?
a. Madison’s refusal to support Macon’s Bill no. 2.
b. Great Britain’s announcement that it would end the impressment of American sailors.
c. Congressional War Hawks who pressed for territorial expansion into Florida and Canada.
d. Tecumseh’s victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
e. The Republican insistence on high tariffs.
OBJ: 4. Explain the causes and significant results of the War of 1812.
TOP: Political History | Madison and Pressure for War MSC: Remembering
52. The War Hawks in Congress included:

a. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
b. John Randolph and Rufus King.
c. Oliver Perry and Francis Scott Key.
d. Andrew Jackson and William H. Harrison.
e. Carter Glass and Ernest Hollings.
TOP: Political History | Madison and Pressure for War MSC: Remembering
53. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa were brothers who:

a. preached a militant message to Native Americans early in the nineteenth century.
b. were chiefs of adjacent tribes, the Shawnee and the Seneca.
c. fought beside Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans.
d. both died at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
e. differed on whether Indians or whites were more at fault for Native American problems.
TOP: Ethnicity | The Indian Response MSC: Remembering
54. How do Tenskwatawa and Neolin compare in regard to their philosophies?

a. Tenskwatawa wanted Native Americans to assimilate into white American culture.
b. Neolin advocated peaceful resistance against the British.
c. Both men wanted to sign treaties with white settlers and share the land.
d. Neolin wanted Native Americans to assimilate and adapt white American culture.
e. Both men wanted to reject the white man’s culture.
TOP: Ethnicity | The Indian Response MSC: Evaluating
55. Why can a case be made for the War of 1812 actually starting in 1811?
a. News traveled slowly due to limited technology.
b. The British took control of forts in the Midwest.
c. Tecumseh, a Native American chief, was killed in 1811.
d. The British blockaded the American coastline.
e. William Henry Harrison attacked Native American villages in 1811.
TOP: Ethnicity | Military History | The Indian Response MSC: Analyzing
56. During the War of 1812, America’s greatest success in a land battle against the British took place
where?
a. New Orleans. d. Yorktown.
b. Washington, D.C. e. Ontario.
c. Pittsburgh.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: p. 244 | p. 246
TOP: Military History | The War of 1812 MSC: Remembering
57. When Andrew Jackson had the chance to obtain African-American help to fight the British in the
Battle of New Orleans, he:
a. refused on the grounds that, as a slaveholder, he could not accept their aid.
b. discovered that all the blacks in New Orleans had left the city to support the British.
c. recruited free men of color and promised them the same pay that white recruits received.
d. accepted only enslaved men, to whom he offered freedom as a form of payment.
e. accepted, but that so angered the white recruits that he later dismissed all the black
soldiers.
TOP: Social History | The War of 1812 MSC: Remembering
58. The treaty that ended the War of 1812:

a. gave the United States large tracts of land in the West.
b. gave Canada the option of joining the United States.
c. was a humiliating treaty for Britain.
d. restored the prewar status quo.
e. resulted in the United States losing land to Canada.
TOP: Global Awareness | The War of 1812 MSC: Remembering
59. Which of the following was a result of the War of 1812?

a. Madison’s Republican Party disappeared as a significant political group.
b. Andrew Jackson was court-martialed for fighting the British after the war ended.
c. Indians lost much of their remaining land and power in the Old Northwest and the South.
d. Americans felt ready to go to war again with Europe.
e. The United States gained new territory west of the Mississippi River.
TOP: Global Awareness | Political History | The War’s Aftermath | The End of the Federalist
Party
MSC: Understanding
60. What happened along the United States-Canadian border during the Embargo Act of 1807?
a. The United States attacked British forts.
b. All trade halted between Americans and Canadians.
c. The smuggling of goods increased along the border.
d. France regained part of Quebec.
e. Indians attacked a town in Vermont.
TOP: Global Awareness | Political History | The War of 1812 and the Canadian Borderland
MSC: Understanding
61. Why did the United States become a one-party nation following the War of 1812?
a. The Republicans were blamed for the British victory in Washington, D.C., and therefore
lost power.
b. The Hartford Convention’s allegedly treasonous activities fatally damaged the Federalist
Party’s reputation.
c. Under the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison was able to silence all opposition.
d. James Monroe’s universal popularity as a hero of the War of 1812 made his Republican
Party unbeatable.
e. The Federalists were so pleased with the war’s outcome that they endorsed a union with
the Republicans at their 1816 convention in Hartford.
TOP: Political History | The End of the Federalist Party MSC: Understanding
MATCHING
TEST 1
Match the person or term with the with the correct description.
a. accused under the Sedition Act

b. chief justice of the Supreme Court
c. Haitian slave revolutionary
d. organizer of a slave rebellion in America
e. Pennsylvania militia leader tried for treason
f. president of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society
g. shot Alexander Hamilton in a duel
h. wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
i. religious prophet
j. War Hawk
k. argued for equal educational opportunities for women
l. pan-Indian movement
1. Gabriel
2. Tecumseh
3. John Marshall
4. John Fries
5. Matthew Lyon
6. Mary Wollstonecraft
7. Benjamin Franklin
8. Toussaint L’Ouverture
9. Henry Clay
10. Aaron Burr
11. Tenskwatawa
12. Judith Sargent Murray
1. ANS: D
2. ANS: L
3. ANS: B
4. ANS: E
5. ANS: A
6. ANS: H
7. ANS: F
8. ANS: C
9. ANS: J
10. ANS: G
11. ANS: I
12. ANS: K
TEST 2
Match the person or term with the with the correct description.
a. judicial review
b. bribery scandal
c. attacked the Sedition Act as unconstitutional
d. Pennsylvanian farmer uprising
e. unofficial conflict with France
f. forced American sailors into the British navy
g. restrictions placed on freedom of the press
h. ended the Federalist Party
i. called for war against Britain
j. government could only do exactly what the Constitution stated
k. negotiated with Britain
l. bought for $15 million
13. strict constructionist
14. Jay’s Treaty
15. Fries’s Rebellion
16. Louisiana territory
17. War Hawks
18. Marbury v. Madison
19. Virginia resolution
20. impressments
21. Sedition Act
22. quasi-war
23. Hartford Convention
24. XYZ affair
13. ANS: J
14. ANS: K
15. ANS: D
16. ANS: L
17. ANS: I
18. ANS: A
19. ANS: C
20. ANS: F
21. ANS: G
22. ANS: E
23. ANS: H
24. ANS: B
TRUE/FALSE
1. Alexander Hamilton was the first secretary of the treasury.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 222

