ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

UNIT I –INTRODUCTION
PART A
1. Write about Mechatronics?
Mechatronics is the term integrating Mechanical and Electronics Engineering. Mechatronics is inter-
disciplinary branch useful for product and manufacturing system design. Mechatronics is applied to the new
generation machines, robots and small mechanisms for carrying out work like factory automation, office
automation and home automation.
2. What are the components in a Mechatronics system? [Nov/Dec2013,2015]
The Mechatronics system consists of - 1. Actuators, 2. Sensors, 3. Input signal conditioning and interfacing, 4.
Digital control architectures, 5. Output signal conditioning and interfacing and 6. Graphical displays.
3. What is the use of actuators and sensors?
The Actuators are used to produce motion (or) cause some action. The sensors are used to detect the state of
system parameters inputs and outputs.
4. What is the use of digital devices?
The digital devices are used to control the system.
5. What is the function of conditioning and interfacing Circuits and graphical displays? Conditioning
and interfacing circuits provide connections between the control circuits and input/output devices. The
graphical displays are used to provide visual feed back to users.
6. Give some examples of Mechatronic systems? [May/ June 2012]
Computer Numerical control machines, Industrial Robots and Automatic Bank Tellers are the examples for
mechatronic system in which the mechanical system is enhanced by electron devices. Some more examples
for Mechatronic system are automatic camera, automatic Car engine management system and Automatic
controlled washing machine.
7. What are the important sub-systems involved in Mechatronic systems?
Mechatronic involves sensors, measurement systems, drive and actuation systems, control systems and
microprocessor systems.
8. What is the use of control system?
A control system is used to control the output value by comparing it with the desired set value. If there is an
error, then it will be corrected ad now output value will be compared with the desired set value and this will be
repeated until there is no error.
9. Define measurement system with block diagram?[Apr/May 2015]
Measurement system can be thought of as a box which is used for making measurements. it consists ofthree
important elements namely, Sensor, Signal Conditioner and Display.

