Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Industrial A C Machine (22523)

Unit No 01
Three Phase Induction Motor
Teaching hours: 18 Mar ks: 20

Unit Unit Outcomes (UOs) Topics and Sub Topics

Three 1a. Explain with sketch working of the given 1.1 Working principle: production of rotating
Phase three phase induction motor magnetic field, Synchronous speed, rotor speed and
Induction 1b. Explain with sketch construction of the slip
Motors given three phase induction motor 1.2 Constructional details of 3 phase induction
1c. Derive the expression for rotor induced motors: Squirrel cage induction motor and Slip ring
emf and torque of three phase induction induction motor.
motor for different operating conditions 1.3 Rotor quantities: frequency, induced emf,
1d. Explain with sketch the operation of the power factor at starting and running condition.
motor in specified quadrant 1.4 Characteristics of torque versus slip (speed),
1e. Determine the specified performance Torques: starting, full load and maximum with
parameters of the motor relations among them.
1f. Explain with sketch operation of relevant 1.5 Induction motor as a generalized transformer
of the given three phase induction motor with phasor diagram.
1e. Explain the specified method of speed
control 1.6 Four quadrant operation, Power flow diagram
1f. suggest the relevant IM for the specified 1.7 Starters: need and types; stator resistance, auto
different applications transformer, star delta, rotor resistance and soft
starters.
1.8 Speed control methods: stator voltage, pole
changing, rotor resistance and VVVF
1.9 Motor selection for different applications as per
the load torque-speed requirements.
1.10 Maintenance of three phase induction motors.

Course Outcome: Use the relevant IM for the specified different applications

INTRODUCTION

Induction motor is an AC motor, and AC motors are broadly classified into two groups,
namely Synchronous motor and Asynchronous motor. Remember that Induction motor is an
asynchronous motor. Three phase induction motors are most frequently used in industries.
Approximately 80% drives in industries are induction motors. Applications of induction motors of
PROF S V ALI 1
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

size varying from half a kilowatt to thousands of kilowatts are numerous. They are found out
everywhere from a small workshop to a large manufacturing industry.

These motors are simple in design, rugged construction, reliable operation, low priced and
easy to maintain, simple gear control for starting and speed control, high efficiency. Practically,
then run at constant speed from no load to full load. The speed is frequency dependent, and
consequently these motors are not easily adapted to speed control. However, variable frequency
electronic drives are being used more and more to control the speed of commercial induction
motors.

Although it is possible to use an induction machine as either a motor or a generator, it has

many disadvantages as a generator and so is rarely used in that manner. For this reason, induction
machines are usually referred to as induction motors.

Induction motors are of two types, namely i) slip ring induction motor ii) squirrel induction
motor; and these types depend upon the type of rotor construction. The detail will be considered
in next article.

Q 01) why induction motor is called as induction motor

Q 02) State one of the distinguishing performance features of three phase induction motor

In this motor electrical energy is supplied to the input side of induction motor (stator winding),
this energy is transferred to rotor winding through electromagnetic induction principle. There is
no physical or electrical connection between stator and rotor. But stator and rotor are magnetically
coupled through air gap. Therefore it is called as induction motor.

Features: The distinguishing feature of an induction motor is that no dc field current is required
to run the machine.

Q 03) State the advantages and disadvantages of three phase induction motor

ADVANTAGES:

1. It is simple and rugged in construction (especially squirrel cage type).

2. Its cost is low and it is very reliable.

3. It has high efficiency. In normal running condition, no brushes are needed, hence frictional
losses are reduced.

4. It has a reasonably good power factor. 5. It requires less maintenance.

PROF S V ALI 2
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

5. Its starting arrangement is simple especially for squirrel-cage type motor.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.

