Download the full version of the ebook now at ebookgrade.

com

Essentials of Plastic Surgery Q A Companion

(2014) Jeffrey E. Janis

https://ebookgrade.com/product/essentials-of-
plastic-surgery-q-a-companion-2014-jeffrey-e-
janis/

Explore and download more ebook at https://ebookgrade.com

 Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.

A Z of Plastic Surgery

https://ebookgrade.com/product/a-z-of-plastic-surgery/

ebookgrade.com

Colour Atlas of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery E Book

https://ebookgrade.com/product/colour-atlas-of-ophthalmic-plastic-
surgery-e-book/

ebookgrade.com

Essentials of Plastic Surgery Second Edition Wei Zhi

https://ebookgrade.com/product/essentials-of-plastic-surgery-second-
edition-wei-zhi/

ebookgrade.com

Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery The

Essentials

https://ebookgrade.com/product/plastic-reconstructive-and-aesthetic-
surgery-the-essentials/

ebookgrade.com
Handbook of Plastic Surgery

https://ebookgrade.com/product/handbook-of-plastic-surgery/

ebookgrade.com

Bostwicks Plastic Reconstructive Breast Surgery by Glyn E.

Jones

https://ebookgrade.com/product/bostwicks-plastic-reconstructive-
breast-surgery-by-glyn-e-jones/

ebookgrade.com

Surgery A Competency Based Companion

https://ebookgrade.com/product/surgery-a-competency-based-companion/

ebookgrade.com

Reconstructive Plastic Surgery of Pressure Ulcers

https://ebookgrade.com/product/reconstructive-plastic-surgery-of-
pressure-ulcers/

ebookgrade.com
Other documents randomly have
different content
a religious feast, are all powerful, and that the good offices of the
saints can be secured through the intermediary of the priests.

FEAST DAYS.
The chief national feast in Chile is September 18th, the
anniversary of the independence of the Republic, known as “El Diez
y ocho.” There are, however, numerous other anniversary
celebrations, commemorating victorious battles and historic events,
which are observed with much demonstration in the cities and thickly
populated districts. All other holidays, of which there are something
like seventy in the year, are called religious festivals. Every saint has
his or her feast day, known as church feasts, except the patron saint
of the local church, in which event the festival lasts for a week or
more.
Ordinary feasts are held at private houses. The adobe walls of the
room selected for the service are covered with paper, and an
improvised altar arranged by placing lighted candles upon a table.
Upon the wall above the table is hung a colored print of the particular
saint whose anniversary is being celebrated. Those taking part in the
services are usually seated around the room upon stones or blocks
of wood, and if such seats are not available they squat upon the dirt
floor, the crowd frequently extending into the open in front of the
house. There are harpists, guitar players and singers. The feast,
which is held after the service, consists of boiled beans mixed with
hulled corn, and as extra, boiled dried peaches mixed with flour or
toasted wheat. After the food has been served someone in the crowd
gives a “chaucha” (twenty cents), to one of the players and music is
rendered in praise of the donor. Someone then buys wine or chicha
and the health of the saint is drunk. When the singers have rendered
what they consider the value of the donation, another person
contributes, and by this means the music is kept up. Liquor is passed
and repassed until the supply is exhausted, and the festival
continues until the candles are burned out and the crowd lapses into
a state of innocuous desuetude, to sleep off the effects of the
debauch.
 Religious ceremonies and feast day demonstrations are events of
much general interest to the country people. Easter on a farm brings
about the annual festival of “Correr á Cristo” (running to Christ). A
mounted procession with waving flags and banners, and weird
shouting, makes a tour of the farm, and the day is given over to a
saturnalia of noise. Sometimes the procession will stop by the
roadside, or in the garden in front of the farmhouse to hear mass, or
long enough for those in attendance to receive the blessings of the
priests. The procession is usually headed by a cart draped with
palms and decorated with flowers.

PROCESSION OF THE PELICAN.