Input output
Measurement system
Parameter to display
be measured
10. What is the function of sensor?
A sensor responds to the quantity to be measured and produces a signal (as output) related to the quantity.
Example: Thermocouple-a temperature sensor. The input to the thermocouple is temperature and the output is
an electromotive force (e.m.f) related to the value of temperature.
11. What is the function of Signal Conditioner? [Nov/ Dec 2012]
Signal conditioner takes the signal from the sensor and conditions the signal so that it is suitable for either
display purpose (or) control purpose. For example, the emf produced by the thermocouple is very small which
cannot be used for any purpose. But this emf can be amplified by sending it through amplifier.
12. What is the use of Display system?
The display system is used to display the output signal from the signal conditioner. For example, the pointer
moving across a scale (or) a digital read out may ne considered as display system.
13. How the control system is classified?
Based on the feedback control, the control system is classified as open loop control system and closed loop
control system. The feedback control is exercised by the control system by comparing actual output with the
required value and adjusting its output accordingly.
14. What is meant by open loop control system?[Nov/Dec 2014]
For example, let us consider the CNC machine. For positioning the slide at right place, the control
system is used. If there is no feedback device to compare the actual position of tool slide with the desired one,
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
3
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
then it is known as open loop control system. A control system, in which the output value is not checked
against the desired value, is known as open loop control system.
15. What is meant by closed loop control system in CNC Machine?
If there is a feedback device to compare and correct the actual position of tool slide with the desired one, then
it is known as closed loop control system. A control system is which movement of the machine slide is
checked and corrected with respect to input signals and manly by the signals from feedback devices is known
as closed loop control system.
16. What are the import elements of a closed loop control system? (or)
What are the elements of feedback system? [May/June2013]
1. Comparison element 2. Control element 3. Correction Element 4. Process element 5. Measurement element.
17. What is the use of comparison element?
Comparison element is used to compare the measured value with the reference value to achieve and produce
an error signal.
18. What is meant by error signal?
Error signal is the difference between the reference value signal and measured value signal. Normally the
feedback input signal is marked as negative and reference signal is positive so that the sum gives the
difference between the signals as error signal.
19. What is the use of control element?
The control element is used to take action when it receives an error signal. The action may not produce a
signal to operate a switch (or) to open a valve.
20. What is the function of the correction element?
The function of the correction element is to prod. a change in the process to correct (or) to change the
controlled condition. i.e. A correction element may be a switch to switch on the cooler in order to decrease the
temperature (or) a value in order to open and allow more liquid to enter the process. The correction unit is also
known as actuator, since it provides the power to carry out the control action.
21. What is meant by process element?
The process that is controlled is known as process element. A room for which its temperature being controlled
(or) a tank of water for which its level being controlled is known as process element.
22. What is meant by sequence control?
As soon as step 1 is completed, the step 2 starts. When step 2 is completed, then the step 3 starts. For this type
of situation, the sequence control is used in order to arrange the events orderly and sequentially.
23. Why mechatronic systems are also known as smart devices?
The mechatronic systems include elements such as logic, feedback and computation in order to execute
complex design to simulate human thinking processes. That is why, it is also known as smart device .
24. Name some examples for sensors?
1. Switches 2. Strain gauges 3. Potentiometer 4. Thermocouple 5. Accelerometer 6. Digital encoder etc.
25. Distinguish between control system and measurement system
Control System : Thought of a black box which is used for making measurements. Input quantity being
measured, output the value of the quantity. Measurement System: It can be thought of a black box system
used to control its output to some particular value.
26. State the significance of three concentric tracks in optical encoder
The optical encoder has three concentric tracks like middle track, outer track and Inner track.
– Inner track one hole to locate the home position of disc.
– Other two equally spaced –go completely round the disc but with the holes in the middle track offset from
the holes in the outer track by one-half the width of hole – enables the direction of rotation to be determined.
27. What is meant by Resolution?
Resolution is defined as the smallest increment in the measured value that can be detected. The
resolution is the smallest change in the input value which will produce an observable change in the input.
Resolution is also known as the degree of fineness with which measurements can be made.
28. Name the various static characteristics of Sensor
Time constant, Settling time, Resolution, Rise Time.
29. State the selection criteria of sensor. Selection Criteria:
A number of static and dynamic factors must be considered in selecting a suitable sensor to measure the
desired physical parameter. Following is a list of typical factors:
Range — Difference between the maximum and minimum value of the sensed parameter
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
4
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
Resolution —The smallest change the sensor can differentiate
Accuracy —Difference between the measured value and the true value
Precision —Ability to reproduce repeatedly with a given accuracy Sensitivity
—Ratio of change in output to a unit change of the input Zero offset —A
nonzero value output for no input
Linearity —Percentage of deviation from the best-fit linear calibration curve
Zero Drift —The departure of output from zero value over a period of time for no
input Response time —The time lag between the input and output
Bandwidth —Frequency at which the output magnitude drops by 3 dB Resonance —The frequency at which
the output magnitude peak occurs Operating temperature —The range in which the sensor performs as
specified Dead band —The range of input for which there is no output
Signal-to-noise ratio —Ratio between the magnitudes of the signal and the noise at the output
30. What is the role of control system in mechatronics system?[Nov/Dec2013]
A control system is used to control the output value by comparing it with the desired set value. If there is an
error, then it will be corrected ad now output value will be compared with the desired set value and this will be
repeated until there is no error. As the control system is the part of mechatronics sytem, control system used to
sequence and execute its tasks properly.
31. Define repeatability and reproducability in sensors.[Nov/Dec 2013]
Repeatability: It is the ability of the sensor to produce same results under same measurement conditions.
Reproducability: It is the ability of a sensor to produce same results under different measurment conditions.
32. write short notes on significance of gauge factor.[May/June 2013]
Gauge factor is the ratio of Change in resistance to the change in strain. This factor is considered in the
straingauge selection.
33. Mention the functions of a mechatronic system.[May/ June 2013]
A mechatronic system detects the signal and process, control the signal to actuate the devices as well as
display and store the output.
34. Name few types of proximity sensor.[Nov/Dec 2015]
(i) Inductive sensor (ii) capacitive sensor (iii) pneumatic sensor.
35. Diffentiate between Accuracy and Precision of transducer with example.[Apr/May 2015]
Accuracy —Difference between the measured value and the true value eg:RTD having +20C_
Precision —Ability to reproduce repeatedly with a given accuracy eg:RTD precise to measure
Temperature.
PART B
1. Explain the various elements present in Engine management system with appropriate
block diagram.
2. Explain the basic elements components of closed loop control system in detail and explain it with shaft
speed control with a neat block diagram. [May/June 2013]
3. Explain the principle of various sensors used for measuring displacement.
4.What is RTD?. Briefly explain the relationship between resistance and temperature for the RTD with
temperature resistance curve. [Dec 2014]
5.Classify transducers by function, performance and by output basis.
6. Explain an incremental encoder. What are their applications?
7. Explain the basic elements of a closed loop control system with the help of an automatic water
level Controller.
8. Discuss the closed loop control system suitable for shaft speed control with a neat block diagram.
9. Explain the static and dynamic characteristics of sensors [Nov/ Dec 2012, Dec 2014]
10. Explain the microprocessor based controller with suitable example(automatic camera) .[Nov/Dec
2015][Apr/May 2015]
11. Explain the Hall effect sensor,Thermocuple,MPX sensors and photodiode. [Nov/Dec 2015]
12. Explain the following: Thermistors and Piezoelectric Transducer.
13. Briefly discuss the working of Total radiation pyrometer with a neat sketch.
14. Explain the construction of a venturimeter with a neat sketch
15. Compare open and closed loop systems with suitable example
16. Explain the Piezoelectric sensors, Pyroelectric Sensors with appropriate sketch Piezo electric
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
5
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
Sensor.
18. A potentiometer which is used to measure the rotational position of the shaft has 850 turns of wire. The
input range is from -160° to + 160°. The output range is from 0 V to 12 V. Determine (i) Span (ii)
sensitivity (iii) Average resolution in volts.
19. Explain how displacement is sensed by LVDT. With Neat sketch show how it can be made phase
sensitive.(8 marks) [May/ June 2013]
20. What are applications of bimetallic strip? Discuss their types and principle of operation respectively. (8
marks) [May/ June 2013]
21. How Bourdon tube is used to measure the pressure?(8 marks) [May/ June 2013]
22. How is Bernoulli’s principle used to measure the flow rate? (8 marks) [May/ June 2013]
23. Explain the working principle of automatic camera (8 marks) [Nov/ Dec 2013]
24. Describe neatly potentiometer sensor. (8 marks) [Nov/ Dec 2013]
25. Explain the working of pneumatic load cell. (8 marks) [Nov/ Dec 2013]
26. Explain the temperature measurement using thermocouples.(8 marks)[Nov/ Dec 2013]
28. Suggest a sensor whose output is an electrical signal for the following and explain them in detail.
(i) Vacuum pressure measurement in the range of 102 to 106 torr (ii) Velocity of hot gas in a conduit.
29. Define all the dynamic characteristics of sensor(6 marks) .[Nov/Dec 2015]
UNIT II - 8085 MICROPROCESSOR AND 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
1. Classify the different groups of 8085 instruction set with example.
An instruction is a binary pattern designed inside a microprocessor to perform a specific function. The entire
groups of instructions are called the instruction set. It determines what function the microprocessor can
perform. The different classifications are:-
• Data Transfer(copy)instructions e.g-MOV A,B ; MVI C,05H
• Arithmetic instructions e.g-ADD B ; SUB M
• Logical instructions e.g-ANA D ; ORA C
• Branch instructions e.g-JMP address; CALL address
• Machine control & I/O instructions e.g-HLT, IN FEH
2. List the different machine cycles of 8085.
• Opcode fetch
• Memory read
• Memory write
• I/O read
• I/O write
• Interrupt Acknowledge
• Bus idle
3. List five flags of 8085 & explain.
(a) S-Sign flag-After the execution of an arithmetic or logic operation,if bit D7 of the result is 1,the sign
flag is set.
(b) Z-Zero flag-The zero flag is set if the ALU operation results in zero and flag is reset if the is not zero.
(c) AC-Auxiliary Carry flag-In an arithmetic operation, when the carry is generated by the digit D3 and
