EIT-M October 2024

MEKELLE UNIVERSTY
EIT-M
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Project on

Prevention of Car Accident Due to Drowsy by Using Eye Blinking

Prepared By: ID.No:

1, Mearg Ezgihaye………......…157901/11
2, Hagos Shibesh…….............169812/12
3, Ataklti Asgddom…….........158119/11
4, Hagerawi Luel……………....158000/11

Advisor : Mr.Adhena N .
A semester Project Submitted to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at Mekelle
University Institute of Technology - Mekelle University in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering.

October, 2024, Mekelle, Ethiopia

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Declaration

We, are the undersigned, declare that this project is an original work, has not been presented for a
semester project in this or any other universities, and all sources of materials used for the project have
been fully acknowledged.

Student Name: Signature

1.Mearg Ezgihaye _________

2. Hagos Shibesh __________
3, Ataklti Asgedom
4. Hagerawi Luel __________

Approved by: Signature

Mr.Adhena N.
Advisor

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Acknowledgement
We place on the first and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement, invaluable
supervision, timely suggestions and inspired guidance offered by our guide Mr. Adhena N. in
bringing this project to a Partial successful completion.

Eventually we extend our gratefulness to one and all who are directly or indirectly involved
in this project work.

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Table of Contents
Declaration.......................................................................................................................................................
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................................
List of Table....................................................................................................................................................
List of Figure..................................................................................................................................................
List of acronyms............................................................................................................................................vii
Abstract........................................................................................................................................................viii

Chapter One ............................................................................................................................................. 1

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem statement .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of the project .................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1 General objective ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 Specific objective .................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 2
1.5 Scope and contribution ................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 The Project Organization ................................................................................................................ 3
Chapter Two ............................................................................................................................................ 4
Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Literature ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Chapter Three .......................................................................................................................................... 5
3. System design and analysis .................................................................................................................. 5
3.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED) ........................................................................................................... 6
3.2 IR sensor ........................................................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) .................................................................................................... 7
3.3.1 Working Principle of LDR......................................................................................... 8
3.3.2Characteristics of LDR ..................................................................................................... 8
3.3.3 Construction of a Photo cell ..................................................................................................... 9
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3.3.4 Applications of LDR.............................................................................................................. 10

3.3.5 Arduino Based LDR Sensor ................................................................................................... 10
3.4 MQ3- Alcohol Sensor.................................................................................................................. 11

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3.5 Comparator .................................................................................................................................. 12

3.6 Buzzer .......................................................................................................................................... 13
3.7 Circuit description ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.7.1 Power Supply ........................................................................................................... 14
3.7.2 DC Motor................................................................................................................. 15
3.7.3 Transistors ................................................................................................................ 20
3.7.4 Toy Car ................................................................................................................... 23
3.8 Design of components .................................................................................................................. 24
3.9 Software Used ........................................................................................................................... 28
3.9.1 Proteus.................................................................................................................... 28
3.9.2 Controller.............................................................................................................. 30
3.9.3 Power (USB) and pin configuration ................................................................... 31

Chapter Four ........................................................................................................................... 33

4. Result and Dicussion .................................................................................................................. 33

4.1 Hardware Demonstration and Its Components ................................................................... 35
4.1.1 Funs ................................................................................................................ 35
4.1.2 Breadboard..................................................................................................... 36
4.1.3 Jumper............................................................................................................ 37
4.1.4 Resistors ......................................................................................................... 38
Chapter Five ................................................................................................................................. 40
Conclusion and Recommendation ................................................................................................. 40
5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 40
5.2 Recommendation for future work ........................................................................................ 40
Reference....................................................................................................................................... 41

Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 42

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List of Table

Table 3.1 Buzzer circuit Input-Output ............................................................................................... 14

Table 3.2 Operation of H-Bridge Switching..................................................................................... 20
List of Figure

Figure 1.1: Modeling Approach of the System ............................................................................ 3

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of the System .................................................................................... 5
Figure 3.2a: Infra-Red Ray .......................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3.3b: Infra-Red Ray Reflected .......................................................................................... 7
Figure 3.4: Symbol of LDR ......................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3.5: LDR Output due to Illumination ................................................................................ 8
Figure 3.6: LDR Internal and External Structure ....................................................................... 10
Figure 3.7: Block Diagram of LDR Signals ............................................................................... 10
Figure 3.8: MQ3 Alcohol Sensor............................................................................................... 11
Figure 3.9: Comparator................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 3.10: Schematic Diagram of Alarm................................................................................ 13
Figure 3.11: Block Diagram of Voltage Regulator..................................................................... 14
Figure 3.12: power supply ......................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3.13: Internal structure of motor ..................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.14: motor rotation in clockwise direction..................................................................... 17
Figure 3.15: iron core armature ................................................................................................. 18
Figure 3.16: H-bridge switch diagram ....................................................................................... 19
Figure 3.17: Transistor Configuration......................................................................................... 22
Figure 3.18: how works the transistors ...................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.19: IR Sensor Circuit Diagram .................................................................................... 24
Figure 3.20: Regulator Circuit Diagram ..................................................................................... 25
Figure 3.21: Transistors of Circuit Diagram .............................................................................. 27
Figure 3.22: Proteus Work Space .............................................................................................. 29
Figure 3.23: Arduino ................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 4.1: Simulation When IR Receiver not get Signal ............................................................ 34
Figure 4.2: Simulation When IR Receiver Gets Signal .............................................................. 34
Figure 4.3: System Simulation with alcohol detector ................................................................ 34
Figure 4.4: Toy Car ................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 4.5: DC Fan for prototype .............................................................................................. 37
Figure 4.6: Buzzer ..................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 4.7: Breadboard.............................................................................................................. 37
Figure 4.8: Jumper Wires .......................................................................................................... 38
Figure 4.10: Hardware System Demonstration .......................................................................... 39

