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Q.10

Give an example graph for which Bellman Ford algorithm will fail to find shortest path.

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I an undirected graph with negative edge weights, will kruskal’s algorithm produces MST?
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Q. 21 Discuss advantage of skip list over linked list.


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How can we solve all pairs shortest path problem with Dijkstra algorithm? Illustrate with a
suitable example. Also compute its time complexity.
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Q. 28 Compare and contrast separate chaining and open addressing as collision resolution
strategies. Under what conditions might one be preferred over the other? Write average-case and
worst-case time complexities for insertion, deletion, and search operations in both methods.

Q. 29 For the pattern P = "abacab", build the failure function step-by-step and explain how
the failure function helps in avoiding unnecessary comparisons when searching for this
pattern in a larger text.

Q. 30 Given a B-tree of order 3 (each node can have a maximum of 3 children and 2 keys),
perform a sequence of insertions for the following keys: [10, 20, 5, 6, 12, 30, 7, 17]. Show
the tree after each insertion and any node splits that occur.

Q.31

discuss the advantage of RANDOMIZED-QUICKSORT over Quicksort algorithm? During


the running time of procedure RANDOMIZED-QUICKSORT how many calls are made to
the random number generator RANDOM in the worst case? what about the best case?
Also write recurrence relation for RANDOMIZED-PARTITION in worst and best cases.

Q. 32
How does the Union-Find data structure ensure that it avoids cyclic connections in a graph?
What are the time complexities of union and find operations in a naive implementation of
Union-Find?

6. Describe a real-world problem where Union-Find can be applied effectively.

11. How does Union-Find solve the problem of detecting cycles in an undirected graph?
12. Implement a Union-Find data structure to determine whether two nodes in a graph belong
to the same connected component.
13. How can you use Union-Find to efficiently implement dynamic connectivity in a graph?
14. Explain how Union-Find can be used in social network analysis to determine groups of
connected users.

• Analyze the behavior of the KMP algorithm for the pattern "AAAAA" and text
"AAAAAAAAAA". What do you observe?

11. • Use the KMP algorithm to determine if a string contains repeated substrings. For
example, the string "abab" should return True.

Explain how the KMP algorithm can be extended to find all occurrences of a pattern in a text.

What happens when there is a mismatch in the KMP algorithm, and how does the LPS array help
handle mismatches?

Explain how a trie can be used to perform auto-complete functionality.


Compare the time complexity of searching in a trie versus searching in a hash table.

Given a large dataset of strings, how a trie can efficiently find the most frequent prefix?

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using an iterator over indexing for accessing
elements in a collection.

How can a skip list be viewed as an extension of the List ADT? What are its advantages?

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