TOP: Social History | Politics in an Age of Passion MSC: Remembering
2. Congress passed all of Alexander Hamilton’s financial plans except for subsidies for
manufacturing.
ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 224–225

TOP: Political History | The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain MSC: Remembering
3. Most of the public government buildings constructed around 1800 in Washington, D.C., were built
using slave labor.
ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: p. 225

TOP: Social History | The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain MSC: Remembering
4. Edmond-Charles Genêt acted as an agent for Great Britain, trying to gain American support for the
British in their war with France.
ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 225

5. Jay’s Treaty effectively destroyed the American alliance with France.
ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p. 277

TOP: Global Awareness | The Impact of the French Revolution MSC: Analyzing
6. The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 proved to Federalists that democracy in the hands of the ordinary
citizenry was dangerous.

TOP: Social History | The Whiskey Rebellion MSC: Understanding
7. The Republican Party of today started in the 1790s.

TOP: Political History | Political Parties MSC: Applying
8. The Jacobin clubs of Paris were an inspiration for the Democratic-Republican societies.

divisions of the 1790s. TOP: Social History | An Expanding Public Sphere
MSC: Remembering
9. Newspapers and pamphlets were a primary vehicle for political debate in the early republic.

TOP: Political History | An Expanding Public Sphere MSC: Remembering
10. Women were counted fully in determining representation in Congress, and there was nothing
specifically limiting women’s rights in the Constitution.

TOP: Political History | The Rights of Women MSC: Remembering
11. The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions resulted from opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

TOP: Political History | The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
MSC: Remembering
12. The Twelfth Amendment required electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president.

TOP: Political History | The “Revolution of 1800” MSC: Remembering
13. John Adams’s acceptance of defeat in 1800 established the vital precedent of a peaceful transfer of
power from a defeated party to its successor.

divisions of the 1790s. TOP: Political History | The “Revolution of 1800”
MSC: Remembering
14. Seeing the events as an extension of America’s progress of liberty, Thomas Jefferson supported the
Haitian Revolution and the establishment of Haiti as an independent nation in 1804.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 235

divisions of the 1790s. TOP: Global Awareness | The Haitian Revolution
MSC: Remembering
15. Slave artisans played a prominent role in Gabriel’s Rebellion.

divisions of the 1790s. TOP: Social History | Gabriel’s Rebellion
MSC: Remembering
16. When Thomas Jefferson became president, he was not interested in dismantling the policies that
the Federalists had established.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 236

TOP: Political History | Jefferson in Power MSC: Remembering
17. Jefferson’s interest in the Louisiana Territory included permanent access to the port of New
Orleans.

18. The journey from 1804 to 1806 of Lewis and Clark did not produce much valuable information.
ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: pp. 238–239

TOP: Geographic Issues | Lewis and Clark MSC: Remembering
19. Louisiana’s free blacks enjoyed far more freedom under the liberty-loving United States than
under the rule of tyrannical Spain.

TOP: Civil Rights | Incorporating Louisiana MSC: Remembering
20. Free trade and sailors’ rights were two issues that drew the United States into the War of 1812.

TOP: Global Awareness | Madison and Pressure for War MSC: Remembering
21. By the early 1800s, some members of the Creek and Cherokee tribes were living like white
Americans as traders and slaveholders.

22. Tecumseh tried to revive a pan-Indian movement and unite against the white man.

23. As during the American Revolution, the United States’ attempted invasion of Canada failed in the
War of 1812.

TOP: Global Awareness | The War of 1812 MSC: Remembering
24. The aftermath of the War of 1812 confirmed the ability of a republican government to conduct a
war without surrendering its institutions.

