COMPUTER TOPIC 2

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 COMPUTER SYSTEM HARDWARE
 Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions. Computer is a
programmable machine.
COMPUTER BASIC OPERATIONS
 Input
 process
 output
 Storage

Input Output
Pro
COMPUTER PARTS

Computer is divided into two main parts which are

 Software
 Hard ware
 THE SYSTEM UNIT
 The system unit is the core of a computer system. A case that contains the
electronic components of the computer used to process data.
 The case of the system unit is made of metal or plastic and protects the
electrical components inside.
 The system unit is composed of 6 basic components; Motherboard, Processor,
RAM, Hard drive, Video card and Power supply.
 The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU),
or microprocessor and random access memory (RAM).
 Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using
cables.
 The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the
system unit.
 Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral
device or device.
 It’s where all computer peripherals such as mouse, keyboard, monitor,
speakers are attached.
Outside of system unit
 MOTHER BOARD
• Motherboard – is the board in the computer where all communication takes
place and everything is connected to the motherboard.
• A motherboard or also known as system board, is the main circuit board of the
system
 PROCESSOR
 It’s also called the Central Processing Unit (CPU) that interprets and carries out
basic commands that run a computer.
 The processor is often thought of as the "engine “or “brain” of the computer.
 Multi-core processor is one chip with two or more separate processor cores.
 PROCESSOR-Machine Cycle
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which
comprise a machine cycle: Fetch, decode, execute, & Store.
– Fetching, involves retrieving an instruction from program memory
– Decoding, Process of translating the instruction into signals the computer can
execute.
– Executing, various portions of the CPU, such as the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
and the floating point unit (FPU) are connected so they can perform the
desired operation.
– Write back (Storing), simply writes back the results of the execute step to
some form of memory.
 Contains a Control Unit and an
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
◦ Control Unit: Component
of the processor that
directs and coordinates
most of the operations in
the computer
◦ Arithmetic Logic Unit:
Component of the
processor that performs
arithmetic, comparison,
and other operations

 A processor contains small, high speed storage locations, called registers that
temporarily hold instructions and data.
 The processor relies on a system clock that controls the timing of all the
computer operations.

The clock speed is measured by the number of ticks per second .

 Current personal computers have clock speeds in the gigahertz range.
 One gigahertz (GHz) equals one billion ticks of the system clock per second.
 Processor
Cooling

\
COMPUTER MEMORY
 Consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be
executed by the processor, and the results of processing the data.
 Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some
other circuit board on the computer.
Two types of memory:
 Volatile memory: Memory that loses its contents when the power is turned
off.
 RAM (primary memory)
 Non-volatile memory: Memory that does not lose its contents when the
power is turned off.
 Read Only memory (ROM), flash memory, and Complementary
metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)
 Secondary memory
 RAM
 RAM (random access memory), or main memory, is the computer short term
memory where data that the processor is currently use is stored
 The computer can access RAM faster than data on hard disk that is why ram
capacity is important for system performance, is used for immediately data
storage.
 It has three types which are static, dynamic and synchronous dynamic ram
 The processor interprets and executes instructions while the program is in
RAM.
 Most RAM is volatile, so it will lose its contents when the power is removed.
 The amount of RAM necessary in a computer often depends on the types of
software you plan to use.
Characteristics of ram
 Its volatile memory
 Its fattest memory,
 It’s expensive and store temporary information

ROM
• ROM (Read-only memory) refers to memory chips storing permanent data
and instructions.
• ROM chips are not volatile and cannot be changed by the user
• Read only means that the CPU can read, or retrieve , data and program
written on ROM chips, but the computer cannot write (change) the
information or instructions stored in ROM
• Example of ROM instructions are start the computer
FLASH MEMORY
A type of non-volatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten
They store data and programs for many mobile computers and devices such as
smart phones, portable media players, and digital cameras

Removable Flash Memory

• A memory card is a removable flash memory device that you can insert and
remove from a slot in a personal computer, game console, mobile device,
or card reader/writer.
A USB flash drive is a flash memory storage device that plugs in a USB port.

BYTES AND ADDRESSABLE MEMORY

 A byte is the basic storage unit in memory.
 The instructions and data exist in memory as bytes.
 An address is a location in memory where each byte resides temporarily.

 Manufacturers state the size of memory and storage devices in terms of the
number of bytes of available storage.
 CMOS
• Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) chips contain essential
information that is required every time the computer is turned on
• CMOS chip provides information such as current date and time, amount of
RAM, type of mouse, keyboard, monitor and disk drives.
 CMOS does not lose its content when the power is turned off.
 CMOS contents can change to reflect changes in the computer system such as
increase in RAM

HARD DISK DRIVE

• Hard drive – is the secondary storage memory for the computer system.
• It is where all files and data including operating system, antivirus and other
applications are saved.
 OPTICAL STORAGE DISKS
The optical storage device mostly known as compact disc (CD) to capable of
holding up to 600MB to 750 MB data storage and more as 4.7 G.B in DVD
Disk.