passed on to digit D4, the AC flag is set.
(d) P-Parity flag-After an arithmetic operation or logical operation, if the result has even number of 1, the
flag is set.If it has odd number of 1, the flag is reset.
(e) CY-Carry flag-If an arithmetic operation results in a carry,the carry flag is set,otherwise it is reset.
4. List four 8-bit microprocessor.
• Intel 8085
• Zilog Z80
• Intel 8080
• Motorola 6800
5. Explain the function of program counter in 8085.
The program counter contains the address of the next instruction to be executed & places it on the address
bus. It sequences the program execution.
6. List the 16 bit registers of 8085 Microprocessor.
• BC pair
• DE pair
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
6
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
• HL pair
• Program counter (PC)
• Stack pointer (SP)
7. Explain (a) T-State (b)Machine cycle (c)Instruction cycle
(a) T-State: T-State is defined as one subdivision of the operation performed in one clock period.
(b) Machine cycle: Machine cycle is defined as the time required to complete one operation of accessing
memory,I/O or acknowledging an external request.This cycle may consist of 3 to 6 T-States.Instruction
cycle: Instruction cycle is defined as the time required to complete the execution of an instruction. The
8085 instruction cycle consists of 1 to 6 machine cycles or 1 to 6 operations.
8. Explain (a)Assembly language (b) Machine language (c) Mnemonics (d)Assembler.
(a) Assembly language:Assembly language are written in English like words . These are specific to a
certain machine & are not transferable from one machine to another.
(b) Machine language: Machine language is used to write instructions in binary digits (0’s & 1’s) which
specify what operation the machine should perform
(c) Mnemonics: It is difficult to understand a program written in hexadecimal numbers. So mnemonics are
used which use a symbolic code for each instruction. The mnemonic for a particular instruction consists
of letters that suggest the operation to be performed by that instruction.
(d) Assembler: The assembler is a utility program that translates the mnemonics entered by the ASCII
keyboard into the corresponding machine codes of the microprocessor.
9. List the general-purpose registers of 8085 Microprocessor.
• B register
• C register
• D register
• E register
• H register
• L register
10. Explain the need to demultiplex the bus AD0-AD7.
The address on the high –order bus remains on the bus for the entire cycle. However, the low-order
address lines are also used as data lines after the first clock period. Hence the address on the low –order
address lines are need to be latched & used for identifying the memory location .So we need to demultiplex
the bus AD0-AD7.
11. Mention the function of the status signals S0, S1 & ALE.
Status Signals: The status signals S0 & S1 along with the IO/M signals are used to identify the various
operations like op code fetch, memory read, memory write, I/O read, I/O write, etc.
Address Latch Enable (ALE): This is a positive going pulse generated every time the 8085 begin an
operation (machine cycle). It indicates that the bits of AD7-AD0 are latched on to a latch.
12. Explain the use of auxiliary carry flag.
In an arithmetic operation, when a carry is generated by the digit D3 and passed onto digit D4 the AC flag
is set. The flag is used only internally for BCD operation & is not available for the programmer.
13. Explain the following 8085 instructions.
(a)XHTL (b)XCHG (c)DAA (d)SPHL
(a) XTHL-This instruction is used to exchange the contents of HL register pair & top of stack.
(b) XCHG-Used to exchange the contents of HL pair & DE pair.
(c) DAA-This is called Decimal Adjust Accumulator.Used to adjust accumulator content to packed BCD
after adding 2 BCD numbers.
(d) SPHL-Used to move the contents of HL register pair to stack pointer.
14. Explain: (a) PCHL, (b) CMP M, (c) PUSH H, (d) POP H.
(a) PCHL-Used to copy the contents of HL register pair to program counter.
(b) CMP M-Used to compare the contents of memory with the accumulator.
(c) PUSH H-Used to move(copy) the contents of HL register to the top of stack.
(d) POP H-Used to move(copy) the contents of the top of the stack to HL register.
15. List four branch instructions of 8085.
• JUMP (JMP 16 bit address)
• CALL (CALL 16 bit address)
• RETURN (RET)
• RESTART(RSTn)
16.Name the instructions used in direct I\O
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
7
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
IN 8-bit port address
OUT 8-bit port address.
17. What are the important buses of a microprocessor?
The important buses of a microprocessor are Data bus , Address bus & control bus.
18. Why does a system need both RAM & ROM.
• ROM is used to store user programs that do not need alternations.
• RAM is used to store user programs and data. The information stored in this memory can be
easily
read and altered, ie. Both read and write operations are possible in RAM.Thus a system needs both ROM
&RAM.
19. What is the difference between a microprocessor and a microcomputer?
A microcomputer consists of input devices, output devices and memory in addition to microprocessor, which
acts as its Central Processing Unit (CPU).
20. What is the function of accumlator?
It holds one data to be processor by the ALU. It also temporarily stores the result of the arithmetic and
logical operation performed by the ALU.
21. Differentiate between operand and an op code.
• Operand: The data to be operated on is called the operand.
• Opcode: The operation to be performed in the coded form is called opcode.
Each instruction has two parts – opcode and operand.
22. Explain the function of address bus and control bus.
• Function of address bus: It is used to transfer information (instruction/data) between the microprocessor
and memory and between the microprocessor and I/O device in both the directions.
• Function of control bus: It is used to control the flow of information and provide necessary timing and
control signals to any part of the microprocessor and its peripherals.
23. What are the limitations of 8085 microprocessor ?
The limitations of 8085 microprocessor are:
• The low-order address bus of the 8085 microprocessor is multiplexed (time-shared) with the data bus.
The buses need to be demultiplexed.
• Appropriate control signals need to be generated to interface memaory and I/O with the 8085.
24. List the signals of 8085 microprocessor?
The signals can be classified into six groups:
1. Address bus
2. Data bus
3. Control & status signals
4. Power supply and frequency signals
5. Externally initiated signals
6. Serial I\O signals.
25. What do you mean by multiplexing the bus?
The signal lines AD7-AD0 in 8085 are bi-directional. They are used as the low-ordre bus as well as the data
bus. In executing an instructions, during the earlier part of the cycle, these lines are used as the low-order
address bus. During the later part of the cycle, these lines are used as the data bus. This is knowm as the
multiplexing the bus.
26. What are the functions of RESET IN and RESET OUT pin?
• RESET IN and RESET OUT pin are externally initiated signals.
• RESET IN: When the signal on this pin goes low, the program counter is set to zero, the buses are
tri-stated and the MPU is reset.
• RESET OUT: This signal indicates that MPU is being reset. It can be used to reset other devices.
27. What is the purpose of timing and control unit?
The timing and control unit synchronizes all the microprocessor operations with the clock and generates the
control signals necessary for communication between microprocessor and peripherals.
28. What is the purpose of instruction register and decoder?
When the instruction is fetched from memory, it is loaded in the instruction register. The decoder decodes the
instrution and establishes the sequence of events to follow. The instruction register is not programmable and
cannot be accessed through any instruction.
29. What is a buffer?
A buffer is a logic circuit that amplifies the current or power. It has one input line and one output line. It is
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
8
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
used primarily to increase the current driving capability of the logic circuit. It is also known as a driver.
30. List out the rotate instructions.
The rotate instructions are:
• RAL - Rotate accumulator contents left through carry: CY flag is modified according to bit D7.
Carry flag content is placed in bit D0. All other flags are not affected.
• RAR - Rotate accumulator contents right through carry: CY flag is modified according to bit
D0. Carry flag content is placed in bit D7. All other flags are not affected.
• RLC - Rotate accumulator left: D0 & CY flag is modified according to bit D7. All other flags are
not affected.
• RRC - Rotate accumulator right: D7 & CY flag is modified according to bit D0. All other flags
are not affected.
31. Give the different complement instructions.
The different complement instructions are:
(1) CMA- complement accumulator. No flags are affected.
(2) CMC- the carry flag is complemented. The carry flag is modified. No other flags are affected.
32. What are machine control instructions?
The instructions that control machine functions are machine control instructions, namely:
• DI- Disable interrupts: the interrupts enable flip-flop is reset and all the interrupts except the
TRAP are disabled. No flags are affected.
• EI- Enable onterrupts: the interrupts: the interrupt enable flip-flop is set and all interrupts are
enabled. No flags are affected.
• HLT- Halt and enter wait state: no flags are affected.
• NOP: No operation is performed. The instruction is fetched and decoded; however no
operation is executed. No flags are affected.
33. Give some applications of 8085 microprocessor.
8085 microprocessor are used in,
• Data acquisition system
• Temperature controller
• Traffic light
• Stepper motor controller.
34. Define machine cycle.
MACHINE CYCLE: It is defined as the time required to complete one operation of accessing memory, I/O or
acknowledging an external request. This cycle may consist of 3-6 states. The instruction cycle and the machine
cycle are the same. There are T machine cycles:
• Opcode fetch cycle
• Memory read cycle
• Memory write cycle
• I/O read cycle
• I/O write cycle
• Interrupt acknowledge cycle
• Bus idle
35. List the functions of HOLD & HLDA signals of 8085 processor.
Hold and hold acknowledge signals are used for the Direct Memory Access (DMA) type of data transfer. The
DMA controller place a high on HOLD pin in order to take control of the system bus. The HOLD request is
acknowledged by the 8085 by driving all its tristated pins to high impedance state and asserting HLDA signal
high.
36.What are the functionalities of the READY and ALE pins in 8085.
READY: It is used by the microprocessor to sense whether a peripheral is ready or not for data transfer. If not,
the processor waits. It is thus used to synchronize slower peripherals to the microprocessor.
ALE: Address Latch Enable pin is used to latch the lower half byte of address bus (A0 – A7) in 8085
microprocessor with the help of an external latch.
37.What is the purpose of CLK signal in 8085 system?
CLK signal is used to generate internal device timing in IC 8085.
38.Define Address bus and data bus.
Address bus is used to indicate the address of data. IC 8085 has a 16 bit address bus (ie. A0 – A15)
Data bus is used to share data between CPU, memory and I/O devices. IC 8085 has a 8 bit data bus. (ie. D0 –
D7)
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
9
 ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
39.What are interrupts?
The processor fetches, decodes and executes instructions in a sequence. Interrupts are used to disturb the
normal operation of the microprocessor. The IC 8085 has RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5, TRAP and INTR
interrupts and an acknowledge signal INTA.
1. List the register banks and SFR of 8051.
B0-B3, TMOD,TCON,P0-P3,T0,T1,SCON,SBUF,PCON
2. What are the differences between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?
Microprocessor Microcontroller
1. CPU is stand-alone, RAM, 1. CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are
ROM, I/O, timer are separate all on a single chip
2. designer can decide on the 2. fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM,
amount of ROM, RAM and I/O I/O ports
ports. 3. for applications in which cost, power
3. expansive and space are critical
4. versatility 4. single-purpose
5. general-purpose

