 Arithmetic logic unit completes all arithmetical and logical operations

 Control unit directs the operations of the CPU

Explain two jobs of the CU:
- It accepts the next instruction
- It decodes instructions

Define registers and their purpose

Registers are small memory cells that operate at a very high speed. They
are used to temporarily store data including arithmetic, logical and shift
operations

Define PC, ACC, MAR, MDR, CIR

Program counter – Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed

Accumulator – Stores the results from the calculations
MAR – Holds the address of a location to be read or written from
MDR – Temporarily stores data that has been read or data that needs to be
written.
CIR – Holds the current instruction being executed

Fetch decode execute cycle:

- The address of next instruction to be executed is held in PC
- The CPU fetches instruction and data from memory and stores them in
registers
- PC is incremented
- CU decodes the instruction and executes
RAM ROM

Volatile Non-volatile
Used for computer’s working memory Used for the computer’s start-up
for instructions instructions
Can be written to and read from Read only
Dish thrashing – when a system or program spends more time swapping data to
the hard drive it gets overworked.
LAN WAN

Operates on a single site Connects computers over large

distances
Uses its own Ethernet hardware and Uses third party hardware and cabling
cabling
Example: home networks Example: Internet
Define the term bus
Buses are a set of parallel wires which connect two or more components
together in the CPU

Define data bus:

Bi-directional bus used for transporting data or instructions between
components.

Define address bus:

Transmits memory addresses to show where data goes or comes from.

Define control bus:

Bi-directional bus that transmits control signals between internal and
external components.

Fetch-decode-execute cycle
- Instruction fetched from memory and is then decoded and then executed so
the CPU performs continuously.
- Process is repeated and PC is incremented
- Instruction is transferred to MDR
- Address of instruction is fetched to be placed in the MAR

RAM:
Stores programs currently in use and data
ROM is non-volatile vice versa
RAM loses memory when computer is off vice versa

Text file size = Bits per character x number of characters

Sound file size = Sample rate x seconds x bit depth
Image = Colour depth x image height x image width
Operating system functions:
- User interface: Provides a way for people to interact with the computer
- Memory management: Allocates memory space and manages how
programs use it
- Multitasking: Allows multiple applications to run at the same time and
switching quickly between tasks
- Peripheral management and drivers: Controls hardware devices and
communicates with them through device drivers
- User management: Creates and deletes users, and sets access levels
- File management: Creates and maintains files and directories
GO THROUGH 8 MARKER AND CALCULATIONS
Linear search:
- Access first name (1) if it doesn’t equal desired name move on (1) access
second name (1) if equal then its found (1)
Binary search:
1. Set counter to middle position in list
2. If value held there is a match the search ends
3. If value at midpoint is less than the value divide list by half
4. Move to the midpoint of remaining items and complete steps 2-3 until match
Merge: form two sublists
Insertion: start with second item and look at remaining item and place in correct
order
Linear search algorithm:
Index = index + 1
Binary
Index = midpoint

Bubble sort:
If

Insertion: While

Float = decimal Character = single character string = word

= is used for assignment

== is used for comparison

Casting – converts two data types

asks the user to input a date

• totals the number of seconds sensors have been activated on the date input
• outputs the calculated total in an appropriate message including the date, for
example:
Sensors were activated for 40 seconds on 05/02/2023
Total = 0
Date = input(“Please enter date”)
For item in events:
If item[0] == date then
Total = total + item[3]
Endif
Next count
Print(“There were “ + total + “ events on “ + date)

Num = input(“How many numbers?”)

For x = 1 to num
Temp = input(“Enter the number”)
Total = total + temp
Next x
Print(Total)
Print(total / num)

SELECT * = select all

valid = True
if firstname == "" or surname == "" then
valid = False
end if
if room != "basic" and room != "premium" then
valid = False
endif
if nights < 1 or nights > 5 then
valid = False
endif
if valid then
print("ALLOWED")
else
print("NOT ALLOWED")
endif

