Module_I_Set_Theory_and_Matrices
Module_I_Set_Theory_and_Matrices
1. Sets
Definition: A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects, called elements or members
of the set.
Types of Sets:
1. Empty Set (∅): A set with no elements. Example: B = {prime numbers less than 2}.
2. Finite and Infinite Sets: A finite set has a countable number of elements. Infinite sets have
unlimited elements (e.g., N, the set of natural numbers).
4. Power Set: The set of all subsets of A, denoted P(A). Example: If A = {1, 2}, then P(A) = {∅,
{1}, {2}, {1, 2}}.
2. Intersection (A ∩ B): The set of elements common to both A and B. Example: A ∩ B = {2}.
4. Complement (Aᶜ): The set of all elements not in A (relative to a universal set).
3. Venn Diagrams
A diagrammatic representation of sets using circles.
Example:
2. (A ∩ B)ᶜ = Aᶜ ∪ Bᶜ
Matrices
1. Definition of a Matrix
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
2. Types of Matrices
1. Square Matrix: Rows = Columns. Example: [[1, 2], [3, 4]].
3. Operations on Matrices
1. Addition: A + B = [aij + bij].
4. Rank of a Matrix
The rank of a matrix is the maximum number of linearly independent rows or columns.
2. Matrix Multiplication: A = [[1, 2], [3, 4]], B = [[2, 0], [1, 2]]. Compute AB.
Example: , where .
Types of Functions:
1. Polynomial Functions: .
Example: .
Example: .
1. Linear Functions: .
6. Modulus Function: .
Determinant of a Matrix
For a matrix: , .
Inverse of a Matrix
For a matrix : , if .
Steps to Calculate:
1. Solve for .
2. Substitute into to find .
Find .
Solution: .
2. De Morgan’s Law:
.
Verify .
Solution: .
Matrix Problems
1. Rank of a Matrix:
2. Matrix Multiplication:
Compute .
Solution: .
3. Eigenvalues:
Find eigenvalues of .
Solution: Solve : .