3. What are the alternate function of port3 in the 8051 microcontroller?

RxD,TxD,INT0,INT1,T0,T1,WR,RD
4. What are the two memory address pointers in 8051 microcontroller?
Program counter, Data Pointer
5. State any four important features of 8 bit microcontroller.
• 8-bit data bus
• 16-bit address bus
• 34 general purpose registers each of 8 bits
• 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
• 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
• Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
• Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
• 16-bit program counter and data pointer
6. Write the various interrupts supported by 8051 with priority level and vector address
IE0 0003h highest
TF0 000bh
IE1 0013h
TF1 001bh
RI+TI 0023h lowest
7. What are the usage of TIMER and COUNTER?
Timers can be used to count external events, when it is defined as counter. When clocked with an internal
clock, these counters may also be used as timers. The timers are designed to count upwards.
8. What is the operation of PSEN signal in 8051 microcontroller?
PSEN is the control signal used to enable the external program memory. When the device is executing out of
external memory, PSEN is activated. PSEN is not activated when the device is executing out of internal
program memory
9. Define SBUF register in 8051 and mention its use.
Serial data buffer is actually two separate registers, a transmit buffer and a receive buffer register. When data
is moved from accumulator to SBUF, it goes to the transmit buffer where it is held for serial transmission.
When data is moved from SBUF to accumulator, it comes from receive buffer into accumulator.
10. What is the significance of timer registers of 8051?
The timer registers are the 16 bit counting registers for Timer/Counter 0 and 1 respectively
11. How is a microcontroller more efficient than a microprocessor?
Microcontroller is concerned with rapid movement of bits within the chip. The microcontroller can function
as a computer with addition of no external digital parts. Microprocessor must have many additional parts to
be operational.
12. What is the purpose of an input port and an output port?
Input port is used to read the data from external device.
Output port is used to write the data into external device.
13. How does 8051 differentiate between the external & internal program memory?
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
10
 ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
Using EA(External Address), when it is held high CPU executes the instructions from internal program
ROM memory, when it is low forces the CPU to execute the instruction from external memory regardless of
the program counter value.
14. How many ports are available in 8051 ?
4 ports
15. Name any four additional hardware features available in micro controllers when compared to
microprocessors.
Serial port, parallel port, timer/counter and memory
16. What is the size of RAM in 8051?
128 bytes
17. What is the necessity for providing 4 banks of general purpose registers R0 to R7 in 8051? How can
you switch over to bank1 from bank0?
The microcontroller has only two general purpose registers. To perform math & logical operations, registers
banks are used along with A & B. Switch over from bank1 to bank0 is done by changing the bits PSW.3&
PSW.4 from 01 to 00.
18. State the function of RS1 and RS0 bits in the flag register of Intel 8031/8051
RS1 RS0 Space in RAM
0 0 Bank0 00h-07h
0 1 Bank1 08h-0Fh
1 0 Bank2 10h-17h
1 1 Bank3 18h-1Fh

19. List the significance of data pointer, DPTR in 8051.

The DPTR register is used as a pointer to hold the address of external memory location to access.
20. What is the clock frequency and word length of 8051?
Clock frequency varies from 1Mhz to 16Mhz. & its word length is 8bits.
21.Specify the purpose of overflow flag in 8051 Microcontroller.
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV - P