Create a function, newPrice(), that takes the number of nights and the type of
room
as parameters, calculates and returns the price to pay

function newPrice(nights, room)

if room == "basic" then
price = 60 * nights
elseif room == "premium" then
price = 80 * nights
endif
return price
endfunction

print(newPrice("premium", 5))
x = newPrice(5, "premium")
print(x)
Legal:
- AI automatically checks for copyright violations
Ethical:
- Prevent illegal content from being posted
Privacy:
- Less invasive
Abstraction: ignore unnecessary information and only focus on essentials
Decomposition: Breaking down a problem into smaller problems so its easier to
solve

Linear search:
- Compares each item one by one until item is found
- No need for ordered list
Binary search:
- Compares middle item to target
- Discards half of the list the target isn’t in
- Finds next middle item and repeats until its found

Bubble sort:
Two numbers together and are swapped until ordered

Insertion sort:
Two lists one is unordered and one is ordered
Merge sort:
Numbers put into groups of 2 and sorted then 4 and sorted until the whole list is
sorted

Taylor needs to be able to enter a numeric value which is added to a total which
initially starts at 0.
Every time she enters a value, the total is output.
The algorithm repeats until the total is over 100.

Total = 0
While total <= 100
X = input(“Enter a number”)
Total = total + x
Print(total)
Endwhile

Write a pseudocode algorithm that uses iteration to allow Taylor to:

• enter 10 values
• count how many values are over 50
• output the count of values over 50 after all 10 values are entered.
count = 0
for x = 1 to 10
value = input("enter a value")
if value > 50 then
count = count + 1
endif
next x
print(count)

Transistor has two states 1 represents on and 0 represents off

Use selection to check parameters are >= 0 and <= 4 and return error code if
invalid

ask the player for the position of their block on the board
• use the checkblock() function to check if this position is free
• if the position is free, add the letter "A" to the position chosen in the gamegrid
array
• if the position is not free, repeat the above steps until a free position is chosen.

loop = True
while loop
row = input("enter row")
col = input("enter column")
if checkblock(row,col) == "FREE" then
gamegrid[row,col] = "A"
loop = False
endif
endwhile

Refine the program to be more efficient. Write the refined version of the
algorithm.
You must use either:
• OCR Exam Reference Language, or
• a high-level programming language that you have studied.
Total = 0
For x = 0 to 4
Total = total + hoursplayed(2, x)
Next x
Console.writeline(total)
Geography
1.1

- Melting ice leads to the destruction of animal habitats (1) which people
rely on to provide food and fur (1)
- Results in release of methane from permafrost (1) leading to further
global warming

- Ice cores (1) can be analysed to determine the amount of carbon dioxide
in them (1)
- Tree rings (1) can be examined with greater thickness meaning higher
temperatures (1)
- Historical records (1) may inform about frost fairs on difficult growing
conditions (1)

- Volcanic eruptions (1) lead to warming of earth as more CO2 is

released (1
- Asteroid Collisions (1) cause cooling as large quantities of ash and dust
are kicked up into the atmosphere (1)
- At the equator (1) less dense air rises (1) cools and condenses giving
rain. (1)

- Counteract extreme temperatures at equator (1) due to uneven distribution

of solar radiation at the Earth’s surface (1)

- High pressure areas are dry (1) in these areas cloud rarely form (1)
- Rain shadow areas are arid (1) as dry air is descending (1)

- More snow in uplands (1) because of lower temperatures meaning

precipitation falls as snow not rain in lowlands (1)

Suggest two ways that global circulation patterns affect rainfall distriution in
west Africa
- Air cools and rises causing water vapor to be squeezed out as rain resulting
in a band of heavy precipitation around globe. Air rising along ITCZ moves
away from equator and sinks in subtrophics at Horse latitudes rounding out
the Hadley circulation

- Glacial erosion from valley glaciers (1) creating U shaped troughs (1)

- Rock is weak if jointed (1) so more likely to be eroded by wave action (1)
- Relatively cheap compared with hard engineering (2)
- Less aesthetically intrusive compared with hard engineering (2)

Explain one way past tectonic process influence the physical landscape of UK (2)
- Plate collisions caused rocks to be folded and uplifted forming mountain
ranges which remained as uplands.
- Hydraulic action – force of the water against riverbed compressing air into
cracks causing it to break up
- Abrasion – wearing down of riverbed by river load
- Attrition – Rocks collide with each other, bed gradually becomes smoother
- Solution – Dissolution of rocks chemically

