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Application of Drones Technology in Agriculture: A Modern Approach

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DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72131

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 Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

Volume 30, Issue 7, Page 142-152, 2024; Article no.JSRR.118020

ISSN: 2320-0227

Application of Drones Technology in

Agriculture: A Modern Approach
Nandini Singh a++, Deeksha Gupta b#, Mansi Joshi c++,
Kamalkant Yadav d†, Somanath Nayak e‡, Manish Kumar a++,
Kratika Nayak c++, Shani Gulaiya d†*
and Ashutosh Singh Rajpoot f
a Department of Agronomy, Galgotias University, Greater Noida (UP), India.
b JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP), India.
c Agronomy, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP), India.
d SOAG, Galgotias University, Greater Noida (UP), India.
e CAU, Imphal, India.
f Department of Extension Education, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP), India.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Article Information
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72131

Open Peer Review History:

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/118020

Received: 08/04/2024
Review Article Accepted: 12/06/2024
Published: 17/06/2024

ABSTRACT
Drone technology can be used for many applications for agricultural uses, including crop health
monitoring and farm operations like weed management, Evapotranspiration estimation, spraying
etc. For agricultural applications, regularized smart-farming solutions are being considered,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
++
Research, Scholar;
#
Ph.D, Forestry (Silviculture and Agroforestry);
†
Assistant Professor;
‡
Scientist;
*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

Cite as: Singh, Nandini, Deeksha Gupta, Mansi Joshi, Kamalkant Yadav, Somanath Nayak, Manish Kumar, Kratika Nayak,
Shani Gulaiya, and Ashutosh Singh Rajpoot. 2024. “Application of Drones Technology in Agriculture: A Modern Approach”.
Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30 (7):142-52. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i72131.
 Singh et al.; J. Sci. Res. Rep., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 142-152, 2024; Article no.JSRR.118020

including the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The agricultural UAVs are highly capable,
and their use has expanded across all areas of agriculture, including pesticide and fertilizer
spraying, seed sowing, and growth assessment and mapping. Accordingly, the market for
agricultural UAVs is expected to continue growing with the related technologies. In this study, we
consider the latest trends and applications of leading technologies related to agricultural UAVs,
control technologies, equipment, and development. We discuss the use of UAVs in real agricultural
environments. Furthermore, the future development of the agricultural UAVs and their challenges
are presented. By flying safely and at relatively high speeds, drones can cover large and small
properties quickly to manage assets, resources, and land. Many farms are now using drones to
check and maintain water levels in dams and other resources previously inaccessible whilst
removing any risk to the operator or surrounding area. In order to produce better crop quality and
shield fields from harm, this study paper aims to emphasise the value of drones in agriculture and
describe the best drones currently on the market for this purpose.

Keywords: Drone; UAV; smart farming; fertilizer spraying; seed sowing; growth assessment;
mapping.