2. Just like a DC shunt motor, its speed decreases with increase in load.

3. Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of a DC shunt motor

CLASSIFICATION OF A C MOTORS

Q 04) Give detail classification of AC motors

1. According to principle of operation: (A) Synchronous motors and (B) Asynchronous motors

Synchronous motors can be (i) plain and (ii) super—

(B) Asynchronous motors; a) Induction motor

It can further be classified as (i) Squirrel cage {single and double cage} (ii) Slip-ring (external
resistance)

(b) Commutator motors; (i) Series {single phase universal}

(ii) Compensated {conductively inductively}

(iii) Shunt {simple compensated} (iv) Repulsion {straight compensated}

(v) repulsion-start induction (vi) repulsion induction

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF 3 PHASE I M

Like any other electrical motor induction motor also have two main parts namely rotor and stator.
Remember that it has the same physical stator as that of synchronous machine. The only
difference is due to different rotor construction.

Q 05) State the function of following parts in Induction motor (i) Stator (ii) Slip rings. (W 19)

STATOR: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor.

1) Stator frame supports the core, terminal box and protects the inner parts. 2) Stator core houses
stator winding.

3) Stator winding produces rotating magnetic field.

SLIP RINGS: 1) The rotor winding terminals are permanently connected to the slip rings.

PROF S V ALI 3
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

2) Provides facility to connect external resistance to rotor circuit through brushes for starting and
control.

ROTOR: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft.

The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as

Squirrel cage rotor, Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.

Depending upon the type of rotor construction used the three phase induction motors are
classified as: Squirrel cage induction motor, Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor
or phase wound induction motor.

The construction of stator for both the kinds of three phase induction motor remains the same.

The other parts, which are required to complete the induction motor, are:

SHAFT: It is used for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made up of steel.
Bearings are used for supporting the rotating shaft.

BEARINGS: Ball and roller bearings are used to suit heavy duty, trouble-free running and for
enhanced service life

COOLING: One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of heat during its
rotation. In order to overcome this problem we need fan for cooling.

TERMINAL BOX: For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.

AIR GAP: There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually varies from 0.4 mm
to 4 mm. Such a distance is called air gap.

Q 06) Enlist any four parts of 3-Phase induction Motor and state the function of each listed

SN Parts of 3-Ph Induction Motor Function

1 Stator frame Supports the stator core, protects inner parts

2 Stator core Stator winding is housed in slots of stator core

which provides low reluctance path for rotating
magnetic field

3 Stator winding Provides rotating magnetic field when supply is

given

4 Rotor core Rotor conductor is housed in slots of rotor core

PROF S V ALI 4
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

which provides low reluctance path for rotating

magnetic field

5 Rotor conductor To produce rotor current

6 Slip-rings in case slip ring I.M Connect 3-Ph rheostat to the rotor circuit via
brushes

7 Brushes in case slip ring I.M To provide connection between external rheostat
to rotor circuit through Slip-ring

8 shaft Supports the rotor structure.

9 Cooling fan Air circulation and cooling.

10 Air inlet & outlet Air circulation and cooling

11 Terminal box To provide connection to external circuit

12 Foundation Supports the whole structure of 3-Ph induction

motor

Q 07) Give the constructional details of three phase induction motor.

The following are three main parts of three phase induction motor

STATOR:

i) The stator of the three phase induction motor consists of three main parts:

Stator frame, Stator core, Stator winding or field winding.

STATOR FRAME:

It is made of close-grained alloy cast iron.

It is the outer most part of the three phase induction motor.

Its main function is to support the stator core and the field
winding.

It acts as a covering and it provide protection and

mechanical strength to all the inner parts of the induction
motor.

The frame of three phase induction motor should be very strong and rigid as the air gap length of
three phase induction motor is very small, otherwise rotor will not remain concentric with stator,
which will give rise to unbalanced magnetic pull.
PROF S V ALI 5
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

STATOR CORE

Stator and rotor cores are built from high-

quality low-loss silicon steel laminations
and flash-enameled on both sides.

Slots are cut around the inner periphery as shown the figure

A three phase distributed winding is placed in the slots.