Explain one reason for the growth tertiary employment in the UK (2)
- Population growth therefore need for services such as teachers or doctors
- Deindustrialisation so increases in growth of tertiary sectors
- Increase in finance and business services because of UK’s global role
Explain one impact of globalisation on secondary sector employment in the UK
(2)
- Increase in high-end manufacturing as low-end jobs move offshore
- Increase in vehicle manufacturing sectors as TNCs move production into UK
Why secondary employment declined (2)
- Offshoring by companies (1) to seek lower costs (1)
State two reasons why FDI has increased in the UK
- Globalisation
- Free trade policies

Two reasons why people retire to rural areas:

- Affordable larger housing
- More attractive physical landscape

Explain one reason why child poverty varies between different parts of a city:
- Some areas have higher number of immigrants
- They could find it hard to get higher paying jobs due to language barriers
Explain one reason why building height varies in urban areas (2)
- Different levels of demands for space (1) which makes it profitable to
intensify use of space by building upwards (1)

Explain one reason why migration has changed population (4)

- More ethnic diversity
- Emergence of distinctive areas in cities
- Leading to community tension
- And availability of new services
Community – All organisms living in same habitat
Accommodation – Adjustment of focus from distant to near object
Tissue culture – Cells are grown
Chromosomes – contain DNA
Selective Breeding:
- Breed best of A and B
- Select offspring with highest number of eggs
- Breed offspring together
- Repeat over generations

Describe how carbon and nitrogen in compounds in the leaves are recycled and
used
by living trees.
You should include a description of:
• how the leaves are broken down
• how substances are taken in and used by the trees.

- Bacteria causes decay

- Enzyme used in digestion
- Respiration is done by microorganisms
- Leading to release of CO2
- Which is released in the air
- CO2 is taken in by leaves and used in photosynthesis
- For making glucose
- Release of nitrate into soil
- Nitrate ions taken in by roots
- Nitrate ions taken in by active transport
- Used for making amino acids

Explain why the pH changes more quickly when the temperature is higher
- Enzymes are more active
- Lipase broken down quicker
- Fatty acids produced quicker

Explain how the production of thyroxine causes an increase in body temperature

- Increases basal metabolic rate
- Respiration releases energy

Explain what causes the changes in the carbon dioxide concentration in the air:
- In dark so only respiration occurs
- Respiration produces CO2
- In light photosynthesis rate is faster than respiration

Explain why the lack of FSH in the woman’s blood caused underdeveloped
breasts
- Causes lack of oestrogen
- Secondary sexual characteristics are dependent on it

Explain why the change in the number of chromosomes is important.

- Meiosis forms gametes
- Two gametes fuse
- Keeping chromosome number constant

Describe how meiosis produces cells that are genetically different.

- Random chromosomes from each pair
- Move to one end of the cell
Most scientists accept Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection as the
explanation for this variety of species.
Explain how our understanding of evolution has developed due to:
• fossil evidence
• increased understanding of the mechanisms of genetics.
- Fossils show evidence of life in the past
- They show change over time
- Shows evidence of extinction
- Shows how organisms of past are related to those today
- Gaps in fossil record filled with new evidence
- Mendel’s breeding experiment of plants
- Mendel’s description of inheritance and dominant and recessive alleles
- Individuals with advantageous characteristics more likely to reproduce and
survive
- Antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Pollen and ovule

Abiotic factors:
- Water
- Oxygen
- PH
- Minerals
- Temperature
Biotic:
- Food
- Predators
- Disease
Give two ways the results of the blood test show that person C might have
Type 2 diabetes.
- Higher glucose and higher insulin
Reducing by:
- LOW carbohydrate diet
- Exercising
Name three harmful substances that could cause water pollution
- Sewage
- Herbicide
- Fungicide
-
Describe how substances that pollute air and water could be harmful to humans
and
other living organisms.
Air pollution:
- Global warming, loss of habitat, extreme weather, migration
- Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin so less oxygen is carried
- Particulates cause asthma and damage to lungs
Water pollution:
- Through sewage, bacteria multiply. They use oxygen in respiration, water
animals cannot respire, pathogens in water
- Plastics entrap animals and cause internal damage if swallowed
- Acid rain lowers pH of water damaging fish gills and bleaching coral