0 0 - Select register bank 0

0 1 - Select register bank 1
1 0 - Select register bank 2
1 1 - Select register bank 3
22.Name any two bit addressable special function registers of 8051 microcontroller.
NAME Function Internal RAM Address
A Accumulator 0E0
B Arithmetic 0F0
IE Interrupt enable control 0A8
IP Interrupt priority 0B8
P0 Input/Output port latch 80
P1 Input/Output port latch 90
P2 Input/Output port latch 0A0
P3 Input/Output port latch 0B0
PSW Program status word 0D0
SCON Serial port control 98
TCON Timer/Counter control 88
23. What is the need for D/A converter?
D/A converter (Digital to Analog Converter) is used to interface the microprocessor output with the external
device.
24.List the interrupts of 8051 microcontroller.
There are 5 interrupts of 8051 names that is it timer, external, serial communication interrupts
25.Name a few differences between Microprocessor and Microcontroller.
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
11
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
Microprocessor Microcontroller
1. CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer 1. CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on
are separate designer can decide on the a single chip
amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. 2. fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O
2. Expansive, ports
3. versatility, 3. for applications in which cost, power and
4. general-purpose. space are critical
4. single-purpose
26.What are the distinct a
ddress spaces supported by 8051
The 8051 architecture supports several distinct physical address spaces. a) On - chip program memory b) On -
chip data memory c) External program memory, d). External data memory, e).On-Chip special function registers.
PART – B
1. Design a 8085 microprocessor system such that it should contain 2K byte of EPROM and 2K byte of RAM
with starting addresses 0000H and 6000H respectively.
2. Design a schematic of interfacing I/O devices using memory mapped I/O technique with 8 DIP switches
which control various relay operated processes.(DIP switches are decoded with address FFF9H and Relays
are decoded with address FFF8H).
3. With neat diagram, explain the memory interfacing with 8085.
4. Design the hardware required for memory address range from 8000 H to 83FF H.
5. Explain the 8086 architecture with neat sketch (16)
6. Write an assembly program for searching a string in an array
7. Explain in detail about the MIN mode of operation of 8086
8. Discuss in detail about the applications of Hardware interrupt in 8086.
9. What do you mean by “pipelining mechanism” in bus interface unit of 8086?
10. Explain the 16-bit registers of Execution unit of 8086 microprocessor.
11. Draw the schematic representation of 8086 CPU working in the maximum mode and explain the function of
the components involved.
12. Discuss about the interrupts of 8086.
13. Draw the pin details of 8086 and explain the function of each pin.
14.(i). List out the functions of following signals of INTEL 8085 Microprocessor.
READY,HOLD,HLDA,SOD.(8)
(ii).Discuss the interrupt structure of 8085 Microprocessor.(8)
15. i. With a neat sketch, describe the architecture of the 8085 microcontroller.(10)
ii. Discuss the classification of interrupts in the 8085 microprocessor. (6)
16. i. Explain the data transfer instruction set in 8085. (12)
ii. Explain the flag register of the 8085 processor. (4)
17. Draw the functional Block Diagram of 8086 microprocessor and Explain. (16)
18. Explain the architecture of 8085 processor with a neat block diagram. (16)
19. Explain each PORT circuitry available in 8051.
20. Explain the internal architecture of 8051 microcontroller.(16)
21. With necessary diagram of control word format, explain the different operating modes of timer in 8051
microcontroller.
22. Explain the programming model of 8051 microcontroller.
23. How a program memory and a data memory are interfaced with 8051.
24. With a neat diagram, explain the memory organization of 8051 microcontroller(10)
25. What are interrupts available in the 8051? What are control registers available in the SFR area to control
these register? Explain.
26. Explain the different serial communication modes of operation of 8051 microcontroller. Draw the bit pattern
of program status word of 8051 and explain the significance of each bit with examples.
27. List the special function registers of 8051 microcontroller and explain their functions.
28. With a neat pin diagram 8051, explain the functions of each pin in detail.
29. Discuss the interrupt system of the 8051 microcontroller(10)
30. What is the difference between LJMP and SJMP in 8051.
31. Write briefly on bit manipulation instructions of 8051.
32. What are the different addressing modes of 8051 give example of each mode.
33. Write a 8051 assembly language program to evaluate Q = (u(v + w)) + (x . y) + z.
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
12
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
34. Write a program to find the sum of first ‘N’ natural numbers
35. Write briefly on arithmetic instructions of 8051
36. What is a microcontroller? Explain any one microcontroller architecture interrupt system. Describe a typical
application for which it can be made use of.
19. List out the steps involved in programming Timer 0 is model.(6)
20. i. With a neat sketch, explain the working of the 8051 microcontroller. (16)
ii. Explain in detail about the 8081 I/O ports and their functions. (16)
21. Explain in detail how serial communication is implemented in 8051 microcontroller. (16)
22.With suitable block diagram, explain the architecture of 8051 microcontroller. Also explain the
function of each block. (16)
23.Explain the different modes of operation by serial port in 8051 in detail with its associated
registers. (16)
UNIT III-PROGRAMMABLE PERIPHERAL INTERFACE
PART – A
1.Name the two basic modes of PPI.
The two basic modes of PPI are,
a. Bit set / reset mode,
b. I/O mode.
The I/O mode is further divided into 3 modes,
1.Mode 0 – simple I/O,
2.Mode 1 – Handshake mode,
3.Mode 2 – Bi-directional I/O.
2.Write command word to set/reset PC bit using BSR mode.
To set bit PC7
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
BSR mode 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 = 0F H
To reset bit PC3
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
BSR mode 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 = 06 H
3.What is the use of BSR mode in 8255?
BSR mode is used to set/reset the port C lines individually so that handshake lines are generated.
4.How many I/O devices of word length 1 bit can be connected to 8255 PPI?
Maximum of 24 I/O devices can be connected to such a PPI.
5.What is the function of STB and OBF signals in 8255 PPI when programmed in mode1 operation?
STB - input control signal
OBF - output control signal
STB (strobe input) A low on this input loads data into input latch.
OBF (output buffer full) Goes low to indicate that the CPU has written data out to specified port. It’s set by
the rising edge of the WR input and reset by the ACK input being low.
6.Mention major blocks of 8255 PPI.
1. Data bus buffer
2. Read/write logic
3. Cascade buffer/comparator
4. Control logic
5. In service register (ISR)
6.Priority resolver
7.Interrupt request register (IRR)
8. Interrupt mask register (IMR).
7.What’s USART?
INTEL 8251 Universal synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (USART), designed for data
communications with Intel’s microprocessor families. The USART accepts data characters from the CPU in the
parallel format and then converts them into a continuous serial data stream for transmissions. Simultaneously it
can receive serial data stream and convert them into parallel data characters for the CPU.
8.Explain TXD & TXE.
TXD (Transmitter data): Transmit buffer sends serial stream of data on TXD output line on
the falling edge of TXC (Transmitter clock).TXD line will be held high (Marking set) upon a master reset.
TXE(Transmitter empty): When the 8259A has no characters to send, the TXE output will go high .It resets upon
receiving a character from CPU if the transmitter is enabled. TXE remains high when the transmitter is disabled.
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
13
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
9.What’s the “HUNT” mode for the 8251 USART when programmed for synchronous mode?
In the synchronous mode, ENTER HUNT command is included as a first command instruction. Data on the
RXD line is then sampled on the RXC rising edge. The content of the RX buffer composed at every bit boundary
with the SYNC character until a match occurs. When SYNC characters have been detected the USART ends the
HUNT mode.
10.Relate TXC frequency to BAUD rate in 8251.
(TXC CLOCK FREQUENCY)
BAUD RATE FACTOR = ---------------------------------------
(BAUD RATE)
11.What type of signals are generated on the SL0 to SL3 scan lines of 8279 keyboard display controller
when it’s programmed in decode mode?
The SL outputs are active low and only one of the four outputs is low at any given instant. The decoded outputs
repeat pattern: 1110, 1101, 1011 & 0111.
12.How many words of RAM available in the display controller 8279?
16 words of RAM.
13.How many seven segment displays can be connected to 8279?
Sixteen seven segment displays can be connected to 8279.
14.What’s the purpose of a keyboard debounce routine?
Keyboard debouncer is used to solve the problem of keybounce, which typically arises when a key is pressed or
released.
15.How to overcome the problem of keyboard bouncing?
Mechanical switches are used in most of the keyboards. When a key is pressed the contacts bounce back and
forth and settle down only after a small time delay (about 20 ms). Even though a key is actuated once, it’ll appear
to have been actuated several times. This problem is called keybouncing. This problem can be solved by
confirming the key press after allowing for a settling time of 20ms.
16.What’s meant by double buffering of DAC?
When 10 or 12 bit DAC is interfaced with 8-bit microprocessor, the data bus is timeshared by using two output
ports: One for the first 8 bits and the second for the remaining 2 bits. A disadvantage is that the DAC output
assumes an intermediate value between the two output operations. This difficulty can be circumvented by using a
double – buffered DAC such as AD7522.(A 10 – bit D/A converter with an input buffer and a holding
register).The 10 bits are loaded into the input register in 2 steps using 2 o/p ports.
Then all 10 bits are switched into a holding register for conversion. Thus using 2 buffers (I/P buffer & holding
register), the data is presented to the I/P & DAC. This is called double buffering of DAC.
17.How‘s the 8-bit code corresponding to the key position is assembled when a depressed key is detected in
8279?
If the key is pressed, the 8279 produces a 8-bit code which represents the pressed key. The 3 bits of this code
represent the no. of the row in which the 8279 found the pressed key and another 3 bits represents the column of
the pressed key. The upper 2 bits of the code produced represents the status of those two keys.
18.The clock input pin of 8279 Keyboard display controller is connected to a system clock of
f=3.1MHZ.What will be the internal clock frequency within the 8279 as soon as reset is applied to 8279?
The system has a clock frequency of 3.1 MHZ. When the 8279 is reset the clock frequency gets divided by 31 to
provide the scan frequency of approximately 100KHZ.(internal clock frequency).
19. What’s meant by handshake I/O interfacing?
Handshake I/O is used where more co-ordination is required between the sending and receiving systems. The I/O
device sends a ‘STB’ (active low) signal to the micro- processor. The microprocessor sends an acknowledge
signal ‘ACK’ (active high) to the I/O device. Then the I/O device sends a byte of data and raises its STB high.
Then the microprocessor drops its ‘ACK’ line low and waits for another request (STB). This type of parallel data