1. INTRODUCTION intelligence- a combination of big data, the

internet of things, robotics, artificial intelligence
“Drones are revolutionizing agriculture with their (AI), and information and communication
ability to gather vast amounts of data quickly technologies (ICT)- to increase the rate at which
and efficiently. Here's how drones are being food is produced. Future prospects are created
applied in modern agriculture. Use of drones by the dynamic field of smart agriculture. At the
can be advantageous in the case of pesticide centre of the smart agriculture expansion are
spraying, replacing labour intensive and agriculture robots, among which, unmanned
hazardous conventional methods particularly in aerial vehicles (UAV) have been extensively
difficult areas such as hills. Artificial intelligence applied” [2b,3]. “UAVs have significantly
and machine learning can be combined with reduced working hours, resulting in increased
NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) stability, measurement accuracy, and
imaging technology-based high-resolution productivity. UAVs are not only less expensive
images captured by drones to develop than most other agricultural machines, but also,
understanding of soil conditions, plant health they are easily operated. Moreover, their
and crop yield prediction. Every individual plant applications have contributed to the expansion
can be located separately and analyzed using of many areas of agriculture, including
image processing algorithms, if it is stressed” insecticide and fertilizer prospecting and
[1,2]. “Using this result, farmers can take spraying, seed planting, weed recognition,
preventive action to cease the spread of fertility assessment, mapping, and crop
diseases to other crops. Timely actions can be forecasting” [4]. “Many different types of sensors
taken to prevent losses from biotic stresses and other data-gathering devices have been
such as insect pests and diseases, optimize developed for agricultural applications, including
fertilization, rationalize irrigation and reduce the yield sensors, weed sensors, aboveground and
impact of climate change and unpredictable underground sensors that monitor temperature
weather using analyzed insights from data and humidity, and imaging sensors that are
collected by drones and satellite-based remote perhaps the most crucial in the field of precision
sensing. The agricultural labour shortage in agriculture. In the past, the only ways to obtain
exceptional times of COVID 19 pandemic that aerial photos were by aircraft or satellites, as
has necessitated adoption of physical distancing those used in the Landsat programme. Images
measures has opened up several opportunities captured by satellites or aeroplanes equipped
for the use of drones in agriculture. An attempt with multispectral and hyper- spectral cameras
has been made in this article to assess the use could be used to compute a variety of
of drones for facilitating farming activity amidst vegetation indices that can show variations in
lockdown compliance and labour deficit. the field. The normalised difference vegetation
According to the ‘Agriculture in 2050 Project,’ index (NDVI), for example, is a vegetation index
the world population will reach about 10 billion that compares the light intensities reflected from
by 2050. Consequently, food production will canopies in the near infrared (NIR) and visible
require a 70% boost [2a] Agriculture needs ranges” [5,6]. “Precision positioning, navigation,
automation, robotics, information services, and controls, images, communications, sensors,

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materials, batteries, circuits, and motors are technology continues to advance, the
examples of cutting-edge technology. It is applications of drones in agriculture are
necessary to apply a variety of technologies expected to expand further, driving innovation
(such as nozzle controls, big data, and and efficiency in food production. In this review
equipment development) depending on how the paper, we mainly discuss the value of deploying
UAV is used and the farming industry. Providing and utilising drones and UAVs in agriculture as
information on any UAV technology is well as the extra benefits that farmers can
difficult.Like other industries, the agricultural receive on crop productivity from using drones.
sector has sought innovation by utilizing The benefits and applications of drones in
convergence technologies. UAVs have proven agriculture are covered in this review
to be highly utilized throughout the sector. [9-13].
However, agricultural UAVs face numerous
technical limitations, such as battery efficiency, 2. AGRICULTURAL DRONE
low flight time, communication distance, and
payload” [7,8]. In order to develop the best “Drone technology uses tiny sensors (such as
strategy for the upcoming generation of pressure, magnetometer, gyros, and
agricultural solutions, technical constraints must accelerometers) whose sizes are getting smaller
be resolved. Therefore, it is important to first talk every day and whose performance is always
about the newest technologies, upgrades, improving” [14,15]. “Furthermore, drone
precise instruments, and diversification before technology is advancing due to the ongoing
establishing a plan and a system for future development of strong CPUs, GPS
development. This study looks at agricultural modules, and increased digital radio range.
UAV trends, current state, emerging UAVs may now be smaller and carry more
technologies, and application areas. It also cargo because to advancements in
offers future directions, opportunities, and embedded systems and motor technology.
problem-solving tasks. Overall, drones offer These further results in improved drone
farmers a powerful tool for improving control for monitoring distant fields” [16,17].
productivity, sustainability in farmer’s income, Working of agriculture drones in field as seen in
and resilience in modern agriculture. As Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Agriculture drone is being used in the field of agriculture

Fig. 2. Fixed-wing UAV drone is being used in the field

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Fig. 3. A helicopter drone is being used in the field of agriculture