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Semester Project

List of acronyms
DC Direct Current
BD Blink Duration
GND Ground
LED Light Emitting Diode
IR Infra-red ray
KHz Kilohertz
LDR Light Dependent Resistor

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Abstract
Accident due to drowsy is prevented and controlled when the vehicle is out of control. The term
used here for the recognition that the driver is drowsy is by using eye blink of the driver. In recent
times drowsiness is one of the major causes for highway accidents. These types of accidents
occurred due to drowsy and driver can’t able to control the vehicle, when he/she wakes. The
drowsiness is identified by the eye blink duration through infra-red sensor. Depend on the eye
blink duration it can be detected the normal or drowsiness of the driver. If the driver is drowsy or
unconscious, then the system will give buzzer signal and the speeds of the vehicle are reduced
and stop finally when he/she is already asleep. And also the fan, on to make the air cool which
helps the deriver to returns into normal condition.

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Chapter One Introduction

1.1 Background
Driving is a challenging task where the driver has to be vigilant to take the current decision on
time to other drivers‟ actions and different road conditions. A common activity in most people’s
life is driving; therefore, improving driving (making driving safe) is an important issue in
everyday life. Even though the driver’s safety is improving in road and vehicle design, the total
number of serious crashes is still increasing. Reducing the number of vehicle crashes would
benefit to save life of millions people around the world. Vehicle accidents are most common if
the driving is inadequate. These happen on most factors if the driver is drowsy or if he is
unconscious. Driver’s drowsiness is recognized as an important factor in the vehicle accidents.
This project involves measure and controls the eye blink using IR sensor. The IR transmitter is
used to transmit the infrared rays in our eye. The IR receiver is used to receive the reflected
infrared rays of eye. If the eye is closed means the output of IR receiver is high otherwise the IR
receiver output is low. This to know the eye is closing or opening position. This output is give to
the comparator to compare the inputs and give the highest value.

This project involves controlling accident due to unconscious through Eye blink by considering
the duration of one blink. When the driver’s eye blink duration is more than the normal, the
system realizes driver’s drowsiness or unconscious, and then the alarm will ring in order to make
him /her conscious, if not the DC motor will decrease the speed and stop it at the last.

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1.2 Problem statement

An essential concern of car accident prevention is human’s life, the most expensive and
Unrecoverable if once lost. Due to car accident humans may injured highly and as well as lose
their life and it leads to socio-economic disturbance. The accident has negative impact on the
growth of one country by damaging the man power and properties.

Car accident is a pandemic and it is a headache of countries over all the world.

Especially, in our country Ethiopia the accident is the worst, increasing rapidly. It is the forth in

the world even if have small number of vehicles relative to the number of people, as the data

states from Ministry of Ethiopian Road Transportation. Drowsiness or unconscious is the major

cause for car accident. Almost all of car accident are due to the driver's mistake,

due to the car's technical problem is rarely happen. Then the main task of our project is to
control the driver, Due to this Doing project on prevention car accident due to drowsiness and
unconscious is the matter of saving human’s life and their properties from lost.

1.3 Objective of the project

1.3.1 General objective

The main objective of this project is to design, and implement a prototype of a model that used

to prevent car accident due to drowsiness and unconscious of the driver.

1.3.2 Specific objective

 To develop controller based drowsiness detection system

 To show a method how can prevent car accident by using IR sensor
 To improve our knowledge on doing project

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1.4 Methodology

This project tries to solve the problem by analyzing the eye blink of the driver using IR sensor.
And it will detect the eye blink rate and duration of the blink. For successful completion of this
project some steps will be followed to carry out different tasks. Starting from identifying the
problem depends on current issue we will undergo on revising of literatures, design our system
model, simulate and finally implement the prototype.

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Figure 1.1: Modeling Approach of the System

1.5 Scope and contribution

The scope of this project is to develop a system to prevent car accident due to drowsy by using
eye blink. We were design and simulate of system in this project. We will go on implementation
the prototype of project in the next semester.

Since this project involves on prevention of car accident, its contribution is very crucial. What
makes it highly especial, so that it saves the human life which is unrecoverable if once lost
through car accident due to drowsy; this project also save humans from losses of their properties.

1.6 The Project Organization

The project is organized into five chapters. The contents of these chapters are summarized as:
Chapter.1: Introduces overall background information of the system. This includes background,
problem statement, and objective, proposed methodology of the work and its Scope and
contribution.
Chapter.2: Focuses revision of related literatures to this system.
Chapter.3: Covers the system design and detail analysis of the system components.
Chapter.4: Investigates the observed results and discussions.
Chapter.5: Summarizes the conclusion and recommendation for future work.

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Chapter Two Literature Review

2. Literature
Neeta Parmar made a project by using a small monochrome security camera that points directly
towards the driver’s face and monitors the driver‟ in order to detect fatigue in Ryerson
University. The system deals with using information obtained for the binary version of the image
to find the edges of the face [1].

R.Manoj kumar have a paper on preventing the accidents by providing receiver unit in vehicles
along with transmitter unit at necessary places such as school zones, diversion zones, railway
crossings and other accident prone zones to indicate about the respective places well in advance
before reaching the spot by means of LCD message and as well as by a recorded voice [2].