TOP: Political History | The War’s Aftermath MSC: Analyzing
SHORT ANSWER
Identify and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in a
paragraph or two.
1. French Revolution
ANS:
Answers will vary
2. Lewis and Clark
ANS:
Answers will vary
3. War Hawks
ANS:
Answers will vary
4. Whiskey Rebellion
ANS:
Answers will vary
5. John Marshall
ANS:
Answers will vary
6. Democratic-Republican Societies
ANS:
Answers will vary
7. Alien and Sedition Acts
ANS:
Answers will vary
8. Gabriel’s Rebellion
ANS:
Answers will vary
9. War of 1812
ANS:
Answers will vary
10. Embargo Act
ANS:
Answers will vary
11. Alexander Hamilton
ANS:
Answers will vary
12. Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
ANS:
Answers will vary
13. Canadian borderland
ANS:
Answers will vary
14. Andrew Jackson
ANS:
Answers will vary
ESSAY
1. George Washington stated that “the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the
republican model of government” depended on the success of the American experiment in
self-government. What does this statement mean? How and why did Americans come to see that
freedom was the special genius of American institutions?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 1. Identify the issues that made the politics of the 1790s so divisive. | 2. Explain how the
competing views of freedom and global events promoted the political divisions of the 1790s.
TOP: Constitutional History | Political History | Introduction: George Washington’s Inauguration
MSC: Understanding
2. Alexander Hamilton’s plan called for commercial industrialization, which many Americans
viewed positively. Explain why some Americans opposed Hamilton’s position. What were some of
the alternative plans for development?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 1. Identify the issues that made the politics of the 1790s so divisive. | 3. Identify the
achievements and failures of Jefferson’s presidency.
TOP: Economic Development | Political History | Hamilton’s Program | The Emergence of
Opposition | The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain MSC: Understanding
3. The men who wrote the Constitution did not envision the active and continuing involvement of
ordinary citizens in affairs of state. Describe the various ways in which ordinary citizens became
involved in political concerns. Be sure to include how the concepts of liberty and freedom were
used (refer to “Voices of Freedom”) and explain who was excluded from political discourse in the
period from 1790 to 1815.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 1. Identify the issues that made the politics of the 1790s so divisive. | 2. Explain how the
competing views of freedom and global events promoted the political divisions of the 1790s. | 3.
Identify the achievements and failures of Jefferson’s presidency.
TOP: Constitutional History | Political History | Changes | Primary Document Analysis | Social
History | The Impact of the French Revolution | An Expanding Public Sphere | Voices of Freedom:
“Address of the Democratic-Republican Society of Pennsylvania”
MSC: Understanding
4. Women were increasingly coming to believe that they, too, had the right to knowledge, education,
public discourse, and employment. Discuss the various arguments being made in the late
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by women regarding their changing roles in the new
republic.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1. Identify the issues that made the politics of the 1790s so divisive.
TOP: Political History | Social History | The Rights of Women | Voices of Freedom: “On the
Equality of the Sexes” MSC: Understanding
5. “The Sedition Act thrust freedom of expression to the center of discussions of American liberty.”
Defend this statement. Be sure to include in your response a discussion of the Virginia and
Kentucky resolutions.
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Moderate
TOP: Constitutional History | Political History | The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | The
“Reign of Witches” MSC: Evaluating
6. In what ways can Thomas Jefferson’s presidency be considered a revolution? Did his presidency
deliver an Empire of Liberty as he envisioned? Why or why not?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3. Identify the achievements and failures of Jefferson’s presidency.
TOP: Geographic Issues | Political History | Social History | The “Revolution of 1800” | Jefferson
in Power | The Louisiana Purchase MSC: Evaluating
7. What liberties and freedoms of Americans were being violated by European powers prior to the
War of 1812? How did Jefferson and Madison view liberty in terms of British and French behavior
on the seas? How did the War Hawks view liberty? Was war the only answer by 1812?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: 3. Identify the achievements and failures of Jefferson’s presidency. | 4. Explain the causes
and significant results of the War of 1812.
TOP: Geographic Issues | Global Awareness | Political History | The Barbary Wars | The
Embargo | Madison and Pressure for War MSC: Analyzing
8. Did the United States really win the War of 1812? Examine the terms of the peace settlement.
What happened to the Canadian borderland? What was gained? What was the greater victory for
America?
ANS:
Answers will vary
DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4. Explain the causes and significant results of the War of 1812.
TOP: Geographic Issues | Global Awareness | Military History | Political History | Social History |
The War of 1812 | The War’s Aftermath | The War of 1812 and the Canadian Borderland
MSC: Evaluating
Another Random Document on
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Mob as having an added irony, when read in the light of his “Charles
XII” and Voltaire’s interest in his writings—
“Thou art the Essence of the War;

Without thee who wou’d in the Field appear?
’Tis all thy own, whoever gets the Praise—
Thy Hands that fight, and ’tis thy purse that pays.
How partial is the common state of things,
And how unjust the Fame of Emperors and Kings!”
Defoe’s “History of the Wars” is written as “by a Scots gentleman

in the Swedish service.” It is a more documentary book than
Voltaire’s, to all outward appearance; and in it he has written with
characteristic fidelity to the make-believe of his literary double the
pseudo “Scots gentleman.” It has much the air of the off-hand,
matter-of-fact military narrator, who does not look for rhetorical
openings, or greatly trouble himself to make the most of his subject.
In his preface he says of Charles XII: “He has done Actions that
Posterity will have room to Fable upon, till they make his History
Incredible, and turn it into Romance.” The romance is already in
process in Defoe’s pages. The following passage in the text may be
quoted to give an idea of his Scots gentleman’s estimate of the King
—
“And such as these were his Discourses to us, who were his
Servants, which so effectually convinc’d us, that his Cause was just,
and his Foundations right, that however black the Prospect was,
which we had before us; for we could see nothing attending us in the
Process of the War, but Death, or being made Prisoners of War,
which among Northern Princes especially, is but one Degree less in
its Nature to a Soldier; and yet it must be said, in Honour of his
Swedish Majesty’s Service, and of his Servants too; that not an
Officer of Note deserted him to the Day of his Death, or quitted his
Service, tho’ always unfortunate; nay, even the foreign Officers did
not desert him; for we all thought, so much Virtue, such personal
Bravery, such gallant Principles, such immoveable Steadiness, could
not fail, but one Time or other must necessarily have a Turn of
Fortune in the World, must some Time or other find Friends to
support it: For who could imagine, that so gallant a Prince should at
once be abandon’d of all the Princes of the Earth, from whom any
Assistance could be expected; and that he, whose Ancestors had
been the Refuge and Sanctuary of all the Protestant Powers and
Princes in Germany, in their Distress, should at last receive Help
from none of the Successors of those very Princes, who were
establish’d by the Blood and Power of Sweden; nay, to apply it
nearer, should at last be driven out of his Possessions by those very
Powers, whose Ancestors ow’d the Being of their Government, to the
Gallantry and Friendship of the King of Sweden’s Predecessors.”
Other extracts might be made which would show that Defoe was
writing at his utmost stretch of speed when he wrote the “History.”
This, too, is proved by the occasional gaps, dates left blank, and
uncorrected errors of fact, or of the press.
Voltaire’s book, on the other hand, though it repeats some of