- Proteins contain amino acids

- Must keep certain amino acids in low amount
- So toxic substance doesn’t build up in body

Water is used in plants for:

- Photosynthesis
- Solvent for transport

5 It is more energy-efficient to rear cows indoors than to rear cows outdoors.

Give two reasons why.
- Less energy lost as heat (1) and in movement (1)
Disadvantages of indoor animals:
- Increased spread of disease
- Aggressive behaviour

Explain how the dilation of blood vessels in the skin can help to decrease
body temperature.
- More blood flows to the skin
- More heat is lost
- Cools blood that cools body

Substance that gene codes for: protein

Sperm cells contain HALF THE CHROMOSOMES NEEDED
If blood is cooled at stomach, cool blood flows to brain

Describe:
• how microorganisms in the layers of soil help to recycle chemicals in the dead
plants
• how the chemicals are used again by living plants.
Microorganisms:
- Release of mineral ions
- Respiration
- Production of CO2
- Enzymes
- Digestion
Plants:
- CO2 taken in by leaves by diffusion via stomata
- CO2 used in photosynthesis
- For making glucose
- Ions taken in by roots by active transport

Reflex action: Automatic response

Receptor detects stimulus

Impulses pass along neurones
Sensory – relay – motor
Synapse between neurones where chemical crosses gap
Synapses in spinal cord
Muscle contract

Endocrine: slower, longer lasting, via blood

Producers get energy from light absorbed by chloroplasts

Mutation – less oxygen for respiration
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
King phillip came over for good soup

human land use

• increasing population requires more food
• crops / livestock for food
• farming crops for biofuels
• peat use as compost
• peat use as fuel
• increased use of pesticide / insecticide / herbicide / fertilisers
• use of free-range / organic methods increases land use (for
same yield)
link to biodiversity
• deforestation
• monocultures
• loss of hedgerows (to make fields larger)
• loss of habitat
• consequence of loss of habitat eg (change in) migration
• fertiliser run off polluting water
• use of pesticide / insecticide / herbicide reduces insects / plants
which damages food chains
• more soil erosion
link to atmospheric pollution
• more carbon dioxide (from farm animals / machinery)
• more methane (from cows)
• climate change or global warming
• example of impact on biodiversity
• acid rain
• desertification
Describe effects of global warming (6)
- Melting ice caps
- Rise in sea levels, threatening cities
- Unusual change in weather and weather patterns
- Animals migrate towards pole to find suitable temperatures to have homes
- Tropical diseases become more common
- Many species become extinct

Processes in carbon cycle (6)

- Photosynthesis, converting carbon in CO2 to glucose
- Respiration – converting carbon in glucose to CO2
- Combustion – Burning. Converts carbon in the fuel to CO2

Explain how natural selection occurs:

- Variation exists between organisms of the same species
- Organism that survives are the most suited to an environment
- The genes from a successful organism will be passed on to their offspring

Suggest an explanation for development of different species coming from same

ancestor (6)
- Organisms in original ancestral species of seagulls become isolated (1)
- Isolated could have been created by a geographical barrier
- Changes in environmental conditions or introduction of new predators
- Leads to natural selection
- Successful organisms pass on certain allele to their offspring and so these
different alleles are passed on in the different environments therefore leads
to less ability to interbreed.

Compare the issues involved in embryo screening for cystic fibrosis and
polydactyly. (6)
Cystic:
- Possible damage to embryo and mother
- Must make ethical decisions
- Reduce health care costs
- Reduces number of people with cystic fibrosis
Polydactyly:
- Cures disfigurement
- But condition not life threatening
- So risks to foetus unjustified

Species – organisms breeding together that can produce fertile offspring

Describe what makes up nucleotides (4)
- Each of the two strands that make up DNA are made of alternating sugars
- Attached to each sugar is one of four different compounds called bases
- The combination of a sugar, base, phosphate is a nucleotide
- DNA polymer is made of repeating nucleotide units.