Tomas Drutarousky on his bachelor thesis considers two main branches of blink detection
algorithms. The first group of detection methods belongs to a static blink detection, which uses
the fact, that it can determine the current eye state for each eye frame from the video sequence
independently. Based on these methods, it can be analyze captured eye states to reveal blinks. A
second type of blink detection is a sequential method, which uses analysis of consecutive frames
to estimate possible blink occurrence. In contrast to static detection methods, this approach
cannot determine the actual eye state in every point of the input video sequence. However, the
sequential analysis uses feature moves within the eye region to estimate behavior [3].

B.Praveenkumar, K.Mahendrakan has a paper on how to detect eye blink duration in

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology by measure
and controls [4].

Gehlot NL, made a system for preventing or reducing vehicle accidents comprising one or more
sensors positioned on a vehicle sensing a condition or conditions indicative of a drivers ability to
effectively control the vehicle; a processing unit in communication with the sensors, the
processing unit receiving data from the sensors, analyzing the data to determine an appropriate
response and initiating the response [5].

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Tomoda, Takahisa, A keyless entry system allows fully automatic operation of a door lock device
of an automotive vehicle. The system recognizes the presence and absence of an authorized user
and automatically locks or unlocks the vehicle door lock device according to the presence or
absence of the authorized user. The keyless entry system provided with a controller mounted on a
vehicle and designed to periodically generate a radio demand signal and transmit same at regular
interval [6].

Chapter Three

3. System design and analysis

This chapter contains the overall system description, system analysis and design of each
component. The modeling of the overall system is shown below.

Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of the System

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3.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Here, we have used the infrared sensor that consists of infrared transmitter which is one type of
LED, which emits infrared rays generally called as IR Transmitter. Similarly, IR Receiver is used
to receive the IR rays transmitted by the IR transmitter. One important thing is that, both IR
transmitter and receiver should be placed straight line to each other. The transmitted signal is
given to IR transmitter whenever the signal is high, the IR transmitter LED is conducting and
passes the IR rays to the receiver. The IR receiver is connected with comparator to feed input
signal.

3.2 IR sensor
IR transmitter and receiver have already discussed how an IR sensor works. IR Sensors work by
using a specific light sensor to detect a select wave frequency in the Infra-Red (38-40Hz). By
using an LED which produces light at the same wave frequency as what the sensor is looking for,
it can look at the intensity of the received light. When an eye is close, the sensor ray from the eye
not bounces off (reflected) and not receive into the receiver sensor. This process can be shown
below.

Figure 3.2a: Infra-Red Ray

Rays emitted from transmitter without reflection (eye is closed).

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Figure 3.3b: Infra-Red Ray Reflected

Rays emitted from transmitter and receiving by receiver (eye open).

3.3 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function
of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also
called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells. They are made up of
semiconductor materials having high resistance. There are many different symbols used to
indicate a LDR, one of the most commonly used symbol is shown in the figure below. The arrow
indicates light falling on it.

Figure 3.4: Symbol of LDR

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3.3.1 Working Principle of LDR

A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an
optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity is increased when light is absorbed by
the material. When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence
band of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the
incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to
make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when light having
enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to the conduction band
which results in large number of charge carriers. The result of this process is more and more
current starts flowing through the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the
resistance of the device has been decreased. This is the most common working principle of LDR.

3.3.2 Characteristics of LDR

LDR‟s are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on them and
that is increased in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark, its resistance is very
high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can be as high as 10 12 Ω and if the device is
allowed to absorb light its resistance will be decreased drastically. If a constant voltage is applied
to it and intensity of light is increased the current starts increasing. Figure below shows resistance
vs. illumination curve for a particular LDR.

Figure 3.5: LDR Output due to Illumination

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Photocells or LDR‟s are nonlinear devices. There sensitivity varies with the wavelength of light
incident on them. Some photocells might not at all response to a certain range of wavelengths.
Based on the material used different cells have different spectral response curves.

When light is incident on a photocell it usually takes about 8 to 12 ms for the change in resistance
to take place, while it takes one or more seconds for the resistance to rise back again to its initial
value after removal of light. This phenomenon is called as resistance recovery rate. This property
is used in audio compressors. Also, LDR‟s are less sensitive than photo diodes and photo
transistor. (A photo diode and a photocell (LDR) are not the same, a photo-diode is a p-n junction
semiconductor device that converts light to electricity, whereas a photocell is a passive device,
there is no p-n junction in this nor it “converts” light to electricity).
 .

3.3.3 Construction of a Photo cell

The structure of a light dependent resistor consists of a light sensitive material which is deposited
on an insulating substrate such as ceramic. The material is deposited in zigzag pattern in order to
obtain the desired resistance & power rating. This zigzag area separates the metal deposited areas
into two regions. Then the ohmic contacts are made on the either sides of the area. The
resistances of these contacts should be as less as possible to make sure that the resistance mainly
changes due to the effect of light only. Materials normally used are cadmium sulphide, cadmium
selenide, and indium antimonide and cadmium sulphonide. The use of lead and cadmium is
avoided as they are harmful to the environment.

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Figure 3.6: LDR Internal and External Structure

3.3.4 Applications of LDR

LDRs have low cost and simple structure. They are often used as light sensors. They are used
when there is a need to detect absences or presences of light like in a camera light meter. Used in
street lamps, alarm clock, burglar alarm circuits, light intensity meters, for counting the packages
moving on a conveyor belt, etc.

3.3.5 Arduino Based LDR Sensor

The LDR gives out an analog voltage when connected to Vcc (5V), which varies in magnitude in
direct proportion to the input light intensity on it. That is, greater the intensity of light, greater
will be the corresponding voltage from the LDR. Since the LDR gives out an analog voltage, it is
connected to the analog input pin of the Arduino. The Arduino, with its in built ADC (Analog to
Digital Converter) then converts the analog voltage (from 0-5V) into a digital value in the range
of (0-1023). Thus, when there is sufficient light in its environment or on its surface, the converted
digital values read from the LDR through the Arduino will be in the range of 800-1023.