Defoe’s errors, is an admirably adroit, and a well-poised and
considered biography: one of the best biographies of great soldiers
ever given to the world. We may conclude, if we will, that Voltaire’s
English experiences in the decisive years of the writing of the book,
which undoubtedly gave a new force and impulse to his genius,
helped him also to his particular mastery in this vein. His tribute to
England in his “Lettres Philosophiques sur les Anglais” is an indirect
testimony to his intellectual expatriation; and with these two books
and his tragedy, “Zaïre,” which followed in 1732, Voltaire may be said
to have attained his brilliant majority.
The students of history who wish to collate Voltaire’s book with
later authorities may be recommended to turn to Mr. Nisbet Bain’s
volume on Charles XII, in the “Heroes of the Nations” series, Mr.
Oscar Browning’s monograph, and Schuyler’s “History of Peter the
Great.”
E. R.
The following are the works of Voltaire—
Dramatic Works:—Œdipe, 1718; Artémire, 1720;
Mariamne, 1724; Zaïre, 1732; Samson (opera), 1732;
L’Enfant Prodigue, 1736; Mahomet, ou le Fanatisme,
1742; Mérope, 1743; Sémiramis, 1748; Nanine, 1749;
Oreste, 1750; L’Orpheline de la Chine, 1755; Tancrède,
1760; L’Ecossaise, 1760; Le Dépositaire, 1772; Irène,
1778; Agathoclès, 1779 (performed on the anniversary of
the poet’s death). Other dramas and operas.
Poems:—La Bastille, 1717; La Henriade (fraudulently
published as La Ligue, 1723-4) 1728; Mort de Mlle.
Lecouvreur, 1730; Temple du Goût, 1733 (prose and
verse); Le Mondain, 1736; Discours sur l’homme (Épîtres
sur le Bonheur, 1738-9); Sur les Événements de 1744;
Fontenoi, 1745; Temple de la Gloire, 1745; La Pucelle
d’Orléans, 1755 (some of the “Chants” had been in
circulation since 1735), in twenty Chants, 1762; a
supplemental one, “La Capilotade,” appeared separately
in 1760; Sur le désastre de Lisbonne, 1756; Sur la Loi
Naturelle, 1756; La Vanité, Le Pauvre Diable, Le Russe à
Paris, 1760; Contes de Guillaume Vadé (with prose,
1764); La Guerre Civile de Génève (burlesque poem),
1768; Les Trois Empereurs en Sorbonne, 1768; Épître à
Boileau, 1769; Les Systèmes, Les Cabales, 1772; La
Tactique, 1773; and others.
Prose Tales:—Le Monde comme il va (or Babouc),
1746; Zadig, 1748 (published in 1747 as “Memnon,
Histoire Orientale”); Memnon, ou la Sagesse Humaine,
1749; Micromégas, 1750; L’Histoire d’un Bon Bramin,
1759; Candide, 1759; Le Blanc et Le Noir, 1764; Jeannot
et Colin, 1764; L’Homme aux Quarante Écus, 1767;
L’Ingénu, 1767; La Princesse de Babylone, 1768; Histoire
de Jenny, 1769; Lettres d’Amabed, 1769; Le Taureau
Blanc, 1774; Les Oreilles du Comte de Chesterfield, 1774;
and others.
Historical Works:—Histoire de Charles XII, 1731;
Siècle de Louis XIV, 1751; enlarged edition 1753 (two
chapters had been printed and suppressed in 1739);
Abrégé de l’Histoire Universelle, vols. i and ii, 1753; vol. iii,
1754; complete edition, 1756 (fragments had appeared in
1745); Annales de l’Empire, 1753; Précis du Siècle de
Louis XV, published in part 1755 and 1763, with additional
chapters, 1769; Essai sur l’Histoire Générale et sur les
Mœurs et l’Esprit des Nations depuis Charlemagne
jusqu’à nos jours, five vols, 1756, given in vol. vii of Siècle
de Louis XIV (some chapters had appeared in the
“Mercure” in 1745-6); Histoire de Russie sous Pierre le
Grand: first part, 1759; second part, 1763; La Philosophie
de l’Histoire, 1765 (later the “Discours préliminaire” to
“Essai sur les Mœurs”); La Défense de mon Oncle (in
reply to an adverse criticism on the above work), 1767; Le
Pyrrhonisme de l’Histoire, 1768; Fragments sur l’Histoire
Générale (Pyrrhonism and Tolerance), 1773.
Works on Philosophy and Religion:—Épître
philosophique à Uranie, 1732; Lettres sur les Anglaises
(twenty-four letters), 1733, 1734 (also published as
“Lettres Philosophiques”); Traité de Métaphysique, 1734;
Éléments de la Philosophie de Newton, 1738;
Métaphysique de Newton, 1740; Articles for the
Encyclopédie, 1757; Dictionnaire Philosophique Portatif,
1764; Catéchisme de l’Honnête Homme, 1763; Le
Philosophe Ignorant, 1766; La Raison par Alphabet (new
edition of the Dictionnaire Philosophique), 1769; Lettres
de Memmius, 1771; Questions sur l’Encyclopédie par des
Amateurs, 1770-2; Lettres Chinoises, Indiennes, et
Tartares par un Bénédictin, 1776; Mémoires pour servir à
la vie de M. Voltaire (printed 1784); and others.
Critical Works:—Essai sur la Poésie, 1726; Utile
Examen des Épîtres de J. J. Rousseau, 1736; Lettres sur
la “Nouvelle Héloïse,” 1761; Appel à toutes les Nations de
l’Europe des Jugements d’un écrivain Anglais (later known
as “Du Théâtre Anglais”), 1761; Éloge de M. de Crébillon,
1762; Idées Républicaines (in the “Contrat Social”), 1762;
Théâtre de Corneille (with translation of Shakespeare’s
“Julius Cæsar”), 1764; Examen Important de Milord
Bolingbroke, 1767; Commentaire Historique sur les
Œuvres de l’auteur de la Henriade, 1776; Éloge et
Pensées de Pascal (corrected and enlarged edition),
1776; Commentaire sur l’Esprit des Lois de Montesquieu,
1777; and others.
Miscellaneous Writings:—Épîtres aux Manes de
Genonville, 1729; Épître des Vous et des Tu, 1732; Sur la
Calomnie, 1733; Anecdotes sur Pierre le Grand, 1748;
Mensonges Imprimés (on Richelieu’s Will), 1749; Des
Embellissements de Paris, 1750; Remerciement sincère à
un Homme Charitable, 1750; Diatribe du Doctor Akakia,
1752; Les Quand, 1760; Writings for the rehabilitation of
Jean Calas, who had been unjustly executed, 1762; Traité
sur la Tolérance à l’occasion de la Mort de Jean Calas,
1763; Le Sentiment des Citoyens (attack on Rousseau),
1764; Discours aux Welches, 1764; Les Anciens et les
Modernes, ou la Toilette de Mme. de Pompadour, 1765;
Commentaires sur le livre des délits et des peines, 1766;
Le Cri des Nations (against Papal domination), 1769; De
la Paix Perpétuelle (on fanaticism and tolerance), 1769;
La Méprise d’Arras (on another judicial mistake), 1771;
Éloge de Louis XV; de la Mort de Louis XV et de la
Fatalité, 1774; and other works.
Editions of Voltaire’s works include a few works on
physics and an enormous correspondence.
Chief General Editions of Works:—Ed. Beaumarchais,
etc., 70 vols. 8°, 1784; 92 vols. 12°, 1785-90; Beuchot, 70
vols., 1828, etc.; Ed. du Siècle, 8 vols., 1867-70; Moland,
50 vols., 1877-83; with “Table Générale et Analytique,” by
Charles Pierrot, 1885; Selections have been published,
and separate volumes of letters.
Bibliography:—G. Bengesco, 1882-90.
Life, etc.:—Condorcet, 1787; G. Desnoireterres,
“Voltaire et la Société Française au XVIIIme Siècle,” 1871-
76; Longchamp et Wagnière, “Mémoires sur Voltaire, et
ses ouvrages,” 1825; Bersot, Études sur le XVIIIme Siècle,
1855; A. Pierron, “Voltaire et ses Maîtres,” 1866; Maynard,
“Voltaire; sa vie et ses œuvres,” 1867; D. F. Strauss, 1870;
J. Morley, 1872, 1886; James Paston, 2 vols., 1881; G.
Maugras, “Voltaire et Jean Jacques Rousseau,” 1886; E.
Faguet, 1895; E. Champion, “Voltaire: Études Critiques,”
1897; L. Cronslé, 1899; G. Lanson, 1907; and in Sainte-
Beuve, “Causeries du Lundi,” vol. ii; Brunetière, “Études
Critiques,” vols. i, iii, iv.
TRANSLATOR’S NOTE
“CHARLES XII” was written during the years 1727 and 1728. It is
more than 170 years since it was first translated into English.
Opinions of its merits differ widely. Macaulay, classing it with
Boswell’s “Johnson” and Marmontel’s “Mémoires,” says that it “may
be perused with delight by the most frivolous and the most
indifferent.” Carlyle goes even further: “‘Charles XII,’” he writes, “may
still pass for a model in that oft-attempted species of biography; the
clearest details are given in the fewest words; we have sketches of
strange men and strange countries, of wars, adventures,
negotiations, in a style which for graphic brevity rivals Sallust. It is a
line engraving on a reduced scale of that Swede and his mad life,
without colours, yet not without the foreshortenings and perspectives
of a true picture. In respect of composition, whatever may be said of
its accuracy and worth otherwise, we cannot but reckon it as greatly
the best of Voltaire’s histories.”
Adverse criticism, on the other hand, began as early as 1732,
when La Mottraye, who had lived on terms of intimacy with the King,
wrote a scathing criticism of Voltaire’s work. Voltaire succeeded in
making a laughing-stock of this gentleman, but the publication of the
works of Nordberg, the King’s chaplain, and of Adlerfelt, his
chamberlain, shortly afterwards, did bring discredit on some of
Voltaire’s details. Of the modern school of critics, Mr. Nisbet Bain,
who has made a special study of original authorities, does not
hesitate to call the book a “romance.”
Underlying this difference of opinion is the time-honoured
question of the “scientific” as opposed to the “epical” treatment of the
lives of the great. The history of any great man’s career is a kind of
epic poem, and, to borrow Mr. Birrell’s words, “I do not see why we
children of a larger growth may not be interested in the annals of
mankind simply as a story.”
It must, indeed, be admitted that Voltaire is no precise or
scientific historian; but, in the portrayal of the life of a man of action,
rapidity and charm of style is surely as important as the careful
tracing of cause and effect.
Voltaire’s literary style is famous; but work of high literary merit
always suffers in translation; so that any roughness in the present
rendering must be attributed to the translator and not to the author.
“Ett vet jag som aldrig dör—

