Cloud Computing

Sandeep Bhowmik

Chapter 4

Cloud Computing Model

Cambridge University Press

Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

Standard Cloud Model

• Any technology needs a standard model for the convenience of

understanding and globalization.

• During early days, several models were represented by different

bodies from their respective viewpoints.

• The most appreciated and accepted model of cloud computing

comes from U.S. National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST).

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• The model was proposed by Information Technology

Laboratory of NIST in 2011.

• The definition states,

“Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is
composed of five essential characteristics, three service
models, and four deployment models.”

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• When unpacked, it can be observed that the definition says,

• Cloud computing is a model and not a technology.
• Cloud computing enables users’ access to pools of
computing resources via network.
• The resources are shared among users and made available
on-demand.
• The prime benefit is the ease of use with very little
management headache for users.

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The NIST Model

• The NIST model describes cloud from two perspective –

• Cloud modeling based on deployment - It focuses on the

access boundary and location of the cloud establishment.

• Cloud modeling based on service delivery - describes the

type of computing service that is offered to users.

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The NIST Model

• The NIST model also mentions five essential characteristics of

cloud computing.

• A computing facility empowered by these five characteristics or

attributes, can be referred as Cloud Computing.

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The NIST Model

• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing

1. On-demand self-service

• On-demand ability empowers users to consume the computing

facility as much based on their current demand, at any moment.

• Computing facility is delivered by third party service provider.

• Self-service refers that computing facility can be arranged without

any human intervention at service provider’s end. Hence, system
must have automated mechanism to manage things.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing

2. Resource pooling

• Computing requires resources like processor, memory, storage and

network.

• Cloud vendors maintain pools of computing resources to

support all users’ computing need.

• Users can access and use these resources to satisfy their

computing needs as and when required.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing

3. Broad network access

• The cloud service facility installed at the provider’s end is remotely

accessed by users through network.

• To serve this purpose, strong network infrastructure has to be in

place.

• Broad network access facility makes cloud computing

ubiquitous or accessible anywhere.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing

4. Rapid elasticity

• Cloud computing requires provisioning of adequate and

frequently changing demand of resources for a large number of
users.

• The computing environment must create an impression of

limitless repository of resources .

• Rapid provisioning and release of resources is critical for

building a low cost computing facility.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing

4. Rapid elasticity

• Resources should be delivered to user immediately on demand.

• Again when a user no more uses the resources, those have to be

taken back immediately, to avoid wastage of valuable resources
.

• Rapid elasticity refers to the ability of a system to grow and

shrink swiftly, according to the requirement.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing

5. Measured service

• Measuring the usages of computing resources by a user is

essential.

• This is done on known metric such as amount of processing power

consumed, use of storage volume, network bandwidth used,
number of network transactions etc.

• This usage of the pooled resources has to be calculated and stated

(or billed) to every user/organization.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• Essential Characteristic of Cloud Computing

5. Measured service

• This way, users are no more charged for any idle resources or
for resources they are not using.

• The metering of actual resource consumption dramatically

reduces the cost of computing for users.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• Another Important Characteristic

Multi-tenancy

• Single set of resources can have multiple tenants who are

not linked with each other.

• Multi-tenancy allows the sharing of same resources by

different subscribers without the subscribers being aware
of it.

• Multi-tenancy is not called out as an essential cloud

characteristic of cloud computing, but is often considered
as such.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• Another Important Characteristic

Multi-tenancy

• Single-tenancy increases usage cost.

• Multi-tenancy makes cloud computing economical.

• Multi-tenancy perfectly fits in public cloud environment, but

does not apply in private deployments.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• Comparison of characteristics among cluster, grid and cloud

computing models

Cluster Grid Cloud

Resource Pooling Yes Yes Yes

Broad Network Access Yes Yes Yes

Measured Service No Yes Yes

Rapid Elasticity No No Yes

On-demand Self-service No No Yes

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

• NIST Model consists of three components

• Cloud service model
• Cloud deployment model
• Essential cloud attributes or characteristics

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

The NIST Model

Broad Network Rapid Elasticity Measured On-demand

Access Service Self-service Essential
Characteristics

Resource Pooling

Infrastructure as a Platform as a Software as a Service Models

Service (IaaS) Service (PaaS) Service (SaaS)

Deployment
Public Private Community Hybrid Models

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

 NIST cloud reference architecture is a logical extension to the

NIST cloud computing definition.

 The architecture focuses on “what” cloud services need to

provide and not “how to” do that.

 It depicts a generic high-level architecture and represents an

actor/role based model.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

Cloud Provider

Cloud Service Orchestration

Consumer
Service Layer

SaaS

Cloud Service Management

PaaS

Security Management

Privacy Management
IaaS
Cloud
Cloud
Auditor
Broker
Resource Abstraction and
Security Control Layer
Audit
Physical Resource Layer
Privacy
Audit Hardware

Performance Facility
Audit

Cloud Carrier

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• The Actors

Cloud Actors

Consumer Provider Auditor Broker Carrier

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• The Actors and Their Roles

1. Cloud Consumer

• A cloud consumer represents a person or organization.

• They uses the service from, a cloud provider.

• Cloud consumer is the principal stakeholder in cloud

computing.

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NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• The Actors and Their Roles

2. Cloud Provider

• It is the entity responsible for making service available to

interested parties (consumers).

• Cloud Provider acquires and manages the computing

infrastructure required for providing the services.

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NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• The Actors and Their Roles

3. Cloud Auditor

• The cloud auditor is a party who can conduct independent

assessment of cloud services and report it.

• They audit any violation in pre-agreed policies and

regulations between provider and consumer.

• Audit happens on criterions like performance, security etc.

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NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• The Actors and Their Roles

4. Cloud Broker

• There can be enormous numbers of services and service

providers, that consumers may not be aware about.

• There may also be a need to integrate two different services

from two different providers.

• Cloud broker makes these things easier for consumers.

• They negotiates relationships between cloud providers and

cloud consumers.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• The Actors and Their Roles

4. Cloud Broker

Cloud
Provider A

Cloud Cloud
Consumer Broker

Cloud
Provider B

Usage Scenario of Cloud Broker

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• The Actors and Their Roles

5. Cloud Carrier

• Cloud computing services are delivered from cloud provider to

cloud consumer, either directly or via some cloud broker.

• Cloud carrier acts as an agent in this delivery.

• They are organizations who provide connectivity and transport

facility of services through network.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• Interactions between the Actors in NIST model

Cloud 4 Cloud
Consumer Auditor

5
2 6
1

Cloud Cloud
Broker 3 Provider

The numbers represents the order of interactions among actors.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• Service Orchestration

• Service orchestration is an important part for cloud provider.

• It is the composition of system components to support the cloud

providers’ activities.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• Service Orchestration

• Service orchestration has three layers in it.

Service Layer
SaaS

PaaS

IaaS

Resource Abstraction and

Control Layer

Physical Resource Layer

Hardware

Facility

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

NIST Cloud Reference Architecture

• Service Orchestration

• The physical resource layer is the lowest layer in the stack that
houses all the physical computing resources.

• The middle layer is the resource abstraction and control layer.

At this layer the abstraction of physical resources are
implemented (through software).

• At the top, there is the service layer, that provides computing

services to users.

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Chapter 4 Cloud Computing Model

Thank You

Cloud Computing; Sandeep Bhowmik @ Cambridge University Press