LDR Signal Controller Out Put

Signal

Figurer 3.7: Block Diagram of LDR Signals

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3.4 MQ3- Alcohol Sensor

This alcohol sensor is suitable for detecting alcohol concentration when deriver’s breathe, if the
deriver drunk alcohol, just like our common breathalyzer. It has a high sensitivity and fast
response time. Sensor provides an analog resistive output based on alcohol concentration. The
drive circuit is very simple; all it needs is one resistor. MQ-3 is a semiconductor sensor for
Alcohol detection. It has very good sensitivity and fast response to alcohol, suitable for portable
alcohol detector.

Features:

• 5V DC or AC circuit
• Requires heater voltage
• Operation Temperature;10 to 70 degrees C
• Heater consumption; less than 750mW

Figure 3.8: MQ3- Alcohol Sensors

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3.5 Comparator
A comparator which is an electrical device that can compare the input and give the result based on
its input given. Here, in this project LM358 comparator is used. It consist of two independent,
high gains, frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to
operate from a single power supply over a wide range of voltage. Operation from split power
supplies is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude
of the power supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks and
all the conventional OP-AMP circuits which now can be easily implemented in single power
supply systems.

Figure 3.9: Comparator

In the comparator circuit the reference voltage is given to inverting input terminal and the
noninverting input terminal is connected IR receiver. When interrupt the IR rays between the IR
transmitter and receiver, the IR receiver is not conducting. So the comparator non inverting input
terminal voltage is higher than inverting input. Now the comparator output is in the range of +5V.
This voltage is given to microcontroller. When IR transmitter passes the rays to receiver, the IR
receiver is conducting due to that non inverting input. Voltage is lower than inverting input.
Consequently, the comparator output is GND so, the output is given to micro-controller (Arduino)

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and micro- controller will order the alarm to ring or to stop the car through decreasing the speed
of DC motor in to zero, depend on the eye blink duration. According to [Chaffier et al.
2005] it can be classify eye blink duration (BD) as follows:

 Awake with BD < 400 ms,

 Drowsy with BD > 400 ms and BD < 800 ms,
 Sleeping with BD > 800 ms,
Depend on this the micro controller order the system to ring the alarm when the BD is between
400 ms to 800 ms and if the BD is greater than 800 ms the micro controller send a signal to stop
the motor. This is our principle to do the project.

3.6 Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles,
household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most commonly consists of a
number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button
was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button
or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or
beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was
identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise).

Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding
board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to
make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a
cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder
like a Son alert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver"
circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.

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Figure 3.10: Schematic Diagram of Alarm

3.7 Circuit description

The circuit is designed to control the buzzer. The buzzer ON and OFF is controlled by the pair of
switching transistors (BC547). The buzzer is connected in the transistor collector terminal. When
high pulse signal is given to base of the transistors, the transistor is conducting and close the
collector and emitter terminal so zero signals is given to base of the transistor. Hence transistor
and buzzer is turned OFF state. When low pulse is given to base of transistor, the transistor is
turned OFF. Now 12v is given to base of transistor so the transistor is conducting and buzzer is
energized and produces the sound signal.

Table 3.1 Buzzer Internal Circuit Input/output

Input signal Transistor
(BC547)

1 ON

0 OFF

3.7.1 Power Supply

The power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting with
an ac voltage, a steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc
level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is usually
obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and provides a somewhat
lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input dc voltage varies, or the output load
connected to the dc voltage changes. The block diagram of power supply is shown below.

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Battery Filter Regulator Load (Mc)

Source

Figure 3.11: Block Diagram of Voltage Regulator

Figure 3.12: power supply

3.7.2 DC Motor
Electrical motors are everywhere around us. Almost all the electro-mechanical movements we see
around us are caused either by an AC. or a DC motor. Here we will be exploring this kind of
motors (DC motor). This is a device that converts DC electrical energy to a mechanical energy.
This DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as
motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also
reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and
based on that the working principle of dc motor established.

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3.7.2.1 Working Principle of DC Motor

Working principle of DC Motor mainly depends upon Fleming Left Hand rule. In a basic dc
motor, an armature is placed in between magnetic poles. If the armature winding is supplied by an
external dc source, current starts flowing through the armature conductors. As the conductors are
carrying current inside a magnetic field, they will experience a force which tends to rotate the
armature. Suppose armature conductors under N poles of the field magnet, are carrying current
downwards (crosses) and those under S poles are carrying current upwards (dots). By applying
Fleming‟s Left hand Rule, the direction of force F, experienced by the conductor under N poles
and the force experienced by the conductors under S poles can be determined. It is found that at
any instant the forces experienced by the conductors are in such a direction that they tend to
rotate the armature.

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying

conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite
(North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South)
repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational
motion. Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet
or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a
"South" polarization).

Figure 3.13: Internal structure of motor

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the external

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magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part
of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole
pieces. `The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the
stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically
connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor
inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when power
is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the
rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches
alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding.
Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor
winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common
number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with our
example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned with
the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment
where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both commutator
contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and damage
motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would
exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic with the
position of the rotor).

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Figure 3.14: motor rotation in clockwise direction

We'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two others
are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to the next, one
coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a
few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see
that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring.