Det är dom öfver död man.”
One thing I know that never dies—

The verdict passed upon the dead.
“The history of Sweden is the history of her kings,” and of those

kings the most striking is undoubtedly Charles XII, the Lion of the
North. One of the few heroic figures in a prosaic age, he seems to
belong rather to the times of Alfred the Great and Charlemagne than
to those of Richelieu and Louis XIII. He has well been called “the last
of the Vikings,” for the extraordinary nature of his adventures no less
than his dauntlessness and endurance make him a kind of Saga-
hero. The stories told of his childhood show the beginnings of those
Spartan powers of enduring hardship which made him the idol of his
“brave blue boys” in later life.
It is said that at the age of six he almost killed himself by leaving
his bed in a Swedish mid-winter to “harden himself” by sleeping on
the bare boards. The obstinacy which was the most marked
characteristic of his boyhood developed in after years into the
resolution with which as a mere youth he faced the treachery of his
neighbours. “I am resolved,” he said in his first speech to his
Parliament, “never to begin an unrighteous war, but I am also
resolved never to finish a righteous war until I have completely
humbled my enemies.”
In all matters of convention he was “in his simplicity sublime.” He
cared nothing for the pomp of sovereignty, and always wore a
soldier’s plain buff coat; he took his meals standing, spreading the
bread and butter, which was his usual fare, with his thumbs. His
letters to his sister (whom he addresses as “mon cœur”) are full of
real affection, and a glance at them dispels the popular illusion that
he was cold and heartless, just because he could resist the
blandishments of Anna von Königsmarck!
Apart from occasional lapses into the fatalism characteristic of his
race, he seems to have been devout. Shortly after his accession he
ordered the titles “Our Most Gracious Majesty” to be removed from
the liturgy, on the ground that “Almighty God is not appeased by
high-sounding titles but by the prayers of humble and faithful hearts.”
He was the last to lose heart in adversity; he lost his Empire with
as good a grace as he won it. “It is only requisite,” he wrote after
Pultawa, where all was lost but honour, “not to lose courage, or let
go the conduct of affairs.”
His early death was a disaster not only for Sweden but for the
whole of Europe, for he was the first to realize and check the
growing power of Russia.
BOOK I
HISTORY OF CHARLES XII
KING OF SWEDEN
BOOK I
Outline of Swedish history up to the time of Charles XI—Charles’s
education—His enemies—Character-sketch of the Czar, Peter
Alexiowitz—His peculiarities—Alliance of Russia, Poland,
Denmark against Charles XII.
THE kingdom which is made up of Sweden and Finland is,