One of the peculiar religious festivals of the country is “La
Procesión del Pelicano” (procession of the pelican), a passion play
held annually at Quillota, one of the first communities established by
the Spaniards in Chile. To the old city in the valley of the Aconcagua,
there is an annual pilgrimage of thousands of devout Catholics, and
others attracted by curiosity, to witness the strange procession.
The Procession of the Pelican has no mythological origin or
significance, as is generally supposed, but derives its name from the
colossal bird, which has figured in the demonstration for more than a
century. The Cathedral of Quillota was built by the Bishop of
Romero, in the beginning of the eighteenth century. By the influence
of the Bishop the ladies of the community formed the society of the
“Santo Sepulcro” (Holy Sepulchre), and by collecting alms raised the
funds for this traditional procession. The annual arrangement was
always placed in charge of one of the ladies of the society, and as
only those from the first families were selected it was considered a
great honor.
About the year 1776, Doña Amilia Alverez de Araya, whose family
founded the original town of Quillota, was selected to direct the
demonstration. Previous to that time the Santo Sepulcro, on which
the figure representing the body of Christ was placed, on being
lowered from the cross, was a common wooden box. With the help
of a San Franciscan monk, who was a good joiner, Doña Amilia
planned the receptacle since used, which represents a swan with
wings extended. The huge image, constructed of wood, represents
the bird with arched neck, picking at its breast upon which there is a
bright red spot, in imitation of a blood stain.
On Good Friday a cross is erected in the Plaza, on a miniature
mount, covered with green. During the day it is guarded by huasos,
dressed to represent the Jews. Previous to the procession a man is
placed upon the cross in imitation of the Crucifixion. In the evening
the Cura, standing upon the steps of the cathedral, preaches a
sermon on the “Passion of Our Lord,” after which the procession is
formed. The “andas” (floats), carried upon the shoulders of men,
represent scenes in the life of the Savior, such as “Christ Before
Pilate,” “Christ Carrying the Cross,” “The Virgin Surrounded by
Angels,” etc. The feature of the procession is the Pelican, which is
borne by twelve men. The procession marches from the cathedral to
the mount, and the body of the man representing Christ is lowered
from the cross and placed in the Holy Sepulchre, the Pelican. During
the procession the wings of the Pelican, which are covered with
mirrors, open and shut mechanically, adding a spectacular feature to
the scene. After marching around the Plaza, and through the
principal streets the procession returns to the cathedral, and the
Pelican is placed back of the altar where it remains until the
recurrence of Good Friday, when it is again brought into service in
“La Procesión del Pelicano.”
The hotels in the provincial town are inadequate to accommodate
the people who journey annually to Quillota to witness the strange
scenes presented in the procession of the Pelican, and when the
ceremony is concluded there is an undignified rush for trains. The
crowd, that stands quietly with bared heads during the passion play,
resolves itself into a mob, each individual scrambling and fighting for
the most advantageous position at the railway station. Those who
cannot secure accommodation in the trains must spend the night in
the streets, and following “La Procesión del Pelicano” the usual quiet
of Quillota is turned into a drunken rabble. The police are unable to
control the crowd, and the scene of religious fervor and devout
Christian spirit shown by the multitude during the procession
representing Christ crucified, is changed to a bacchanalian carousal.
The event brings out the peculiarities of the Chilean character. One
hour they are intoxicated with religious excitement and the next on
aguardiente, entering as enthusiastically into the spirit of one
condition as the other, with never a thought, apparently, of the
inconsistency of their actions.

FEAST OF THE PATRON SAINT.