Fixed-wing UAV: “These UAVs are equipped for further analysis and remedial action to boost
with stationary wings in the form of aerofoils, productivity. Drones can assist with crop health
which produce lift when the aircraft achieves a monitoring, irrigation, fertiliser application, and
particular speed. Helicopters and fixed-wing soil health evaluations. It also provides useful
aircraft have dominated the unmanned aerial data analysis for farming estimates. “These days,
vehicle (UAV) market during the last ten years. the use of small unmanned aerial vehicles
These days, the emphasis in precision (UAVs) in agriculture is expanding quickly” [9,10].
agriculture has changed from small drones to “Drones are semiautomated machines that are
multicopters, which currently account for about moving closer to being fully automated. The
half of all UAV models on the market” [13]. Table potential for agricultural planning and related
1 and Fig. 2 provides an overview of the benefits, spatial information collecting with these devices
drawbacks, and uses of fixed-wing drones, is immense. Despite certain inherent obstacles,
helicopters, and multicopters. this technology can be applied to useful data
analysis” [11]. “In the past, unmanned aerial
Helicopters: For lift and propulsion, it is vehicles (UAVs) were piloted by a pilot via a
equipped with a single set of horizontally radio; however, contemporary drones are GPS-
revolving blades that are fixed to a central pole based autonomous aerial vehicles. Depending
post. Fig. 3 depicts this kind of UAV. Helicopters on how a drone will be used, different cameras,
can fly forward, backward, take off and land sensors, and control devices will be used. Fixed-
vertically, and hover over an object. These wing, Helicopter, and Multi-copter are the three
characteristics enable the employment of primary categories of UAV platforms” [12]. The
helicopters in crowded and isolated locations usage of semi-controlled drones for farm
where fixed-wing aircraft cannot function. surveillance has been transformed by the
integration of artificial intelligence (AI) [18,19]. A
Multi-copters: “Rotorcraft with numerous sets of semi-controlled drone made decisions solely
horizontally rotating blades (usually 4-8) has the based on the output from its sensors. Because AI
capacity to lift and regulate UAV motions. The systems are capable of making decisions on their
usage of semi-controlled drones for farm own, they are a valuable tool for real-time data
surveillance has been transformed by the processing. AI's ability to make decisions is
integration of artificial intelligence (AI)” [18,19]. A predicated on prior training. The productivity of
semi-controlled drone made decisions solely farms has increased because of real-time data
based on the output from its sensors. Because AI processing that maps the field's spatial
systems are capable of making decisions on their variability. Drones are used in agricultural
own, they are a valuable tool for real-time data settings to gather basic crop data, which is
processing. AI's ability to make decisions is subsequently entered into analytical models for
predicated on prior training. Real-time data additional analysis and corrective action to
analysis that maps the spatial variability of the increase output. Drones can help with irrigation,
field has enhanced farm output. In agricultural fertiliser application, crop health monitoring, and
settings, drones are utilised to collect basic crop soil health assessments. It offers helpful data
data that is incorporated into analytical models analysis for farming predictions as well [20,21].

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Table 1. Different Types of aerial imaging system used in precision agriculture

Types of Commercial agriculture Price Applications in agriculture Advantage Disadvantage

Aerial drones range
platform
Pilot aircraft M-18 Dromader Very high Crop scouting Fertilizer and pesticide 1-High speed 1-High operating cost
(40) PZL-106AR Kruk spraying for larger area Drought 2-High Flight Time 2-High altitude Flight
monitoring Security, and surveillance 3-Higher payload 3- Problem in inspection of
Weight isolated small fields
4-Can cover well over
hundreds of hectares of
crop fields in a short
period
Single Rotor Yamaha RMAXR22- High Large area pesticide spraying in 1-High Payload 1-Heavier 2-Costly setup 3-
Helicopter UVR66 spray remote area where high payload Capacity High altitude flight 4-Noise
(UAV) systemAlign Demeter capability is needed Crop height 2-Higher flight time and vibration
(53) E1SR20 and SR200 of estimations Soil and field analysis Crop 3-Higher speed 5-Stability problem
Rotary motion classification 4-Strong and durable