according to our measurement, about 200 leagues broad and 300
long, and stretches from south to north as far as the 55th degree or
thereabouts. The climate is severe; there is scarcely any spring or
autumn, but there are nine months of winter in the year, and the heat
of summer follows hard upon the excessive cold of winter. Frost from
the month of October onwards is continuous, nor are there any of
those imperceptible gradations between the seasons which, in other
countries, render changes less trying. In compensation Nature has
endowed the Swedes with clear sky and pure air. The summer
sunshine, which is almost continuous, ripens fruit and flowers very
rapidly. The long winter nights are shortened by the twilight evenings
and dawns, which last in proportion to the sun’s distance from
Sweden; and the light of the moon, unveiled by any clouds, and
intensified by reflection from the snow-clad ground, and often, too,
by lights like the Aurora Borealis, makes travelling in Sweden as
easy by night as by day.
The fauna are smaller than in the more central parts of Europe,
on account of the poor pastures. The people are well developed; the
purity of the air makes them healthy, and the severity of the climate
hardens them. They live to a good old age when they do not
undermine their constitutions by the abuse of strong drink, which
Northern nations seem to crave the more because they have been
denied them by Nature.
The Swedes are well built, strong and active, and capable of
undergoing the most arduous labours, hunger and want; they are
born fighters, high spirited and daring rather than industrious. They
have long neglected commerce and are still poor business men,
though commerce alone can supply their country’s wants.
Tradition says that it was chiefly from Sweden (a part of which is
still called Gothland) that there poured those hordes of Goths who
overran Europe and wrested it from the sway of Rome, who for the
past 500 years had played the rôle of tyrant, usurper and lawgiver in
that country. The Northern countries were at that time far more
populous than they are to-day; there was no religious restraint
preventing the citizens from polygamy; the only reproach known to
the womenfolk was that of sterility or of idleness, and as they were
both as industrious and as strong as the men, the period of maternity
was of longer duration.
In spite of this, Sweden, together with what remains to it of
Finland, has not above 4,000,000 inhabitants. The soil is sterile and
poor, and Scania is the only district which produces barley. There is
not more than four millions current money in the whole land. The
public bank, the oldest in Europe, was established to meet a want,
because, as payments are made in brass and iron coin, difficulties of
transport arose.
Sweden enjoyed freedom until the middle of the fourteenth
century; during this long period several revolutions occurred, but all
innovations were in the direction of liberty.
The chief magistrate had the title King, which in different
countries involves very different degrees of power. Thus in France
and Spain it implies an absolute monarchy, while in Poland, Sweden
and Finland it stands for a representative or limited monarchy. In
Sweden the King was powerless without the Council, and the
Council in turn derived its powers from the Parliament, which was
frequently convened. In these great Assemblies the nation was
represented by the nobility, the bishops, and deputies from the
towns. In course of time even the peasantry, that section of the
community which had been unjustly despised and enslaved
throughout almost the whole of North Europe, was admitted to the
Parliament.
In about 1492 this nation, essentially liberty-loving, and never
forgetful of the fact that she had conquered Rome thirteen centuries
before, was brought into subjection by a woman and a nation weaker
than the Swedes. Margaret of Valdemar, the Sémiramis of the North,
Queen of Denmark and Norway, conquered Sweden partly by force
of arms and partly by means of diplomacy, and united her vast
estates into one kingdom.
After her death Sweden was rent by civil war; she alternately
shook off and submitted to the Danish yoke, and was ruled by kings
and ministers alternately. In about 1520 she passed through a period
of cruel oppression at the hands of two tyrants: one was Christian II,
King of Denmark, a monarch with all the vices, and no one
redeeming feature; the other, Archbishop of Upsala, and Primate of
the kingdom, was as cruel as the former. One day these two, acting
in concert, had the consuls, the magistrates of Stockholm and
ninety-four senators seized and massacred by the executioners, on
the ground that they had been excommunicated by the Pope for
having defended the State against the Archbishop. Whilst these two
men, united in oppression, but opposed when it was a question of
dividing the spoil, were exercising the utmost tyranny and the
cruelest vengeance, a new event changed the whole aspect of
affairs in the North.
Gustavus Vasa, a youth descended from the old line of kings,
issued from the depths of the forest of Delecarlia, where he had
been in hiding, and appeared as the deliverer of Sweden. He was
one of those rare products of Nature, a great genius with all the
qualities of a commander of men. His noble stature and an air of
distinction brought him adherents the moment he appeared. His
eloquence, reinforced by his good looks, was all the more
persuasive because it was unassumed. His genius led to the
conception of great undertakings, which ordinary people deemed
foolhardy, but which, in the eyes of the great, were simply brave. His
never-failing courage carried him through all difficulties. He
combined valour with discretion, was essentially gentle in an age of
savagery, and had a reputation for uprightness, as far as that is
possible for a party leader.
Gustavus Vasa had been a hostage of Christian, and kept
prisoner contrary to the laws of nations. Having escaped from prison
he had wandered, disguised as a peasant, in the mountains and
woods of Delecarlia; there, to provide himself both with a livelihood
and with a hiding-place, he found himself forced to work in the
copper-mines. While buried in these vaults he dared to form the
project of dethroning the tyrant. He revealed himself to the peasants,
and impressed them as a man of extraordinary gifts, whom ordinary
men instinctively obey. In a short time he turned these barbarians
into veterans. He attacked Christian and the Archbishop, gained
several victories over them, and drove them both from Sweden.
Then the States duly elected him King of the country which he had
liberated.
Scarcely was he firmly seated on the throne before he embarked
on an enterprise of greater difficulty than his conquests. The real
tyrants of the State were the bishops, who, possessing nearly all the
wealth of Sweden, employed it to oppress the people and to make
war on the kings. This power was all the more terrible because, in
their ignorance, the people regarded it as sacred. Gustavus
punished the Catholic Church for the crimes of her priests. In less
than two years he introduced Lutheranism into Sweden, using as a
means diplomacy rather than force. Having thus, as he put it,
wrested the kingdom from the Danes and the clergy, he reigned in
prosperity and absolutism, and died at the age of seventy, leaving
his dynasty securely seated on the throne, and his form of faith firmly
established.
One of his descendants was that Gustavus Adolphus who is
called the Great. This king conquered Livonia, Ingria, Bremen,
Verden, Vismar, Pomerania, besides more than a hundred towns in
Germany, given up by Sweden after his death. He shook the throne
of Ferdinand II, and protected the Lutherans in Germany, his efforts
in that direction being furthered by the intrigues of Rome herself,
who stood more in awe of the power of the Emperor than of heresy
itself. He it was who, by his victories, contributed to the downfall of
the House of Austria, an undertaking accredited to Cardinal
Richelieu, who was past master in the art of gaining a reputation for
himself, while Gustavus contented himself with great deeds. He was
on the point of carrying war across the Danube, with the possibility of
dethroning the Emperor, when, at the age of thirty-seven, he was
killed in the battle of Lutzen, where he defeated Valstein. He carried
with him to the grave the title of “Great,” the regrets of the North, and
the esteem of his enemies.
His daughter Christine, an extremely gifted woman, preferred
disputations with savants to the government of a people whose
knowledge was confined to the art of war.
She won as great a reputation for resigning the throne as her
ancestors had gained in winning and securing it. The Protestants
have defamed her, as if Lutherans have the monopoly of all the
virtues; and the Papists exulted too much in the conversion of a
woman who was a mere philosopher. She retired to Rome, where
she passed the rest of her life surrounded by the arts which she
loved, and for the sake of which she had renounced an empire at the
age of twenty-seven. After her abdication she induced the States of
Sweden to elect as her successor her cousin Charles Gustavus, the
tenth of that name, son of the Count Palatinate, Duke of Deux Ponts.
This king added new conquests to those of Gustavus Adolphus. First
he invaded Poland, where he gained the celebrated three days’
battle of Warsaw; for some time he waged war successfully against
the Danes, besieged their capital, re-united Scania to Sweden, and
secured the tenure of Sleswick to the Duke of Holstein. Then, having