The celebration of the anniversary of the patron saint of the parish
church is an important event. The little vice-parroquia (district
church), where the annual feast is held, is generally whitewashed,
and has a tile roof, blue doors, and yellow painted windows, and is
topped by a square belfry tower. It is usually situated upon a slight
elevation from which the ground slopes down to a nearby country
road. The only relief to the monotony of the dreary surroundings is a
few flowering shade trees. About the time the “novena” is concluded,
carts begin to arrive and form in line along the roadside. As the
crowd augments the scene resolves itself into one of animation and
activity. People are constructing out of tree boughs, places of
temporary residence, in which they sleep and where they conduct a
small business during the festival. Women are engaged in bringing in
firewood and jugs of water, which they carry on their heads. Oxen
are unhitched from carts and driven home, as the feast lasts many
days. Often as many as fifty carts, covered with canvas, branches of
trees or skins are arranged side by side in close proximity. They
serve as places of shelter for the owners, who remain throughout the
feast. Each cart is supplied with a barrel of chicha, wine and
aguardiente, and also with fowls and vegetables, from which is made
cazuela, to supply the hungry crowd.
During all the day before, and up to the hour of the feast, which
begins at midnight, active preparations for the event continue.
People are arriving from every direction, those from a distance on
horseback, and those from the neighborhood on foot, each carrying
a quantity of supplies to eat or drink, and each expecting to do a little
business on the morrow, and succeeding days, in the way of catering
to the appetite or thirst of the mixed multitude. Some are ladened
with skin bags filled with wine or chicha, others carry earthen pots or
baskets containing such articles as they may have to dispose of.
Fires are blazing, pots are boiling, and the scene along the roadside
resembles a miniature military camp, with active preparations for the
customary meal of soup and beans going forward.
Later the crowd is divided into groups, squatting upon the ground
and eating from black earthen dishes. There is a tapping of barrels,
uncorking of skin bags and earthen jugs, in which the supplies of
liquor are stored. Small groups of gentlemen, or families, possessing
a little more money than the average persons present, are seated at
home-made tables, which are covered with coarse sacking. All are
merry, and apparently happy to renew acquaintances, many of which
have been neglected since the last feast of our lady of mercy, Santa
Mercedes, the patroness saint of the little church where the feast is
being held.
The parish priest has not yet arrived from his parochial residence,
hence the feast has not formally begun. A murmur along the line of
feasters announces the approach of the cura, the church bells peal
joyously, and the crowd files into the little church, where lighted
tapers and gilt images add a spectacular effect to the scene. The
priest preaches a pleasing sermon, for the purpose of conciliating his
congregation, which has not yet made its offering to the virgin. At the
conclusion of the service the people give to the priest such money as
they think they can afford to contribute, or that which has been
entrusted to them by others who could not attend. They have come
from every section of the surrounding country, some from great
distances, who wish to show their gratitude to this particular saint, for
favors they may have received, or may desire to receive in the
future. The priest is not made aware of the object of the donations.
The donors place their faith implicitly in the saints, believing that they
will execute the bequests. These poor contributors for the most part
have nothing to do with the particular church where the offering is
made. As an example, in case of serious illness or threatened
calamity in a family, the friends or relatives, as the case may be,
make a vow that if spared the impending trouble, they will give a
certain amount to a certain saint for a given number of years. These
promises are usually redeemed, and the obligation is discharged at
the particular church patronized by the saint to whom the promise is
made. Many individual instances might be cited to illustrate the
fidelity with which these people make offerings to the saints.
The day following the midnight services is “La Mercedes,” and the
early morning shows hundreds of additional votaries en route to the
church. After the morning mass the image of the virgin Mercedes,
bedecked with flowers, is removed from the church altar, and carried
at the head of a procession that marches about the church. The
priest, leading the procession, and reciting prayers, is showered with
flowers. After this parade the image is again placed upon the altar,
there to remain until the following year, September 8th, which is the
date of the anniversary of Mercedes. The priest then goes his way
and the real fiesta, for which a majority of those present have come,
that of eating, drinking, dancing and carousing uninterruptedly for
several days, begins. The scene about the church presents some
features peculiarly novel and picturesque. The hundreds of people
dressed in the costumes of the country, in which bright colors
predominate, dozens of clumsy bullock carts, and hundreds of
horses huddled together in the church grounds, where they remain
for days without being unsaddled, and in many instances without
food or water, are some of the features of this feast day picture.
There are improvised dance halls, bowling alleys, and every cart and
temporary hut is turned into a shop where is dispensed such articles
as those in possession may have to offer. At each place where
liquors are dispensed there is singing, dancing and music of guitars.
Everyone seems to have something to sell, and money with which to
buy. Having made their contributions to our lady of mercy, they
pursue the god Bacchus with enthusiasm and reckless indulgence.
Good fellowship prevails, drinks encourage generosity and the feast