Fixed Wing 1-AgEagle RX60 Medium- Large area monitoring large area crop 1-Simpler architecture 1-Limited accessibility
(12,23,31) 2-eBee Ag High growth monitoring Crop health status 2-Easier 2-Less wind resistance
3- Precision Hawk monitoring Fertilizer and pesticide maintenance process 3-Difficulties in launching
Lancaster spraying 3-Long endurance and 4-Difficulties in landing
4-Sentera Phoenix range
2Trimble UX5 4-Higher flight speed
Multi-copter 1-DJI Phantom 4 PRO Low - Nutrition, and crop stress considering 1-Site-specific 1-low speed 2-low payload
2-AGCO Solo Medium local field needs Spot pesticide management weight
spraying small field 2-Low altitude flight 3-capability Complex
capability 4-architecture Difficult
3-Better stability maintenance process
4-Stable fixed flight Limited flying time and range
capability Lower flight speed

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3. POTENTIALS AND PROBLEMS OF which aids in accurate data collection and

USING DRONES IN AGRICULTURE global mapping. It is possible to irrigate little
areas. Plants require a variety of conditions
1) Soil Analysis for field planning: Drones in order to grow. Today, one of the most
can be used to analyze soil and fields for crucial parts of agriculture is irrigation
planting schedules, irrigation, and soil management. It can be quite challenging to
nitrogen levels. Drones are also useful for irrigate plants without irrigation solutions.
creating precise 3-D maps that can be
utilized for soil analysis, including Drones also outperform other methods when it
measurements of moisture content, soil comes to automated spot therapy using stress
erosion, and soil characteristics [22]. detection technology, which employs cameras
2) Seed Pod Planting: Some businesses have and sensors to target unhealthy areas while
developed an additional attachment sparing healthy areas. Drones increase the
underneath drone systems that can shoot spraying capacity to five times faster than with
pods holding seed and plant nutrients into traditional machinery [25].
the prepared soil. These pods are invented,
but they are not widely used just yet. This 5) Irrigation: Drones equipped with thermal,
lowers the cost of planting. multispectral, or hyperspectral sensors can
3) Crop Monitoring: Crop monitoring is the use multispectral indices to pinpoint the
biggest headache not only for farmers, but areas of the field that lack moisture. This
also various other stakeholders associated in facilitates the precise and timely planning
agriculture operations. This challenge has of irrigation to the designated locations
got worse also with rise of unpredictable [26].
weather patterns, which lead to rising crop 6) Crop health assessment: The amount of
loss risks and maintenance costs. Drones visible and near-infrared light that plants
can be used to set its monitoring routes by reflect depends on their health and stress
gathering multispectral geospatial and tolerance. Drones equipped with sensors
temporal datasets at pre-defined scales that that can detect visible and near-infrared
relate to crop development and health. Data light from crops can be used to follow the
analytics help in getting insights on crop health of the crop over time and to see
health much before being visible by manual how it responds to corrective action [27].
field scouting [22]. 7) Crop surveillance: In huge fields,
4) Crop Spraying: Drones are able to carry estimating the general condition of the
appropriately sized reservoirs that can be crops is very impossible. Farmers may
loaded with insecticides, herbicides, or identify which field regions need attention
fertilizers to quickly and efficiently spray and stay up to speed on plant status by
agricultural products across wide areas. Due using drones to map agricultural
to its autonomous and pre-programmed landscapes. Using infrared cameras,
operation on precise times and routes, crop drones scan the area and calculate light
spraying is far safer and more economical. In absorption rates to assess the condition of
order to obtain consistent and ideal spraying the crops. Farmers can take action to
outcomes over a variety of topographies, enhance the condition of plants in any area
drones are also programmed to self-adjust of the field based on accurate and up-to-
their height and speed using ultrasonic date information. The use of drones to
echoes, TOF lasers, and GNSS signals. improve agricultural insurance instruments
Drone spraying is a smart farm's way of for cross-verifying farmers' insurance
reducing human exposure to pesticides, claims is based on this aspect of crop
fertilizers, and other hazardous substances. surveillance and crop health assessment.
Pesticides that prevent crop diseases from The possible application in the future will
spreading are sprayed by drones [23]. In less be determined by practical considerations
than 30 minutes, pesticides and insecticides and the financial implications of the
can be sprayed on the farm with the help of a insurance model that is implemented [28].
drone. Drone cameras can be used for data 8) Controlling weed, insect, pest and
collecting, research, land photogrammetry, diseases: Drones are able to identify and
agricultural mapping, and crop monitoring notify farmers about field regions affected
[24]. Drones make it simple to maintain the by disease, weeds, and insect pests in
plant at all times on such a vast area of land, addition to soil conditions. With the