transfer is called handshake I/O.
20. Why all the programmable port devices initialize their port lines as inputs when reset?
If port lines are initialized as output lines on reset the logic values sent on these O/P lines may cause damage to
the devices connected to it. Hence port devices initialize their port lines as I/P lines on reset.
21. Why must data be sent to a printer on a handshake basis?
Before the data is to be sent to a printer, CPU should know whether the printer is powered up or paper is
available for printing etc., To know such information, handshake I/O technique is the suitable one.
22. Give the voltage levels used to represent logic ‘1’ & ‘0’ in RS 232 serial standard.
Logic 1 - (-3V to –15V)
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
14
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
Logic 0 - (+3V to +15V)
23. What is a null modem?
The crossover connection between the two data terminal equipments is often called a null modem. The TXD
from the DTE – 1 sends data to the RXD input of the DTE – 2. Likewise, the TXD from the DTE –2 sends data
to the RXD input of the DTE-1. The handshake signals are also crossed over.
24. Name the two digital coding schemes commonly used in the bipolar operation of DAC circuit.
They are
a. Symmetrical offset binary coding scheme
b. Offset binary coding scheme.
25. What for is modem being used?
It’s the acronym for MODULATOR / DEMODULATOR. It’s a communication device used to convert digital
information into analog information and the vice versa.
26.What are DTE and DCE?
DTE: Terminals and computers that are sending or receiving the serial data are referred to as Data Terminal
Equipment. (DTE).
DCE: Modems and other equipment used to send serial data over long distances are known as Data
Communication Equipment.(DCE).
27.What’s the use of START and STOP bit in serial communications?
They are used for the purpose of synchronization in case of serial communications.
28.What’s the purpose of line drivers in serial communication in RS232 standard?
The purpose of line drivers is to convert RS232 signals to TTL signals and vice versa. The drivers used are
MC1488 & MC1489.
29. Define Baud.
THE BAUD = 1/(1BIT CELL TIME); sometimes 2 or 3 information bits can be encoded within 1 bit cell time.
BAUD RATE is also expressed as a fraction of transmitter clock.
30.Calculate full scale output for an 8 bit DAC for (0-10V) range. (NOV-2010)
Output = (Vfs /2n)[20+21+22+23+24+25+26+27]
Where Vfs=10;n=8;
=9.96 V
31.Distinguish between half duplex & full duplex transmission. (NOV-2010)
Half duplex---- no simultaneous both side transmission i.e though transmission &reception can be done through
the same channel they can’t be done simultaneously.
Full duplex---- no simultaneous both side transmission i.e though transmission &reception can be done through
the same channel they can’t be done simultaneously.
32.What are the features of 8051 microcontroller? (April/May 2011)
• Inbuilt memory
• Inbuilt ADC and DAC
• Programmable with ALP and high level languages such as C
33.Distinguish between timers and counters. (April/May 2011)
A counter accumulates an unknown quantity of external events over a known interval of time.
The measurement of interest is typically frequency when the events are periodic. If the events are random, the
measurement involves event density over time.
A timer accumulates a series events of a known interval over an interval that is being measured.
The measurement of interest is typically the time elapsed between two events. If the start and stop events recur
periodically, multiple measurements can be made and averaged, allowing for increased resolution.
Counter/timers in MPU's are typically just counters that count external events in counter mode and processor
cycles in timer mode.
34.What are the modes in which 8255 can be operate? (NOV-2011)
The two basic modes of PPI are,
a. Bit set / reset mode,
b. I/O mode.
The I/O mode is further divided into 3 modes,
1.Mode 0 – simple I/O,
2.Mode 1 – Handshake mode,
3.Mode 2 – Bi-directional I/O.
35.What is key debouncing? (NOV-2011)
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
15
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
Debouncing is a provision in electronic/electrical devices having switches to prevent the spikes in output.
Details: When we press any switch manually and release it it bounces due to inherent elasticity, this causes
multiple make and break of electrical contact. If the response time is very large then it won't create any problem,
but if it is small then we get multiple responses for a single keypress
PART – B
1. Explain the internal architecture of 8251 USART.
2. What are I/O ports, the programmable and non-programmable ports? Illustrate the control word format of
PPI 8255 for the mode 1 in output configuration using its control word, control signals and status word.
3. Explain about RS232C and RS485.
4. Explain the standard I2C block diagram
5. Interface a ADC chip with 8085 processor through 8255 ports and write an ALP to use BSR mode to
START conversion and STATUS CHECK mode to read output data. Explain the complete circuit and
programs. Use memory mapped I/O configuration
6. Explain in detail the internal architecture, operating modes and programming of 8255 PPI.
7. Explain the mode 1 input configuration of 8255 programmable peripheral interface using its control word,
control signal and status word.
8. Explain the function of major components in 8279 keyboard display controller.
9. Show and explain DAC interfacing with a microprocessor.
10. Explain the pin configuration, operating modes and programming of 8251 serial interface.
11. Write short notes on the following with neat figures. (a) Interfacing 8-bit ADC to 8085
microprocessor.(b)GPIB
12. Explain how 8255 can be used to interface with a 4 x 4 keyboard matrix and write a matrix keyboard
subroutine.
13.(a).(i).Explain the architecture of INTEL 8253 timer/counter with a neat block diagram(16)(NOV 2010)
14.Explain the working of INTEL 8255 programmable peripheral interface with a neat block diagram.(16)(NOV
2010)
15.With a neat sketch, explain the working of the 8279 keyboard display controller. (16) (April/May 2011)
16. With a neat sketch, explain the working of the 8255 PPI. (16) (April/May 2011)
17. Explain how a 8255 PPI is interfaced to 8085. (16) (Nov 2011)
18. Describe how 8279 keyboard and display controller is interfaced to 8085. (16) (Nov 2011)
UNIT IV - PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER
PART A
1. Define programmable logic controller. [Nov/ Dec 2013, Nov/Dec 2012]]
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a solid -state device designed to perform logic functions. These
logic functions are used to make logical decisions and provide outputs.
2. What are the applications of PLCs?
PLCs are used for the control and operation of manufacturing process equipment and machinery.
3. What are the main components of PLC and describe the main function of each? (or) write short notes
on the basic arrangement of a PLC system. [May/ June 2013]
CPU, Input/Output(I/O) section and programming device are the main components of PLC. CPU executes the
stored user program from memory, and sends appropriate output commands to control devices. I/O section
forms the interface between the field device and the controller. This section condition the various signals
received from or sent to external field devices. The programming device is used to enter the desired program
into the memory of the processor.
4. What are the features of programmable logic controller?[Apr/May 2015]
• They are rugged and designed to withstand vibrations,temperature,humidity and noise.
• The interfacing for inputs and outputs are inside the controller.
• they are easily programmed.
5. What are the advantages of PLC over a conventional relay type control?
In relay type control, relays must be hard-wired to perform a specific function. when the system requirements
change, the relay wiring has to be changed or modified. The PLC has eliminated much of the wiring
associated with relay type control. PLC is small, inexpensive, reliable, consumes less power and easily
expandable.
6. Distinguish between PLC and computer. [Nov/Dec 2013]
First, unlike computers, PLC is designed to operate in the industrial environment with wide ranges of ambient
temperature and humidity. Second, distinction between PLCs and computers is that the hardware and software
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
16
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
of PLCs are designed for easy use of plant electricians and technicians. Third, the troubleshooting is easier in
PLC than in computer.
7. What is the function of a PLC input module?
Input interface modules accept signals from the machine or process device (120V ac) and convert them into
signals (5V dc) that can be used by the controller.
8. What is the use of optical isolator? [Nov/Dec 2014]
The optical isolator not only separates the higher ac input voltage from the logic circuits, but also prevents
damage to the processor due to the line voltage transients. Optical isolation also helps to reduce the effects of
electrical noise.
9. What type of field input devices are suitable for use with discrete input modules?
The discrete input module interface connects field input devices of ON/OFF nature such as selector switches,
push buttons and limit switches.
10. What type of field output devices are suitable for use with discrete output modules?
Devices such as lights, small motors, solenoids and motor starts that require simple ON/OFF switching are
suitable for use with discrete output modules.
11. List the advantages of PLC system with the tradition mechanical system
Advantages of PLC system over traditional mechanical system: In PLC system, the time duration can be easily
adjusted by changing the timer preset values (i.e., DATA) in the program whereas the
traditional system requires various sizes of the cams.
12.What are the logic functions that can be obtained by using switches in series? [Dec 2014]
AND logic function
13.List the factors to be considered while selecting a PLC.
1.Number of logical inputs and outputs
2. Memory - Often 1K and up. Need is dictated by size of ladder logic program. A ladder element will take
only a few bytes, and will be specified in manufacturers documentation.
3. Number of special I/O modules - When doing some exotic applications, a large number of special add-on
cards may be required.
4. Scan Time - Big programs or faster processes will require shorter scan times. And, the shorter the scan
time, the higher the cost. Typical values for this are 1 microsecond per simple ladder instruction.
5. Communications - Serial and networked connections allow the PLC to be programmed and talk to other
PLCs. The needs are determined by the application.
6. Software - Availability of programming software and other tools determines the programming and
debugging ease.
13. Define the rules to be followed in ladder diagrams.
There must be ONLY ONE COIL per RUNG. The COIL must be the LAST
ITEM on the RUNG.A COIL should be USED ONLY ONCE in the
DIAGRAM. A COIL can have an UNLIMITED NUMBER of CONTACTS.
14. What is meant by internal relays? [Nov/Dec 2012]
The terms internal relay, auxiliary relay and marker is considered as internal
relay in the PLC. In reality they are not Relays. However they are simulated by
the software within the PLC. They are useful in implementing switching
sequences. Internal relays are used in a situation where occurrence of output
depends on two different input arrangements. Fig. shows the ladder diagram for
such an arrangement.
15. What is a Ladder Diagram? [Nov/Dec 2013]
Ladder logic is a programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit
diagrams of relay logic hardware. It is primarily used to develop software for programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) used in industrial control applications.
16. Draw the latching using ladder diagram. [Dec 2014]