goes merrily on.
This festival falls upon a date that marks the approach of spring in
Chile. The espino is in bloom, and the odor of the yellow blossoms of
that repellant, thorny bush, which grows abundantly throughout the
country, fills the air with sweet perfume; birds in the mating season
are revelling in the first green of the trees and the bloom of wild
flowers. Under clumps of blossoming trees women are cooking
cakes and vending sweets, while señoritas send winning glances at
young men who, too often under the influence of liquor, are easy
preys to the arrows of cupid. The feast continues to increase in
interest and enthusiasm for three or four days, continuing night and
day, when it reaches the climax, after which from loss of sleep and
deficiency of drink, the tide begins to recede, and the crowd to
decrease. At the end of the sixth or eighth day, at the farthest, the
last of the crowd disperses, leaving only the trodden grass and the
blackened remains of camp fires as evidences of the greatest and
merriest local frolic of the year.
 SUPERSTITIONS
In Chile there are large tracts of sparsely populated territory where
there are neither doctors nor drug stores, and in such communities it
is necessary in case of illness for the people to resort to home
remedies. In these rural communities there are many old women
who assume the rôle of doctresses, calling themselves “Medicas.”
They are absolutely ignorant of medicine or its effect upon the
human system, yet with their odd preparations of herbs they
sometimes effect cures within a very short time. However, it is said
that they more frequently kill than cure the persons they treat.
Should the patient live for several days under the treatment of the
Medica, and then die, nothing is said by the friends of the deceased,
but should the victim succumb with the first dose the doctress is
asked to change her residence at once.
“Brujeria,” or witchcraft, is common among the women in the lower
classes in Chile, many of whom claim to be “brujas,” or sorceresses.
The women profess to be able to inflict strange and wonderful
punishment upon their enemies, or persons who refuse to accede to
their demands. The most common delusion of these superstitious
people, especially the women, is the power of the “brujas” to place
reptiles or insects in their stomachs. Frequently when one becomes
ill or distressed with a pain, she is possessed with the idea that she
has been bewitched, declaring that she has a frog, a toad, a snake,
spider, or other object in her stomach, placed there by a sorceress.
These poor women believe that they cannot recover from an illness
of this sort until they have made peace with the person having
bewitched them, which means the giving of money or its equivalent
in presents. It is a sort of faith cure, and any other treatment seems
useless, as it will not dispel the delusion. The man or woman with
dropsy or other affliction will almost invariably attribute the malady to
an evil sorceress. These superstitions even extend to matters of
business and chance with the country people. The methods
employed by these witches are curious and ridiculous. Many claim,
and the claims are accepted as true, to be able by slipping into the
presence of an enemy and burning a certain kind of herb or
vegetable, to place the person in their power. In some cases persons
so bewitched assume a form of madness, which unfits them for
service, and sometimes makes them dangerous. Many of these
people claim to cure disease by prayer.
There are few diseases among the ignorant country people
attributed to legitimate causes. They are believed to be due to the
influence of witches; to be ill from any cause is to be bewitched. It is
one of the many superstitions inherited from Indian ancestors, and is
deep rooted in the minds of the people.
To predict the elimination or uprooting of these primitive customs
would be hazardous, as they are countenanced, fostered in the
minds of the people and encouraged by the priests. They preach and
teach the supernatural, and in the rural districts the clergy sell
“santitos” (small images representing saints), and medallions that
are alleged to have been consecrated by them, as cures and
preventatives for all kinds of diseases and maladies. Sometimes
when a liberal donation has been made to the church, the donor is
given one of these consecrated objects, which is highly prized, and
the curative powers of which are never doubted by the possessor.
Although the laws of the Catholic church prohibit its members from
eating meat on Fridays, the priests sell privileges, called “bulas,”
which permit purchasers to eat whatever kind of food they like on
that day. A very poor person can secure a bula for fifty centavos,
while a well-to-do member will pay according to his ability, and very
rich people in Valparaiso and Santiago have paid as much as one
thousand pesos for the privilege of violating a fundamental law of the
church. With the encouragement of such beliefs and practices by
those who are accepted as teachers and who should stand as
exemplars of moral and intellectual progress, it is little wonder that
the masses among the poor and ignorant cling tenaciously to
customs that seem obsolete in this age of enlightened progress.
Superstitions are generally prevalent among the better classes
also, particularly those engaged in agricultural pursuits. It is believed
that sowing, reaping, planting, wood cutting, grafting or pruning
trees, storing of crops, etc., should be done during the last quarter of
the moon. Seed planted during the new moon will not grow, crops
harvested will be damaged, trees pruned will die, etc. The weather
for the following month is always judged by the Indian sign indicated
in the position of the new moon on its first appearance.
A curious superstitious custom in Chile is the manner of marking
the place where a person has been killed by accident or murdered.
Along the country roads one frequently comes upon a crude sort of
altar by the roadside, which marks the last resting place of some
victim of violence. It may consist of a little enclosure made of rough
boards and covered with the same material, in which lighted tapers