Figure 3.15: iron core armature

The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and has a number
of advantages. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support for the windings
particularly important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also conducts heat away
from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be driven harder than might otherwise be the case.
Iron core construction is also relatively inexpensive compared with other construction types.

But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a relatively high
inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results in high winding inductances
which limit brush and commutator life.
In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless' armature winding.
This design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the armature is
hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless DC motors have

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much lower armature inductance than iron-core motors of comparable size, extending brush and
commutator life.

3.7.2.2 DC motor behavior

High-speed output

This is the simplest trait to understand and treat -- most DC motors run at very high output speeds
(generally thousands or tens of thousands of RPM). While this is fine for some BEAM bots (say,

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photo poppers or solar rollers), many BEAM bots (walkers, heads) require lower speeds -- you
must put gears on your DC motor's output for these applications.

H-BRIDGE

An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run forwards or

backwards. These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are available as integrated
circuits, or can be built from discrete components.

Figure 3.16: H-bridge switch diagram

The two basic states of a H-bridge. The term "H-bridge" is derived from the typical graphical
representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or
mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and
S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches
and closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same time,
as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the switches
S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.

Operation
The H-Bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but can also be
used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motors terminals are

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shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnected from the
circuit. The following table summarizes operation.

Table 3.2 Operation of H-Bridge Switching.

S1 S2 S3 S4 Result
1 0 0 1 Motor moves to the right
0 1 1 0 Motor moves to the left
0 0 0 0 Motor moves free
0 1 0 1 Motor becoming brake
3.7.2.3 DC motor Deriver
Which is a motor controller is a device or group of devices that serves to govern in some
predetermined manner the performance of an electric motor. A motor controller might include a
manual or automatic means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward or reverse
rotation, selecting and regulating the speed, regulating or limiting the torque, and protecting
against overloads and faults.

DC motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be derived with a direct current
power source. Brushed motors were the first commercially important application of electric
power to driving mechanical loads, and DC distribution systems were used for more than 100
years to operate motors in commercial and industrial buildings. Brushed DC motors can be
varied in speed by changing the operating voltage or the strength of the magnetic field.
Depending on the connections of the field to the power supply, the speed and torque
characteristics of a brushed motor can be altered to provide steady speed or speed inversely
proportional to the mechanical load. Brushed motors continue to be used for electrical
propulsion, cranes, paper machines and steel rolling mills. Since the brushes wear down and
require replacement.

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3.7.3 Transistors

Transistors are at the very core of today's electronics technology. The development of the
transistor has resulted in many changes to the world. It has resulted in everything from portable
transistor radios, through to cellular phones, and computers. All these and many more everyday
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items have all been made possible by the invention of the transistor. All these developments have
taken place since the development of the first transistor.

During the 1920s and 1930s much of the work undertaken into electronics devices was focused
on thermionic valve or vacuum tube technology. However there was also some original work
being undertaken into particle physics. Although not directed towards electronics technology, this
was to provide the foundations upon which semiconductor technology would be built. With the
development of radar in World War II, there was a growing need for high performance
microwave components. Detectors were a particular need. It was soon realized that developments
of what was effectively a cat's Whisker performed well at these frequencies, and using the early
work done into semiconductor physics, these diodes were developed further as point contact
diodes.

After the war, much research continued. In particular Bell Labs in the USA invested heavily, and
one of their groups with three engineers, Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley stated to investigate a
three terminal device in which the voltage on one terminal would affect the current flow through
a semiconductor path - effectively a field effect device. The device did not work and therefore
they turned their research towards another idea. We now know this device as the bipolar
transistor.

The transistor effect was first observed on 23rd December 1947 at Bell Labs in the USA, and it
was then demonstrated to senior management of the company on Christmas Eve. Little did they
know what an impact the device would have on the lives of billions of people around the world?
The original idea they were investigating - the field effect transistor had to wait until
semiconductor material technology had advanced and allowed the semiconductors to be refined
further and processed more accurately before it could be made to work. Nevertheless the
foundations that enabled semiconductor had now taken place, enabling semiconductors to

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become the dominant technology ousting tubes or valves from a place they had occupied for
around 50 years.

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Basic transistor structure

The transistor is a three terminal device and consists of three distinct layers. Two of them are
doped to give one type of semiconductor and then there is the opposite type, i.e. two may be
ntype and one p-type, or two may be p-type and one may be n-type. They are arranged so that the
two similar layers of the transistor sandwich the layer of the opposite type. As a result transistor
are designated either P-N-P (PNP) types of N-P-N (NPN) types according to the way they are
made up.

Figure 3.17: Transistor Configuration

The centre region is called the base and gains its name from the fact that in the very earliest
transistors it formed the "base" for the whole structure. The other two connections are called the
emitter and collector. These names result from the way in which they either emit or collect the
charge carriers. It is also essential that the base region is very thin if the device is to be able to
operate. In today's transistors the base may typically be only about 1 mm [micrometer] across. It
is the fact that the base region of the transistor is thin that is the key to the operation of the
device.

Transistor operation

A transistor can be considered as two P-N junctions placed back to back. One of these, namely
the base emitter junction is forward biased, whilst the other, the base collector junction is reverse
biased. It is found that when a current is made to flow in the base emitter junction larger current

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flows in the collector circuit even though the base collector junction is reverse biased. For clarity
the example of an NPN transistor is taken. The same reasoning can be used for a PNP device,
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except that holes are the majority carriers instead of electrons. When current flows through the
base emitter junction, electrons leave the emitter and flow into the base. However the doping in
this region is kept low and there are comparatively few holes available for recombination. As a
result most of the electrons are able to flow right through the base region and on into the collector
region, attracted by the positive potential.