Rajalakshmi Engineering College

17
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
17. What is meant by sourcing in PLC explain with sketch? (answer is above)
18. Why latching is needed to switch on the DC motor?[Nov/Dec 2015]
When the start signal is momentarily pressed the motor starts and when the stop switch is used the motor
switches off. motor continuous to run till stop switch is pressed.
19. Draw the sketch of AND gate using ladder diagram. [May/June 2013]

20. What is meant by shift register? [May/ June 2013],[Nov/ Dec 2013]
A number of internal relays can be grouped together to form a register which can provide a storage area for a
series of sequence of individual bits. Registers are used to store a bit sequence, for example a4-bit sequence
1101 can be stored using 4 internal registers. In shift registers the bits are shifted along the register array by
one bit when there is a suitable input fed to the register.
21. What is meant by data handling?
In some cases, it may be required to deal with related group of bits, i.e. a block of eight inputs and operate on
them as data word. The operations that may be carried out with a PLC on data words normally include. 1.
Data movement, 2. Data comparison, 3. Arithmetic operations, 4. Conversions between BCD, binary & octal.
22. What is meant by Data Movement?

Data movement instruction has move instruction, source address of the

data and destination address of the data.

23. What is meant by Data Comparison?

Data comparison includes less than (<or LES), equal to (=orEQU), less than or equal to (or LEQ),
greater than (> or GRT), greater than or equal to ( or GEQ) and not equal to (# or <> or NEQ).
24. Write a short note on Jump Control used in PLC using a ladder diagram.
Conditional Jump is a function provided in PLCs. If a certain condition exists, then a section of the program is
ignored and the program control is jumped. In the ladder diagram shown, program A is followed by input1 and
the conditional jump relay CJP. If input 1 is OFF, the program B follows. The end of program B is indicated
by EJP end of jump relay coil. If input 1 is ON, then the program jumps to the program 'C' skipping program
B.