are kept burning practically all the time. In each of these places there
is a small box for the reception of coins, and many passers-by add
small contributions to the collection, and when the candles have
burned out, the money in the receptacle is used to purchase more. A
strange feature of this practice is that no sneak thief, of which there
are many in every community, will ever rob one of these houses of
the dead. He has a superstitious belief that the money is sacred, and
that the one who steals it will be cursed.
The cry of the “chuncho,” a sort of night owl, is regarded as an evil
omen by all classes. People who are otherwise apparently sane on
hearing the cry of this bird in the night indulge in actions indicative of
a peculiar form of madness. If in bed they leap out, get down upon
their knees, cross themselves, pray, beat their chests and appeal to
God to save them from impending calamity. The origin or
significance of this particular superstition has never been
satisfactorily explained.
One of the superstitious customs that still prevails, and which is
practiced on religious feast days, especially that of San Juan, is
fortune telling. Matrimonial fortunes are told with three potatoes, one
of which is peeled, from one, half the peeling is removed, and one is
left in its natural state. These potatoes are placed in a dark room,
and the woman seeking her fortune is directed to go into the room,
and to take the first potato with which her hand comes in contact. If it
is the peeled potato, she is to marry a poor man; should it be the
half-peeled tuber, she will marry a man who can clothe and support
her, and should she be lucky enough to secure the unpeeled potato,
she is destined to marry a man who can keep her in comfort and
plenty. So firm is the faith of many of the people in the fulfillment of
these superstitious prophecies that they invariably preserve the
potatoes thus drawn, to be eaten on their wedding day. Another
superstition among the country women is that of washing their hair at
daylight on the morning of the feast of San Juan. They believe that
the practice will cause the hair to grow luxuriantly during the year.
 MARRIAGES
In Chile marriage is simply a contract, entered into between two
persons of opposite sex, regarding exclusive possession, society
and service, and who by a civil, legal ceremony are pronounced
husband and wife. The contract does not by implication, or actually,
necessarily include protection or affection. This does not refer to
marriages among the better classes, where money, social position or
advantage are taken into consideration, but the poor, or middle
classes, with whom marriage is a matter of convenience. With these
people fidelity is not expected or demanded. The women have little
to claim their attention, beyond domestic duties and personal
adornment. Inherited characteristics and the influence of
environments make them an easy prey to flattery, in the dispensing
of which the Chilenos are artful and crafty. Evil motives, wrapped in
delusive words, suggesting no interpretation of their true meaning,
are the common weapons used by the men to ensnare trusting
hearts guided by uneducated minds. Manly protection to woman is
so rare in the sub-stratum of Chilean society as to be almost
unknown.
Twenty-five years of age constitutes a legal majority for both
sexes, after which marriage may be contracted at the pleasure of the
interested parties. A boy of twelve or a girl of fourteen years may
legally marry with the consent of parents or guardian. Once married
the law declares them of legal age.
Previous to the year 1885, marriage ceremonies were celebrated
only in the Catholic churches, which was recognized by the
government as legal. After a prolonged and bitter discussion, a law
was passed on January 10, 1884, requiring a civil registry of all
births, deaths and marriages, and which deprived the church of the
right to legalize marriages. This act, which went into effect January
1, 1885, recognizes as legal only marriages solemnized by the
“Oficial del Registro Civil,” residing in the same municipality or sub-
delegation as the contracting parties. The ceremony must be
witnessed by two or more persons. Although a marriage ceremony
performed by the priests has no legal import or effect, women of the
Catholic faith always demand it, and most legal weddings are
celebrated by two ceremonies. Even yet in some instances the civil,
or legal service is disregarded, and only the church ceremony
performed. Such marriages are not recognized in the courts,
however, and in case of inheritance by the children born of such a
union, they are barred from sharing in property rights.
There was much conflict and contention between Church and
State during the first few years of the civil registry law. The priests
preached violently against it, directing their efforts principally to the
female members, who are the loyal supporters of all church
organizations, and with whom they made the law offensive and
objectionable, by refusing in many instances confession and
absolution to all those who were married according to the civil law
only. They were given the ultimatum of defying the law of the land
and accepting a church marriage ceremony as binding, or
excommunication. The result of these church teachings was, that for
several years after the law went into effect most Catholics, and
especially those representing the aristocracy, were married by the
church only, not realizing, apparently, the complications that would
result from such defiance of law, until their children were declared
illegitimate by the courts. This created a dilemma, and a serious
effort was made to legalize their marriages and legitimatize their
children by a repeal or modification of the law, but without success.
In the meantime the more radical members of the clergy declared
that it were better to live together as husband and wife under
sanction of the divine order, than to resort to civil marriage. As a
compromise members of the Catholic church are now married before
the “Registro Civil,” and afterwards in the Catholic church. But even
now, in the rural districts of Chile, many people are married by the