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application of this knowledge, farmers can they also have certain drawbacks. Drones
minimize the amount of insecticides used used in agriculture have short flight
to combat infestations, saving costs and durations (20–60 minutes) because of their
improving the health of their fields. relatively larger payloads. As a result, the
9) Tree/crop biomass estimation: Drones land is only partially covered by each
equipped with ultra tiny LiDAR sensors can charge. Longer flight times result in a large
be used to determine the distance from the increase in drone costs [31].
ground surface and the density of crop and 2) Initial Cost: Most agricultural drones used
tree canopy. This makes it possible to for surveying have fixed wings, and
determine the change in biomass of trees depending on the features and sensors
and crops based on differential height required to carry out their intended purpose,
measurements, which is the foundation for they can cost as much as $25000 ex.
measuring the output of crops like Precision Hawk's Lancaster. Certain drones
sugarcane and lumber in forests. Following are more expensive than others because
the distribution of numerous crop seeds, they require additional hardware, software,
birds pose a significant threat. Labor is sensors, and equipment. Aside from
needed for this to keep the field safe. The sensors and features, the starting cost is
birds might be scared off from the field by also correlated with the payload and flight
a few drone flights [29]. duration capacities.
3) National Laws: The first Civil Aviation
Benefits, Costs and Saving in Using Drone: Regulations (CAR) for drones in India were
issued by the Directorate General of Civil
Security: Pilots with training operate the drones Aviation on August 27, 2018, and they will
that spray crops from a distance. Through this take effect on December 1st, 2018. The
method, farmers and farm labourers are kept out Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Rules18-
of direct contact with hazardous chemicals and Part VI, which were published in the Indian
unfavourable working circumstances. Gazette on June 2, 2020, regulate the
operation of drones in India. These
High field capacity and efficiency: Drones regulations stipulate that in order to operate
operate in the field with extremely little delay and a UAS, an operator must
turnaround time. Depending on its capacity, the obtain an Unmanned Aircraft Operator's
drone may spray between 50 and 100 acres Permit (UAOP) and obtain permission for
every day, which is thirty times more than a each flight via the Online Digital Sky
standard knapsack sprayer. platform in order to comply with the No
Permission No Takeoff (NPNT) policy
Wastage reduction: The high degree of [32].
atomization during spraying conserves 30% of 4) Connectivity: In most arable farms, internet
the insecticide. Pesticides such as chemical fog access is not available. Any farmer who
can be sprayed on crops at any point in their wants to employ drones in this scenario
growth cycle. needs to make an investment in connectivity
or purchase a drone that can store data
Water saving: Drones save 90% of the water locally in a format that can be processed
used in traditional spraying methods by utilizing and transferred later.
ultra-low volume spraying technology. Lower 5) Weather Dependent: Drones are more
cost: Drone spaying is 97% less expensive than difficult to fly in windy or wet weather than
traditional spraying techniques. traditional aircraft. Drones rely on the
weather [33,34].
Easy to use and maintain: The drones for 6) Knowledge and Skill: A typical farmer is
agriculture are built tough. It requires little unable to analyze drone photos since doing
upkeep, has a lengthy productive lifespan, and is so calls for specific knowledge and
easy to replace its parts as needed by the drone abilities that cannot be obtained from them.
service provider [30]. In these situations, the farmer must either
recruit knowledgeable staff who
Problems and bottlenecks: are familiar with the analysis program or
develop the necessary skills and
1) Flight Time and Range: Drones for knowledge of image processing
agricultural usage have advantages, but software.