Figure3.18: how works the transistors

Only a small proportion of the electrons from the emitter combine with holes in the base region
giving rise to a current in the base-emitter circuit. This means that the collector current is much
higher. The ratio between the collector current and the base current is given the Greek symbol b.
For most small signal transistors this may be in the region 50 to 500. In some cases it can be even
higher. This means that the collector current is typically between 50 and 500 times that flowing in
the base. For a high power transistor the value of b is somewhat at less: 20 is a fairly typical
value. here is a huge number of transistors available which have been designed to fulfill a variety
of different applications. In order to define the parameters of a transistor there is a variety of
different specifications that are used. These transistor specifications define an aspect of the
performance of a transistor.

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 3.7.4 Toy Car
A forward motor car is one of the most common toys available on the market. When it gets
signal from the controller a toy car moves forwards and then let it go. It travels across almost the
entire room before stopping, unless the signal input becomes zero. A forward toy works on the
general principle of Newton‟s Third Law of Motion: every action has equal and opposite
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reaction. The toy car moves forward much further than it was pulled backward. This is possible
because there is a clockwork motor inside it. When the car is pulled back, it winds up an internal
coil spring by engaging the motor with a clutch. When the car is released, the spring unwinds and
propels the toy forward.

Energy is stored quickly during pullback but gets released slowly during forward motion. The
winding of spring is fifteen times faster than when it unwinds. This is achieved with the help of
two gear trains present in the tiny gear box inside the toy car. Once the spring has unwound and
the car is moving, the motor is disengaged by the clutch and the car rolls freely onward, using the
gathered momentum.

3.8 Design of components

IR sensor circuit design

V2
5v
R2
680 k
U1:A
R1 4
3
10 k
1
2

D4
8 LED-YELLOW
LM358

D2 D1
DIODE-LED
DIODE-LED R3
10 k

R4
10k

V1
5v

Figure 3.19: IR Sensor Circuit Diagram

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The two IR sensors are connecting in parallel.IR transmitter send infrared ray and IR receiver receive
reflected signal.

When IR receiver gets signal the diode can be start to conducted otherwise not conduct.

Condition 1: IR receiver gets signal

Apply voltage divider

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Vrf= R2* Vs/ (R1+R2)

Vs=5v, R1=680k, R2=10K

Vrf=10k*5v/ (10K+ 680K)

=0.072v

Therefore; in this case inverter is greater than non-inverter.

VO=0v

Condition 2: IR receiver not get signal diode cannot conduct

Vs=Vrf

Then non-inverter is greater than inverter.

Therefore; output voltage equals,

VO=5v

Regulator circuit design

Figure 3.20: Regulator Circuit Diagram

By using buck method to converted from 12vdc to 5vdc to regulator at nominal frequency is 50Hz Assume

R is 20q

VO=DVs, Vs= 12v, VO=5v, D=VO/Vs

5/12=0.416

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And can be design the value of inductor and capacitor

Lmin= (1-D)* R/2*f

= (1-0.416)*20/2*50

=11.67mH

L =Lmin+25%*Lmin

=0.1167+0.25*0.1167

= 0.1196H

Capacitor can be calculated as follows

C= (1-D)/8* (∆V/Vo) f2 ; where ∆V/Vo=0.01

= (1-0.416)/8*0.1196m*502

= 6062mF

When the switch is ON time inductor voltage can be calculated

Apply KVL

VL=Vs-Vo=𝐿∆𝐼/∆𝑡; toN

During OFF time (I2 I1)

∆I=VO (1-D)/f*L

I ((1/R) + ((1-D)/2*f*L)))

=5(((1/20) + ((1-0.416)/2*50*0.146)))

=0.45A

Imin=IL-∆𝐼/2=VO {(1/R)-((1-D)/2*F*L)}

=5{(1/20)-((1-0.416)/2*50*0.146)}

=0.05A

The above design shows the conversion of DC to DC by using buck conversion mechanism

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Figure 3.21: Transistors of Circuit Diagram

IB=VBB /RB (1)

IC= (VCC-VCO)/R (2)

IE=IB+IC (3)

IC/IE=α (4)

IC/IB=β (5)

α=β/ (β+1) (6)

β=α/ (1-α)

From the above relation can be calculated each value of the components

Applying loop can be calculated

IB=VBB/RB Where;

VBB=1ν

RB=1kΩ

IB=1ν/ (1000Ω) =0.001Α

IC= (VCC-VCO) /RC Where,

VCC=5ν

VCO=3.3ν

RC=1kΩ

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IC= (5-3.3) v/1000Ω

=0.0017A

IE=IC+IB

=0.001+0.0017=0.0027A

α =IC/IE=0.0017/0.0027

=0.629

β =α/ (1-α) 0.629/ (1-0.629) =1.7

VBE=VB-VE Where,

VBE=0.7v

VB=1v

VE=VB-VBE

1v-0.7v=0.3v

VE= 0.3v

3.9 Software Used

3.9.1 Proteus
Proteus 8 is best simulation software for various designs with microcontroller. It is mainly
popular because of availability of almost all microcontrollers in it. So it is a handy tool to test
programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist. We can simulate our programming of
microcontroller in Proteus 8 Simulation Software. After simulating our circuit in Proteus 8
Software you can directly make PCB design with it so it could be a all in one package for
students and hobbyists. So I think now you have a little bit idea about what is proteus software.
Basically PROTEUS is also simulating software but it helps us attach many components with the
Arduino. Like comparator, capacitors, LEDs (sensors), motor derivers, LCDs, keypads, ICs etc.
and these are just few that we have named in general. It has a complete library and we will find
everything that you will need. You can design your complete circuit and then simulate it to view
the final output.