church only.
The party constituting the Liberal-Alliance, which was in power,
and organized the ministry at the sitting of the Ordinary Session of
the National Congress in June, 1904, in outlining a programme for
the party, declared itself in favor of a law that would prohibit the
church from celebrating marriages, without the presentation of a
certificate attesting the fact that the marriage had been previously
celebrated before a Civil Registrar. The Conservative party in
Congress announced through its leaders its intention to vigorously
oppose the measure, showing that there is still a political element in
Chile in favor of empowering the church with authority to legalize
marriages.
In discussing this phase of social life, reference is made to the
common people of the country, and not to the rich and educated few,
where wealth, family connections, or social position may enter into
and influence the question of matrimonial alliances, and among
whom wedding ceremonies are conducted much as they are in other
civilized countries.
Courtship is short; there are no long years of waiting. Once the
question is decided the matter is consummated and all doubts as to
congeniality or advisability are left for future consideration. The
custom of courtship is the same as that prevailing in other Spanish-
American countries. It consists more in impassioned glances, smiles
and actions on the part of the participants to attract each other than
in conversation or a discussion of mutual interests. Sometimes the
proposition is made and accepted after the first meeting, and not
infrequently it is arranged by the families of the interested parties.
Whether the majority of marriages in Chile are contracted from
motives of affection, passion, or material interests is difficult to
determine. There would seem to be little love in the motive that
inspires, for among the poorer classes the object appears to be
mutual care, service and protection. During religious festivals, where
men and women are brought into close relationship and intimate
association, under the influence of liquor, marriages are generally
arranged, proposals accepted, and bans simultaneously published
by the contracting parties and the priests. Their past lives have been
more or less the same and there are no sacrifices on the part of
either. There is no demonstration to make the event conspicuous;
what to expect and how to meet it are conditions well known to both.
There is no foolish sentiment exhibited. The wedding is
consummated and celebrated because it is mutually convenient.
Their standards of honor, honesty, fidelity and veracity are about
equal. Should either of the contracting parties hesitate or refuse to
comply with the agreement, he or she, as the case may be, is
accused before the priest of the parish church, who commands the
delinquent to respond, and the marriage is celebrated at once.
Protests are in vain, the marriage contract once having been
announced, like the sentence in court, must be carried out, under
ecclesiastical authority. Illegitimacy among the poor of Chile is no
disgrace, and is not a bar, or even a disadvantage when it comes to
the question of marriage. Children born to women previous to
marriage are treated by the husband upon terms of equality with
those of the legal union. An examination of the baptismal record of
the churches in the country districts will reveal the fact that a large
per cent. of the children are inscribed as “El padre desconocido” (the
father is unknown).
Be it said to the credit of the women in the sub-stratum, as well as
in the upper-crust of Chilean society, that, as a rule, they respect
their marriage vows. With the men it is the rare exception instead of
the rule. After marriage, people of the common class resume their
accustomed life and habits, living as a rule under the paternal or
maternal roof of one or the other. The man is not necessarily
expected to contribute to the support of his wife, the custom being
for that member of the family to provide maintenance for the pair,
and invariably to support herself. They seem to enjoy a careless,
bohemian sort of contentment that meets the requirements of their
simple lives. Little is expected, each seems entirely satisfied with the
acts of the other and the stream of domestic harmony runs on
uninterruptedly. Such is life among these simple folk, who mate as
do the birds, and with whom mutual interests, simplicity and natural
instincts are the controlling influences in matrimonial alliances.
An inventory of all property possessed by each of the contracting
parties at the date of the wedding is carefully taken. It may be a
horse, a cow, pig, fowls, a bed, or other articles. This property does
not enter into the marriage contract and become a part of the
common fund. On the wedding day the bride and groom are
accompanied to the church by friends and neighbors, usually on
horseback. There is singing and music of guitars, firing of shooting
crackers and guns and other demonstrations. There is frequent
drinking to the health of the couple, with “viva los novios.” Anyone
who desires may participate in the wedding feast, as all
refreshments are disposed of at a price. The profits on the feast are
given to the bride as a wedding gift. These celebrations sometimes
last three or four days and nights, with drinking, singing and dancing.
Among the middle classes wedding ceremonies are the same,
except that invitations are not quite so general. And among the more
prosperous of the middle classes, the refreshments served at the
wedding feasts are free.
A married woman never goes by the name of her husband. If
Señorita Carmen Valenzuela is married to Don Jacinto Nuñez, she is
afterwards Señora Carmen Valenzuela de N; if she becomes a
widow she retains the foregoing name with the addition of the letter
V before the de N, meaning widow of Nuñez.
 BIRTHS AND DEATHS
Births and deaths do not constitute an attractive subject, but a
description of country life in Chile would be incomplete without some
mention of the entrance into the world and the exit of the people
whose customs and characteristics are under discussion.