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7) Misuse: There is a potential for abuse to generative AI, particularly LLMs, are impacting
result in unauthorized information agriculture:
transmission and privacy violations.
1. Precision Agriculture
These methods are easy to use and call for little  Data Analysis and Prediction: LLMs can
data. However, due of their weak theoretical analyze large datasets from various
foundation, they are challenging to implement in sources such as soil sensors, weather
complicated disciplines. stations, and satellite imagery. This
helps in predicting crop yields, identifying
4. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE pest infestations, and optimizing
CHALLENGES irrigation schedules.
 Soil Health Monitoring: By processing
This review paper presents the state-of-the-art data from soil samples, LLMs can
development of drone technology for precision provide insights into nutrient deficiencies
farming. The Paper covers two main fields of and recommend appropriate fertilizers or
drone applications in the area of Precision soil amendments.
agriculture: crop monitoring, and pesticide 2. Crop Management
spraying. In particular, change in drone  Disease Detection: Generative AI can
structures, development of sensors for data analyze images of plants to detect
collection, innovation in pesticide spraying drone, diseases at an early stage. This is done
implementation of deep learning. The application through computer vision models trained
of sensors, IoT, mechatronics, and other on large datasets of healthy and
technologies in agriculture has become inevitable diseased plants.
in recent years. Drones can be a practical tool  Pest Control: AI models can predict pest
for mapping variability across agricultural fields outbreaks by analyzing weather patterns,
and applying agricultural inputs efficiently. crop data, and historical pest activity,
Drones are very useful in agricultural and related allowing for timely interventions.
fields like horticulture, fishing, forestry, and 3. Supply Chain Optimization
livestock management. It is applicable to all  Demand Forecasting: LLMs can predict
phases of plant development, from seed market demand for various crops by
germination to harvesting. A farmer can use a analyzing historical data, market trends,
drone to watch his field from above and spot any and external factors such as economic
particular plant stand that isn't growing properly. indicators and climate conditions.
It gives the farmer a clearer picture and enables  Logistics and Distribution: Generative AI
them to make better judgments on a range of can optimize the supply chain by
agricultural duties. Over the past two decades, predicting the best routes and times for
the market for drones has grown significantly, transporting goods, reducing waste and
and they have revolutionised a number of costs.
industries, including agriculture, industry, and the 4. Farm Management Systems
military. This study looked into the value of  Decision Support Systems: AI-powered
drones in agriculture and emphasised the several platforms can assist farmers in making
drones that are available for different uses in the data-driven decisions about planting,
field, along with their technical details. The study harvesting, and resource management.
is seen as an alert for the agricultural and  Automation and Robotics: LLMs and
industrial sectors regarding the development and other AI technologies power autonomous
integration of more drones to improve agricultural tractors, drones, and robotic harvesters,
activities and, ultimately, produce the highest- increasing efficiency and reducing labor
quality crops in the near future. costs.
5. Sustainability and Environmental Impact
DISCLAIMER (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)  Resource Management: Generative AI
helps in optimizing the use of water,
Generative AI technologies, including Large fertilizers, and pesticides, reducing
Language Models (LLMs), are transforming environmental impact and promoting
various industries, including agriculture. These sustainable farming practices.
advancements can help farmers and  Carbon Footprint Reduction: AI models
agribusinesses improve efficiency, sustainability, can suggest practices that reduce
and productivity. Here's a detailed look at how

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carbon emissions and enhance carbon monitoring, informed decision-making, and

sequestration in soil. automation of farming operations. These
6. Personalized Farming Assistance advancements lead to increased productivity,
 Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: LLMs sustainability, and profitability in the agricultural
can power chatbots that provide sector.
personalized advice to farmers,
answering questions about crop COMPETING INTERESTS
management, pest control, and weather
forecasts in real-time. Authors have declared that no competing
 Education and Training: AI-powered interests exist.
platforms can offer customized training
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