met with reverses, and made peace with his enemies, his ambition
turned against his own subjects.
He conceived the idea of establishing absolutism in Sweden, but,
like Gustavus the Great, died at the age of thirty-seven, before
having achieved the establishment of that despotism which his son,
Charles XI, completed. The latter, a warrior, like all his ancestors,
was more absolute than them all. He abolished the authority of the
Senate, which was declared to be a royal and not a national
assembly. He was economical, vigilant, and hard-working—in fact,
such a king as would have been popular had not fear dominated all
other sentiments in the hearts of his subjects. He married, in 1680,
Ulrica Eleanora, daughter of Ferdinand, King of Denmark, a virtuous
princess worthy of more confidence than her husband gave her; the
offspring of this marriage was Charles XII, perhaps the most
extraordinary man ever born—a hero who summed up in his
personality all the great qualities of his ancestors, and whose only
fault and only misfortune was that he carried them all to excess. It is
of him, and all that is related of his actions and person, that we now
purpose writing.
The first book they gave him to read was Samuel Puffendorf, in
order that he might become early acquainted with his own and
neighbouring States. He then learned German, which he
henceforward spoke as fluently as his mother tongue. At seven
years old he could manage a horse. Violent exercise, in which he
delighted and which revealed his martial inclinations, early laid the
foundation of a strong constitution equal to the privations to which
his disposition prompted him.
Though gentle enough in early childhood he was unconquerably
obstinate; the only way to manage him was to appeal to his honour
—he could be induced to do anything in the name of honour. He had
an aversion to Latin, but when he was told that the Kings of Poland
and Denmark understood it, he learned it quickly, and for the rest of
his days remembered enough to speak it. Recourse was had to the
same means to induce him to learn French, but he was so
obstinately determined against it that he could not be prevailed upon
to use it even with French ambassadors who knew no other
language. As soon as he had some knowledge of Latin they made
him translate Quintus Curtius; he took a liking to the book rather for
the subject than the style. The tutor who explained this author to him
asked him what he thought of Alexander. “I think,” said the Prince,
“that I would like to be like him.” “But,” was the answer, “he only lived
thirty-two years.” “Ah!” replied the Prince, “and is not that long
enough when one has subdued kingdoms?” These answers were
reported to the King his father, who exclaimed, “That child will excel
me and he will even excel Gustavus the Great.”
One day he was amusing himself in the King’s room by looking
over some geographical plans, one of a town in Hungary taken by
the Turks from the Emperor, and the other of Riga, capital of Livonia,
a province conquered by the Swedes a century earlier. At the foot of
the map of the Hungarian town was this quotation from the Book of
Job, “The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the
name of the Lord.” The young Prince read these words, then took a
pencil and wrote beneath the map of Riga, “The Lord gave thee to
me, and the devil shall not take thee from me.” Thus, in the most
insignificant acts of his childhood, his resolute disposition revealed
traits characteristic of greatness, showing what he was one day to
be.
He was eleven years old when he lost his mother; she died from
an illness brought on by the anxiety caused her by her husband and
by her own efforts to conceal it. By means of a kind of court called
the Chamber of Liquidation, Charles XI had robbed many of his
subjects of their property. A crowd of citizens ruined by this court—
merchants, farmers, widows and orphans—filled the streets of
Stockholm, and daily poured forth their useless lamentations at the
gate of the Palace. The Queen gave all her substance to help these
poor wretches: her money, jewels, furniture and even her clothes.
When she had nothing left to give them she threw herself weeping at
her husband’s feet, praying him to have compassion on his subjects.
The King answered sternly, “Madam, we have taken you that you
may give us children, not advice.” Henceforward he is reported to
have treated her with such severity that he shortened her life. He
died four years after her, in the fifty-second year of his age and the
thirty-seventh of his reign, just as the Empire, Spain and Holland on
the one hand, and France on the other, had referred the decision of
their quarrels to his arbitration, and when he had already begun the
work of peace-making between these powers.
To his son of fifteen he left a kingdom secure at home and
respected abroad. His subjects were poor, but brave and loyal; the
treasury in good order and managed by able ministers. Charles XII,
on his accession, not only found himself absolute and undisturbed
master of Sweden and Finland, but also of Livonia, Carelia and
Ingria; he possessed Wismar, Wibourg, the Isles of Rügen, Oesel,
and the most beautiful part of Pomerania and the Duchy of Bremen
and Verden, all conquests of his ancestors, assured to the crown by
long tenure and by the solemn treaties of Munster and Oliva,
strengthened by the prestige of Swedish arms. The peace of
Ryswick, begun under the auspices of the father, was completed by
the son; who was thus arbiter of Europe from the beginning of his
reign.
Swedish law fixes the age of the King’s majority at fifteen years;
but Charles XI, who exercised absolute power in all points, deferred
that of his son, by will, to the age of eighteen. By this will he favoured
the ambitious views of his mother, Edwiga Eleanora of Holstein,
widow of Charles X.
This Princess was nominated by Charles XI guardian of her
grandson and, in conjunction with a Council of six persons, regent of
the kingdom. The regent had taken part in politics during the reign of
the King her son. She was old, but her ambition, greater than her
strength and ability, made her hope to enjoy the sweets of authority
long during the minority of the King, her grandson. She kept him
away from public business as far as possible; the young Prince
passed his time hunting, or busied himself with reviewing his troops.
Sometimes he even went through their exercises with them. These
pursuits seemed the natural outcome of the vivacity of youth, and
there was nothing in his conduct to alarm the regent. Then, too, she
flattered herself that the dissipation of these exercises made him
unable to apply himself, and so gave her the opportunity of a longer
regency. One November day, the very year of his father’s death,
after he had reviewed several regiments accompanied by the State-
councillor Piper, he was standing plunged apparently in deep
thought. “May I take the liberty,” said the latter to him, “of asking your
Majesty of what you are thinking so seriously?” “I am thinking,”
answered the Prince, “that I feel worthy of the command of those fine
fellows, and that it is not my will that either they or I should receive
our orders from a woman.” Piper at once seized the chance of
making his fortune, and realizing that his own influence was not
strong enough for him to venture on so dangerous an enterprise as
depriving the Queen of the regency, and declaring the King of age,
he proposed the matter to the Count Axel Sparre, an ambitious and
aspiring man, pointing to the King’s confidence as a likely reward.
Sparre was credulous, undertook the business, and worked hard in
Piper’s interests. The Councillors of the Regency were drawn into
the scheme, and vied with one another in hastening the execution of
it in order to gain the King’s favour. They went in a body to propose it
to the Queen, who did not in the least expect such a declaration.
The States-General were then assembled, the Councillors of the
Regency laid the matter before them, and they voted unanimously
for it. The affair was hastened on with a rapidity which nothing could
check; so that Charles XII merely expressed a wish to rule, and
within three days the States handed over the government to him.
The power and influence of the Queen melted away at once.
Henceforth she lived in private, a life more suited to her age, but less
to her taste.
The King was crowned on the following 24th of December. He
made his entry into Stockholm on a sorrel horse, shod with silver,
with a sceptre in his hand, and amid the acclamations of a whole
nation—a nation always extravagantly fond of novelty and full of
great expectations of a young Prince.
The right of consecrating and crowning the King belongs to the
Archbishop of Upsala, and is almost the only privilege remaining to
him from among a number claimed by his predecessors. After having
anointed the Prince according to custom, he was holding the crown
ready to put on his head, when Charles seized it from his hands,
and, with a proud glance at the Prelate, crowned himself. The mob,
always impressed by a touch of majesty, applauded the King’s
action; even those who had suffered most from the tyranny of the
father could not refrain from praising the pride which was the
inauguration of their servitude.
As soon as Charles was master, he took Councillor Piper into his
confidence, and handed over the direction of affairs to him, so that
he was soon Premier in all but name. A few days later he made him
Count, a title of distinction in Sweden, and not, as in France, an