BIRTHS.
The advent of an atom of humanity into the world in Chile, is not
considered an event of sufficient importance to cause any
disturbance of the current of affairs that flows on with customary
indifference. The fact is accepted and recorded, but there is neither
expression of regret nor rejoicing. The parents seem to regard the
circumstance from a purely economic point of view, and not one to
be invested with sentiment or feeling. It means another member of
the family to feed and clothe, and another pair of hands that in time
may serve, and contribute something to the scanty household
supplies. The poor country women have no medical attention in
childbirth, and in most instances they lack the attention and
necessary provisions to protect the life of mother and child. They
rarely go to bed, but wrapped in a heavy manta, sit on the floor or
ground, as the case may be, for a few days, near a fire kept burning
in a “bracero.” The only medicine they take is a little burnt sugar in
hot water, seasoned with aromatic leaves. In a few days they resume
their domestic duties, and life flows on in the even current of its way,
the addition to the family being regarded as inconsequential.
The children of the poor are inured to hardship from the time of
birth. In infancy they are wrapped up like little mummies, receiving
little maternal attention, usually being committed to the care of older
children, when there are such in the family. When old enough to
walk, they are permitted to run where they please, characterized
chiefly by the scanty clothing they wear, and inattention they receive.
These neglected infants rarely cry or complain, learning early in life
that such demonstrations of dissatisfaction with their lot avails
nothing. The mothers of these children are not cruel or inhuman in
the treatment of their offspring, except from neglect and lack of care
through ignorance.