EXPANSION SLOTS AND ADAPTER CARDS

• An expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter
card.
• Expansion slots allow users to expand their systems.
– User can insert expansion cards (also called plug-in boards, controller
cards, adapter cards and interface cards) into expansion slots located
in the motherboard.
–
PORTS AND CONNECTORS
 A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with
a system unit so that the peripheral can send data to or receive information
from the computer.
A connector joins a cable to a port
 POWER SUPPLY
• A power supply is the component of the system unit that converts the wall
outlet AC power into the DC power.
• AC adapter is an external power supply. An example would be a cable
modem, speakers, or a printer
• Different motherboards and computers require different wattages
Bus lines provide data pathways that connect various system components.
• There are two categories of Bus lines:
• System bus and Expansion Bus
• System Bus connects the CPU to memory on the motherboard
• Expansion bus connects the CPU to expansion slots on the motherboard
QN.1 mention hardware components that connected to your computer, categories into input output
storage and processing devices

INPUT OUTPUT STORAGE PROCESSING

Keyboard speaker usb GPU
Mouse monitor Disk drives(CD) CPU

QN.2 mention hard disk storage capacity CPU specification and am capacity of your pc

HARD DISK CAPACITY CPU SPECIFICATION RAM SIZE

128GB Intel®celeron®cpu n3350 1.10GHz 4GB

QN.3 attributes that used to rate CPU

Clock speed - The speed at which the CPU can perform a certain number of tasks per second,
measured in GHz (gigahertz).
 Number of cores - The number of processing units within the CPU, each capable of performing
individual tasks simultaneously.

Thermal Design Power (TDP) - The maximum amount of power the CPU will consume and produce
heat based on its clock speed and number of cores.

Instruction Set - The set of instructions that the CPU can execute, determining its ability to handle
certain types of software.

Integrated Graphics - The graphics processing power that the CPU can offer without the need for a
dedicated graphics card.

Overclocking capabilities - The ability to increase the clock speed of the CPU for higher
performance, although this may require additional cooling.

QN.4 issues to consider when buying a computer system

1. Purpose: Determine what you will be using the computer for. Will it be for basic tasks like web
browsing and word processing, or for more demanding tasks like gaming or video editing?

2. Processor: The processor is the brain of the computer, and it is important to choose one that is
powerful enough to handle your needs. Intel and AMD are the two main processor manufacturers.

3. Memory: RAM (random access memory) is important for running applications smoothly. The
more RAM, the better the performance.

4. Storage: Determine how much storage you will need for your files, programs, and operating
system. Solid-state drives (SSDs) are faster and more reliable than traditional hard drives.

5. Display: Consider the size and resolution of the display. Higher resolutions will provide a better
viewing experience, but they may also require more processing power.

6. Graphics: If you plan on using the computer for gaming or graphic design, a dedicated graphics
card may be necessary.

7. Operating system: Choose an operating system that is compatible with your needs and
preferences. The most common options are Windows, MacOS, and Linux.

QN. 4 Issues to consider when buying mobile gadgets

1. Compatibility: Ensure that the gadget you are interested in is compatible with your computer or
device. Check the system requirements and compatibility before making a purchase.

2. Purpose: Determine what you will be using the gadget for. Will it be for work, productivity,
entertainment, or a specific task?

3. Features: Look for gadgets with features that meet your needs. For example, if you need a mouse
for gaming, look for one with programmable buttons and high sensitivity.
 4. Quality: Check the build quality of the gadget, the materials used, and the durability of the
product.

5. Brand and support: Consider the reputation of the brand and the quality of their customer
support. Look for brands that have a good track record of producing high-quality products and offering
excellent customer service.

6. Price: Set a budget and choose a gadget that fits within your price range. Keep in mind that
sometimes paying more for a high-quality gadget can be a better investment in the long run.

QN.6 when it comes to monitors, there are several factors that can affect their display quality. MHere
are some of the most important factors and how they impact the display:

1. Pixels: Pixels are the small dots that make up the image on the screen. A higher number of pixels
means a higher resolution, which can result in sharper and clearer images. The more pixels a monitor
has, the better the image quality will be.

2. Dot Pitch: Dot pitch is the distance between two adjacent pixels. A smaller dot pitch means that
the pixels are closer together, resulting in a sharper and clearer image. Monitors with a smaller dot pitch
are generally considered to have better image quality.

3. Refresh Rate: The refresh rate is the number of times per second that the display is updated. A
higher refresh rate means that the image is updated more frequently, resulting in smoother and more
fluid motion. Monitors with a higher refresh rate are better suited for fast-paced games and other
applications where motion is important.

4. Color Depth: Color depth refers to the number of colors that a monitor can display. A higher color
depth means that more colors can be displayed, resulting in more accurate and vibrant colors. Monitors
with a higher color depth are better suited for applications where color accuracy is important, such as
photo and video editing.

QN.8 difference between primary memory and secondary storage

Primary memory is the computer's main memory and stores data temporarily. Secondary
memory is external memory and saves data permanently. Data stored in primary memory can
be directly accessed by the CPU, which cannot be accessed in secondary memory.
QN.9 a few of the most common uses for secondary storage devices include:

 Data backups
 Disaster recovery
 Long-term data archiving
 Remote storage of critical, classified, or secure information
 Additional or portable storage space for downloaded files

Secondary Storage Devices

Not all computer devices require secondary storage, but secondary storage devices are a useful
addition for the long-term storage and retrieval of data. Most modern secondary storage devices
are external, meaning that they can be removed for further portability and security. Some
secondary memory options, however, remain inside the computer permanently as an extra
means of storage space. The three main types of secondary storage devices are:

 Magnetic storage Device that use magnetization process to write, rewrite and access
data(hard disk)
 Optical storage is type of computer storage that uses laser to store and retrieve data
from optical medias (flash drive,cd dvd)
 Solid state storage is type of computer storage that that store data electronically and has
no moving parts (ssd)

QN 10. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM AND ROM