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2. Alexander Hamilton’s long-term goal was to:

6. Which of the following was an objection raised by critics of Hamilton’s proposals?

7. Opponents of Hamilton’s economic plan:

8. “Strict constructionists” believed that:

9. Pierre Charles L’Enfant is well known for:

10. How did Americans respond to the French Revolution?

13. What aspect of Jay’s Treaty was true?

16. Which of the following is true of the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794?

18. The French Revolution:

19. The Democratic-Republican Societies of the 1790s:

20. Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman:

26. The “quasi-war” was a war of the United States against:

27. Fries’s Rebellion:

28. The Sedition Act targeted:

30. The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were a response to:

33. What was a great irony of the election of 1800?

37. Gabriel’s Rebellion:

39. What was the significance of the case Marbury v. Madison?

41. The land involved in the Louisiana Purchase:

42. Which of the following is true of the Louisiana Purchase?

45. Sacajawea was:

48. What was the Embargo Act of 1807?

49. Jefferson’s Embargo Act:

52. The War Hawks in Congress included:

53. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa were brothers who:

54. How do Tenskwatawa and Neolin compare in regard to their philosophies?

58. The treaty that ended the War of 1812:

59. Which of the following was a result of the War of 1812?

a. accused under the Sedition Act

1. Alexander Hamilton was the first secretary of the treasury.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 222

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: pp. 224–225

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: p. 225

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 225

5. Jay’s Treaty effectively destroyed the American alliance with France.

ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p. 277

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 226

7. The Republican Party of today started in the 1790s.

ANS: F DIF: Moderate REF: p. 226

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 227

ANS: T DIF: Easy REF: p. 227

ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p. 227

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 233

ANS: T DIF: Difficult REF: p. 234

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 234

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 235

15. Slave artisans played a prominent role in Gabriel’s Rebellion.

ANS: T DIF: Moderate REF: p. 235

ANS: F DIF: Easy REF: p. 236