Rajalakshmi Engineering College

18
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
25. Draw the schematic of Comparator. [May/June 2013] (answer is above)
PART B
1. Define PLC. With the help of a block diagram, explain the main components of a PLC. and list its
Applications.
2. Sketch the basic architecture of a PLC and explain the function of each element. [May/June 2013, Dec
2013][Apr/May2015]
3. Device a circuit that could be used with a domestic washing machine to switch on a pump. To pump Water
for 100s into the machine then switch OFF and switch ON a heater for 50s, to heat the water. The heater is
then switched OFF, and another pump is to empty the water from the machine for 100s.
4. What is meant by Counters? Name the various types of counters and draw a ladder diagram to control a
machine which is required to direct 6 items along one path for packaging in a box and then 12 items along
another path for packaging in another box.
5. Discuss the use of internal relays in PLC.
6. Explain how a PLC can be used to handle an Analogue input with an suitable example. Delay – Off Timer
7. Explain the following (i) Delay –Off Timer (ii) Delay – ON Timer (iii) Steady state error [2014]
8. Explain the principle and operation of self-tuning circuit with block diagram.
9. Discuss how AND, OR, NOR and NAND systems can be formed with ladder diagram
10. Explain how the shift register can be used to sequence the event with a neat diagram in detail.
11. What is shift register? Explain the working of shift register using ladder diagram
12. Explain the Data Handling System in PLC using the ladder diagram in detail. [Nov/ Dec 2012][Nov/Dec
2015][Apr/May 2015]
13. Create a ladder diagram for the following application: A pneumatic system with double solenoid valves
controls two double acting cylinders A and B. The sequences of cylinder operations are as follows: Cylinder B
retracts and finally the cycle is completed by the Cylinder A retracting. Explain the logic of the PLC circuit
used.[Dec 2014]
14. A work piece is loaded on a conveyor belt and it is operated between two limits of travel A and
B. When the limit switch at station A is activated, the conveyor moves in the forward direction and at station B
is activated, the conveyor moves in the reverse direction. Pressing the start button makes the motor to run in
forward direction and stop button makes the motor to stop. Draw a suitable ladder diagram and explain the
same.
15. Explain the Master relay control in PLC with ladder diagram [Nov/ Dec 2013]
16. Explain the following (i) Timers (ii) Counters (iii) Internal Relays [Nov/ Dec 2013]
17. Explain the configuration of a PLC. List the consideration in selecting a PLC. [Nov/ Dec 2012][Nov/Dec
2015]
18. Explain about mnemonics with examples.[Nov/Dec 2015]
UNIT V- DESIGN OF MECHATRONICS SYSTEMS
PART A
1. Name the various stages in designing Mechatronics Systems. [May/ June 2013]
Need for design, Analysis of problem, preparation of specification, generation of possible solution, production
of detailed design, Production of working diagram.
2. Distinguish between traditional design and mechatronics design with an example.[May/ June
2013],[Nov/ Dec 2013, Dec 2012]

3. List down the various Mechatronics elements in an automatic camera.

Auto focus, auto exposure, auto lighting etc.
4. What is timed switch?
A time switch (also called timer switch or simply timer, is a timer that operates an electric switch controlled
by the timing mechanism. The switch may be connected to a circuit operating from mains power, or for lower-
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
19
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
voltage circuits, including battery-operated equipment in vehicles. It may be built into power circuits (as with
a central heating timer), plugged into a power point with equipment plugged into the timer instead of directly
into the power point, or built into equipment as, for example, a sleep timer that turns off a television receiver
after an interval.
5. Automatic camera is a Mechatronics system – justify.
Yes. It has automatic focusing and exposure with microprocessor based system.
6. What is meant by Duty cycle?
A duty cycle is the percent of time that an entity spends in an active state as a fraction of the total time under
consideration. The term is often used pertaining to electrical devices, e.g., switching power supplies.
7. Name the sensors used in car engine management system [Dec 2014]
Crankshaft sensor,Camshaft sensor,Wheel speed sensor,Knock Sensor,Pressure sensor - MAP and T- MAP
sensors.
8. What are embedded systems?
An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system,
often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including
hardware and mechanical parts.
9. Name any five automobile mechatronic systems.
ABS, Engine management system, automated door, indicators, power windows, automatic gear transmission
system.
10. What is meant by correction element?
The correction element produces a change in the process to correct or change the controlled condition. Thus it
might be a switch which switches on a heater and so increases the temperature of the process or a valve which
opens and allows more liquid to enter the process that provides the power to carry out the control action.
10.Write the basic steps of the program to run a stepper motor. [Nov/ Dec 2013, Dec 2014]
Step1: Advance a step by applying a data. Step2: Call time dealy routine to complete a
step. Step3: Repeat step1 and step2 until the required number of steps completed in
forward direction.
Step4: To reverse the direction ofa stepper motor, the same steps given above are repeated in the reverse order
of data.
11. What is the role of opto-isolator in robotic control? [ Nov/ Dec 2012]
An opto-isolator, also called an opto coupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers
electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. The main function of an opto- isolator is to
block such high voltages and voltage transients, so that a surge in one part of the system will not disrupt or
destroy the other parts.
13. Draw flow chart of Mechatronics system.[Nov/Dec 2013]

14.Draw the characteristics of engine temperature sensor.[Nov/Dec 2015]

PART – B
1. Explain the stages in designing Mechatronics systems in detail? [May/June 2013, Dec 2012]
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
20
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023
2. Device a robot system which can be used for pick and place purpose. Describe the various Mechatronics
elements used in the design. [Nov/Dec 2013]
3. Design a Mechatronics system for sorting parts based on height moving in a conveyor. Sketch the layout
and highlight the design aspects.
4. Compare traditional design and Mechatronics design with suitable example [Dec 2012, Dec 2014]
5. Explain the working at anyone type of microprocessor based controller with neat diagram.
6. Discuss Mechatronics design of an automatic ―car park system‖.
7. Explain the working of wind screen-wiper mechanism with a neat diagram also draw the interfacing
circuit.
8. How do you develop ―simple electronic weighing machines‖? Explain it in detail.
9. Explain the working of a sequential control of ―washing machine system‖ with a neat diagram.
10. Device a car parking barrier system and write the appropriate PLC programming ladder diagram to
execute the system. [May/ June 2013]
11. Explain with a neat circuit, the control system and the communication system used in the wireless
surveillance balloon. [May/June 2013]
12. Design a Mechatronics system for a automatic camera and explain the various Mechatronics elements.
[Dec 2014]
13. Explain the various elements present in Engine management system with appropriate block diagram.[Dec
2013]
14. Details about the various functional components in a wireless surveillance balloon system. [Nov/Dec
2012]

Rajalakshmi Engineering College

21
ME19741-Mechatronics REC / Mechanical Engineering 2022-2023

Rajalakshmi Engineering College

22