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USING Of PROTEUS

PROTEUS is designed to be user-friendly and it will get the hold of it instantly. There is no need
to worry about some complex configuration / settings prior to simulation. Here are the basic
steps.
 Place your components from the library

 Connect them accordingly

 Load HEX file (if 8051 is involved)
 Simulate the circuit

PLACING COMPONENTS

 Click the “Pick from library (P)” button as shown in the figure
 Select any category
 Select item from the list  Click OK

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Figure 3.22: Proteus Work Space

3.9.2 Controller
The microcontroller IC which we used is Arduino Uno. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller
board based on the ATmega328. It has 20 digital input/output pins of which 6 can be used as
PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analog inputs, a 16 MHz resonator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an in-circuit system programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. Arduino is open-source
computer hardware and software company, project and user community that designs and

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manufactures microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that
can sense and control objects in the physical world.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. This
auxiliary microcontroller has its own USB boot loader, which allows advanced users to
reprogram it.
Therefore in order to achieve this task the Arduino mega microcontroller based on ATmega328
was chosen because of its suitability for this project such as speed, power consumption, and
universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART) functionality, in built ADC,
and amount of RAM and ROM on the chip.

Figure 3.23: Arduino

3.9.3 Power (USB) and pin configuration

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO can be
powered from a USB cable coming from our computer or a wall power supplies. It‟s not allowed
to use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as we will overpower and thereby destroy the
Arduino. The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is between 6 and 12 Volts. The
pins on your Arduino are the places where it will connect wires to construct a circuit probably in
conjunction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic „headers‟ that
allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several different kinds of
pins, each of which is labeled on the board and used for different functions.

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GND: Short for „Ground‟. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be
used to ground your circuit.

5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As we might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the 3.3V pin
supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the Arduino run happily off
of 5 or 3.3 volts.

Analog: The area of pins under the „Analog In‟ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO) is Analog In
pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature sensor) and convert
it into a digital value that we can read.

Digital: Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO). These pins
can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital output (like
powering an LED).

PWM: The digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital
pins, but it can also be used for something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM).

AREF (Stands for Analog Reference): Most of the time you can leave this pin alone. It is
sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit
for the analog input pins.

The simplest way to get starting writing programs for the Arduino is using the official Arduino
IDE. It consists of a simple code editor with syntax highlighting and a number of convenience
buttons for compiling and uploading "sketches" (the Arduino term for programs) to your board.
We simply prepare the program in the IDE, plug in your Arduino board using a USB cable, click
the "Upload" button and your program is compiled and sent across to the board where it is saved
in non-volatile memory. Any time the board starts up or is reset it will immediately begin
running the last program you uploaded.

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Code compiler space

Because of Arduino is really just a development board for the very popular Atmel AVR
microcontroller, it's also possible to use more traditional software development tools to write
programs for it.

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Chapter Four

4. Result and Dicussion

This project involves in measuring the eye blink duration of the deriver. Consequntly, deriver
drowsinnes state by using IR sensor.At instant, we aimed that the alarm will ring when
drowsinnes detected as well as decrease the speed of dc motor and finally stop it, if the deriver
does not wake up with the alarm. Now we can get the expected out put in our simulation.

In our design we made ground the IR receiver,means the eye Is closed and the receiver does not
conduct signal. If this condition lasts for 500ms and above, the arduino program will order the
alarm to ring as show below on simulation Figure 4.1: We use ON state of LED instead of alarm
ringing. At the time when the deriver eye‟s open the IR receiver conducts due to the signal which
received from IR trasmitter then it biased (oppose) the voltage source in the non- inverting side.
This shows that the derivers eye open. Here, no need of alarm ringing and reducing the speed of
motor.

In our simulation we introduce a small voltage to IR receiver in order to replace the signal from
IR transmitter depend on this input condition the simulation results,off state of LED and motor
runs in normal condition as shown below on simulation Figure 4.2.

We also demonstrated that in simulation Figure 4.3 the alcohol sensor with IR sensor, as the
alcohol sensor gets signal the motor stops and it does not ordered by the IR input. But when the
alcohol sensor gets low the motor ordered by the input of IR sensor. We already demonstrated in
our prototype that it can be control the DC motor depend on the input of alcohol and IR sensor.

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Figure 4.1: Simulation When IR Recevier not get Signal

Figure 4.2: Simulation When IR Receiver Gets Signal

Figure 4.3: System Simulation with alcohol detector

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4.1 Hardware Demonstration and Its Components

A hardware demonstration has been taken after all system simulated, But before we have
integrated these whole systems, each necessary part of the systems done. Each components and
its integration can be described as follows.

Figure 4.4: Toy Car

4.1.1 Fans
Cooling fans and blowers are essential to systems that produce a significant amount of heat like
computers and other electronic components. Different systems are engineered to work with
specific types of fans. Cooling fans come in all shapes and sizes as well as voltage, airflow, and
case size. Some are even weather resistant and can stand up against the elements. It‟s important
to know the specific type of fan an electronic component requires as fans and blowers are not
universal. But for our work we use both types of the funs, for prototype testing we use pc fun
and to show more use the fun 220v

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Figure 4.5: DC Fan for prototype

Figure 4.6: Buzzer

4.1.2 Breadboard
A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was literally a
bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solder less
breadboard (AKA plug board, a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the term
breadboard is commonly used to refer to these. "Breadboard" is also a synonym for prototype.
Because the solder less breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy
to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this reason,
solder less breadboards are also extremely popular with students and in technological education.