DEATHS.
Away from the cities, where pride or custom holds sway, a death is
little more than a signal for a crowd to assemble at the home of the
deceased for a drunken spree. In case of death the interest and
sympathy manifested by friends and neighbors depends upon the
amount of money forthcoming for the purchase of chicha. Should
there be liberal provisions for this important feature of the funeral
service a large attendance is assured. Should the death be that of a
baby it is generally understood that there is to be a grand feast. The
dead infant, robed in white and bedecked with flowers, is placed in a
sitting position upon an improvised altar, where, surrounded with
burning candles it remains for twenty-four hours. During this time
there is much drinking and singing by those who assemble to mourn
the death of the child. Usually on the day following the death, the
body is wrapped in a cloth and placed in a candle or soap box, which
serves as a coffin, and carried to the cemetery. The procession is
accompanied by women who sing, and add to their vocal efforts the
music of guitars. The crowd often stops en route to the cemetery to
drink and indulge in demonstrations. Women never accompany the
funeral procession of an adult.
There are never any preparations in advance for a burial, and the
interment is made in the crudest possible manner. The pall-bearers
carry with them a crowbar and shovel, and the corpse waits while the
grave is being prepared after arrival at the cemetery. Graves are dug
anywhere those preparing them may choose, not infrequently in the
same place where other burials have been made, and if human
bones are encountered in the excavation they are thrown aside as
so many stones. After the corpse is laid to rest, perhaps to the great
disturbance of another previously buried in the same spot, the crowd
departs to some place where more liquor can be secured, and where
the final celebration of the event takes place.
Should a poor man die, leaving no money with which to provide
the customary drinks at his funeral, and having no friends who will
perform that very necessary service for him, the manner of his burial
is something like that accorded to animals. The method of conveying
the bodies of these unfortunates to their last resting place, in many
instances is not unlike that of taking a sack of potatoes to market.
The corpse is tied upon the back of a mule, and with head nodding,
hands and feet waving in the air, as if in mute protest against the
custom of administering the last rites of the poor, they are conveyed
to the cemetery by someone to whom the disagreeable duty is
delegated. A hole large enough to receive the body is dug in some
obscure corner of the cemetery, and without a coffin, without
ceremony or service of any kind, the unfortunate is committed to
earth, which receives him back to its bosom, as it does all those who
inhabit it for a brief period.
Without plan, ornament, or official keepers, the cemeteries of rural
Chile present an unattractive prospect, and a scene of dreary
desolation. Usually they are nothing more than enclosed plots of
ground, neglected and overrun with weeds and brambles, without
markings to indicate the location of individual graves. There is little
reverence for those who journey to those dreary spots for the last
time.
In the many sharp contrasts presented in the lives of the different
classes in Chile, none are more striking than that shown in the
disposition of the dead, and in the ceremonies attendant upon
funerals. In the cities, where the rich and cultured bury their dead,
the cemeteries are beautifully kept, and adorned with flowers and
shrubbery, and magnificent tombs and monuments mark the last
resting places of wealth and respectability. Elaborate, solemn and
impressive services are held at the home of the deceased, or in
church, the body is borne to the grave in a funeral car, while extra
coaches and hearses are employed in carrying the floral offerings
and decorations provided by the family and friends.
 The civil register law conferred great benefits upon the poor, in the
matter of births and deaths. Previous to that there was no record of
births, except in the church records, made by the priests when they
found it agreeable and convenient. Then, as now, a large per cent. of
the children born were illegitimate, and if the parents did not want the
birth inscribed in the record, it was conveniently omitted. Then there
was no law to compel those in charge of the cemeteries to issue
burial permits, and usually the priests demanded a fee before
permission was given to bury the Catholic dead in the consecrated
grounds, while non-Catholics were denied the right of burial in the
cemeteries on any terms.
Fortunately the civil law makes the registration of births, deaths
and burials free and compulsory. In every municipal district there is a
civil registrar, whose business it is to keep these records, and to
issue burial permits. Private burials are prohibited by law.