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Introduction-to-Operating-System

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Introduction-to-Operating-System

Uploaded by

Sourav Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System

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Operating System

• An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer


hardware, software resources, and provides common services for
computer programs.

• An operating system is the most important software that runs on a


computer.

• It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of


its software and hardware.

• It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing


how to speak the computer's language.

• Without an operating system, a computer is useless.

❖ Structure of Computer System:

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Operating System

A Computer System consists of:

• Users (people who are using the computer).


• Application Programs (Compilers, Databases, Games, Video player,
Browsers, etc.).
• Operating System ( A special program which acts as an interface
between user and hardware ).
• Hardware ( CPU, Disks, Memory, etc).

❖ Feature of Operating System:


Here is a list of some significant functions of an Operating System, which
is found common in almost all operating systems:

• Resource management: OS allocates resources like memory,


processor, and storage to different tasks. For instance, in multitasking
environments, the OS decides how to assign memory to various
applications.
• Memory management: OS manages computer memory allocation and
ensures that each program can access the memory it needs.
• Process management: OS creates and manages processes and units of
work the computer executes.
• File management: OS manages files, organizes them, and grants access
to different programs and users.
• Security: OS includes security features to protect the computer from
unauthorized access and viruses.

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Operating System

• User interface: OS provides users with two interfaces to interact with


the computer: a graphical user interface (GUI) and a command-line
interface (CLI).
• Networking: Many OSs include support for networking, allowing the
computer to communicate and exchange data with other devices over
a network, such as the internet or a local area network (LAN).
• Device management: OS manages devices connected to the computer,
such as printers, keyboards, and storage devices.
• Power management: OS includes features to manage the computer's
power usage and conserve energy when possible.
• Software installation and updates: OS provides a mechanism for
installing and updating software applications.

These are just a few examples of features commonly found in operating


systems. The specific features of an operating system depend on the
particular system and its intended use.

❖ Advantage of Operating System:

Here are some advantages and disadvantages of operating systems:

✓ Resource Management: OS efficiently manages computer resources


such as CPU, memory, and peripherals, ensuring optimal utilization.
✓ User Interface: Operating systems provide a user-friendly interface,
making it easier for users to interact with the computer.
✓ Multitasking: OS enables the execution of multiple tasks or processes
simultaneously, allowing users to switch between applications
seamlessly.

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Operating System

✓ Security: Operating systems include security features to protect the


system and user data, such as user authentication, access controls, and
encryption.
✓ File Management: OS provides file organization and management,
allowing users to create, modify, and delete files and directories.

❖ Disadvantages of Operating System:

✓ Complexity: Operating systems can be complex, requiring specialized


knowledge for effective administration and troubleshooting.
✓ Resource Overhead: The OS itself consumes system resources (CPU,
memory), which may reduce the overall system performance.
✓ Compatibility Issues: Some applications or hardware may not be
compatible with certain operating systems, leading to issues with
installation or functionality.
✓ Cost: Some operating systems, especially proprietary ones, may come
with licensing fees, adding to the overall cost of the computing
infrastructure.
✓ Learning Curve: Users and administrators may need time to learn and
adapt to a new operating system, especially when transitioning from one
OS to another.

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Operating System

❖ Evolution of Operating System:

The history of the operating system has four generations now:

First Generation:

• First Generation(1945-1955) In this generation, operating systems


were not introduced therefore the instruction was directly given to the
computer systems.
• All the code was included to communicate with the connected
hardware and the system.
• Electronic computers were introduced during the 1940s when there
were no operating systems therefore the code was written in machine
language where they were just used to solve simple mathematic
problems.

Second Generation:

• (1955-1965) GMOS (General Motos operating system) was the first


operating system that came into the picture in the 1950s which was
developed for IBM computers.
• IBM was the first one that bought an operating system into the world.
• In the second generation, around the 1960s the first UNIX Operating
system was developed that was available for free for a few years.

Example - Type of operating system and Batch OS.

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Operating System

Third Generation:

• (1965-1980) In the third generation, the concept of multiprogramming


was introduced in which multiple tasks could be performed in a single
computer i.e., operating system.
• Due to performing multiple tasks at a time, multiprogramming allows
the CPU to be busy every time multiple tasks are performed on the
same computer.

Fourth Generation:

• (1980-now) The evolution of computers maka operating systems came


under the fourth generation.
• Every user is using their personal computers in this generation.
• The concept of personal computers is similar to the minicomputer that
was introduced in the third generation.
• In this generation, people were also introduced to Graphic User
Interface(GUI).

©Topperworld

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