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Figure 4.7: Breadboard

4.1.3 Jumper

A jump wire, is a short electrical wire with a solid tip at each end (or sometimes without them,
simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components in a breadboard. PE:
among others, they are used to transfer electrical signals from anywhere on the breadboard to the
input/output pins of Arduino.

Jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots provided in the
breadboard, which beneath its surface has a few sets of parallel plates that connect the slots in
groups of rows or columns depending on the area. The "end connectors" are inserted into the
breadboard, without soldering, in the particular slots that need to be connected in the specific
prototype.

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Figure 4.8: Jumper Wires

Figure 4.9: Transistors and LEDs

4.1.4 Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. Resistors may be used to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, may act to
lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to limit current flow,
to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines among other uses.
High-power resistors, that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as

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part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. In our work
we use 1k and 10k resistors.

Figure 4.10: Hardware System Demonstration

The above figurative description shows that what seems like the hardware system demonstration,
at this time the car not running as we can see from the figurative description of hardware
demonstration because of the hazard is shows lighting and also alarm is alerting and the blowing
of the fun to make the air coldest hence this also used to prevent warmness of the air condition
and then this condition helps to prevent the drowsiness of the deriver.

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October 2024

Chapter Five Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Conclusion
This is because of the fact that the driver is not able to control his vehicle when he is asleep and
by the time he realizes it, there is an accident. The vehicle is at a very high speed on highways
due to which handling is tough hand getting the vehicle to halt in such a condition is difficult.
Due to this many automobile companies are trying to research onto how an accident which
occurs due to driver fatigue can be prevented. In this project we will generate a model which cans
prevent such an incident.

The Purpose of such a model is to advance a system to detect fatigue symptoms in drivers and
control the speed of vehicle to avoid accidents. The main components of the system consists of an
eye blink sensor for driver blink acquisition and an adaptive speed controller designed using DC
motor for providing precise positioning of the throttle valve to control the speed of vehicle.
Advanced technology offers some hope avoid these up to some extent. This project involves
measure and controls through eye blink using IR sensor.

5.2 Recommendation for future work

This project provides a mechanism how to prevent car accident due to drowsy by using eye blink.
In our project work we have done the prevention of accident due to drowsiness depend on eye
blink.

Stopping the car at the center of the road has its side effect that can create a collision with another
car. Therefore, we recommend that for anyone who has interest to do a project on car accident
due to drowsy should use an obstacle sensor to prevent collision before stopping dc motor of the
car.

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Reference
[1]. Neeta Parmar. “Drowsy Detection System”, University of
Ryerson, 2002. http://www.ijetae.com/files/volume3Issue5/IJETAE_0513_87.pdf
[2]. R.Manojkumar.“Effective control of accidents using routing and tracking system with
integrated network of sensor”, International Journal of Advancement in Research and
Technology, Volume 2, Issue 4, April-2013.
[3]. Tomas Drutarousky. “Micro -sleep ”, University of Slovak, May, 2014.
http://Research.ijcaonline .org/etcsit/number4/etcsit1028.pdf
R.Manojkumar.“Effective control of accidents using routing and tracking system with integrated
network of sensor”, International Journal of Advancement in Research and Technology, Volume
2, Issue 4, April-2013.
http://www.ijircce.com/upload/2015/April/101_45_AN.pdf
[4]. B.Praveenkumar, K.Mahendrakan. “Prevention of Accident Due to fatigue”, International
Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Volume 3, Issue 5, May
2014. http://www.ijrset.com/upload/2014/may75_prevntion _of_Accident.pdf
[5]. Gehlot NL, inventor; Lucent Technologies Inc., assignee. “System and method for preventing
automobile accidents”. United States patent US 6,060,989. 2000 May 9.
[6]. Tomoda, Takahisa, et al. "Keyless entry system for automatically operating automotive door
locking devices without manual operation." U.S. Patent No. 4,763,121. 9 Aug. 1988.
[7]. http://en.Wikipedia.org/Wiki/Sony.

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Appendix

Source code:
#include <Stepper.h>

define led_1 1 define

ldr_1 2 const int

buttonPin1 = A0; const

int buttonPin2 = A1;

//#define ldr_1 A0 int

stepCount = 0; int

buttonState1 = 0; int

buttonState2=0; const int

LED1 = 2; const int

LED2 = 3; int A=0;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

//pinMode(led_1, OUTPUT);

//pinMode(ldr_1, INPUT);

//Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(ldr_1, INPUT);

pinMode(buttonPin1, INPUT);

//pinMode(2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(led_1, OUTPUT);

pinMode(3, OUTPUT);

pinMode(9, OUTPUT);

pinMode(8, OUTPUT);

Final Year Project October 20

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EIT-M October 2024

void loop(){ digitalWrite (led_1,

digitalRead(ldr_1)); buttonState1 =

digitalRead(buttonPin1); buttonState2 =

digitalRead(buttonPin2);

if(buttonState1==LOW)

{ if(buttonState2==LOW)

{ delay(500);

// digitalWrite(2,HIGH);

digitalWrite(3,HIGH);

digitalWrite(4,HIGH);

delay(300);

digitalWrite(9,LOW);

digitalWrite(8,LOW);

if(buttonState2==HIGH)

{ digitalWrite(9,HIGH);

digitalWrite(8,LOW);

delay(500);

//digitalWrite(2,LOW);

digitalWrite(3,LOW);

digitalWrite(4,LOW);

Final Year Project October 20

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EIT-M October 2024

if(buttonState1==HIGH)

{ digitalWrite(9,LOW);

digitalWrite(8,LOW);

return;

Final Year Project October 20

24
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