This stator core is fixed inside the frame of machine

STATOR WINDING OR FIELD WINDING

The slots on the periphery of stator core of the three phase induction motor carries three phase
windings.

This three phase winding is supplied by three phase ac supply.

The three phases of the winding are connected either in star or delta depending upon which type
of starting method is used.

The squirrel cage motor is mostly started by star – delta starter and hence the stator of squirrel
cage motor is delta connected.

The slip ring three phase induction motor are started by inserting resistances so, the stator winding
of slip ring induction motor can be connected either in star or delta.

The winding wound on the stator of three phase induction motor is also called field winding and
when this winding is excited by three phase ac supply it produces a rotating magnetic field.

ROTOR:

For a squirrel cage motor, thick copper bars are fixed around the periphery & are short circuited
by the two end rings as shown in figure.

PROF S V ALI 6
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Squirrel cage rotor Slip ring rotor

For a slip-ring type motor, rotor has shaft as shown in figure-2.

A three phase winding is placed in the slots. The winding is connected in star & the terminal is
connected to the three copper slip-rings mounted on the shaft.

By short circuiting these slip-rings with the help of brushes, rotor winding can be short circuited.

Q 08) State the reasons of skewed rotor bars in 3  squirrel cage I. M. S 23

Reasons of skewed rotor bars in 3  squirrel cage I. M.:

1) If the rotor bars /slots are skewed then the effect of slot harmonics (i.e parasitic torques
opposing motion) are eliminated.

2) With skewed rotor bars, the revolving flux, in effect, encounters an air-gap of uniform
reluctance and these results in a uniform torque and quieter operation.

3) The skewing of the rotor bars reduces the tooth (slot) harmonics and prevents crawling effect
(e.g running at 1/7th of the rated speed)

4) The skewing of the rotor bars reduces magnetic hum, thereby resulting quieter operation.

FANS:

Light aluminum fans are used for adequate circulation of cooling air and are securely keyed onto
the rotor shaft.

Q 09) Draw schematic diagram of slip ring induction motor and name their parts.

The schematic diagram is as below

PROF S V ALI 7
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Q 10) Compare squirrel cage and slip-ring induction motor on the basis of: Starting torque (ii)
Power factor (iii) Speed control and (iv) Applications. W/15

Q 11) State any four points of comparison between squirrel-cage and slip ring induction motor.

Q 12) State any four advantages of squirrel cage induction motor over slip ring induction motor. W
22, S 23

SN Points Squirrel cage I M Slip ring I M

01 Starting torque Poor Higher

02 Power factor Poor Higher

03 Speed control By stator control method only By stator and rotor control method

04 Applications For driving somehow constant load For driving heavy load where high
e,g lathe machine, workshop starting torque is required eg. lift,
machine and water pump crane, elevators, conveyor belts etc

05 Construction Simple and robust Complicated and bulky

06 Operating Better Lower

frequency

07 limitations Low Starting torque external Frequent maintenance is essential.

resistance cannot be connected Low efficiency P.f. more costly
,speed control is difficult

PROF S V ALI 8
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Q 13) State any four applications for each of 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor & 3 Phase
slip ring IM (S/13).

SN Types of IM Applications

01 3 phase squirrel cage IM Water pumps, tube wells, lathes machine, line shaft, circular-
saws, grinders, polishers, wood planners, compressors, laundry
washing machines, fans, and blowers

02 Slip ring IM Line shafts, lifts, pumps, generators, winding machine,

auxiliary fans, smoke exhausters, printing presses, elevators
and compressors

Q 14) Compare DC motor and induction motor on the basis of construction, size, speed control and
applications.

SN Points DC Motor Induction motor

01 Construction Complicated & bulky / Simple & robust / smooth cylindrical poles /
projected magnetic poles rotor is of either squirrel cage or phase
(salient) / armature winding wound type (Slip ring type)
is of either lap or wave
wound type

02 Size For same HP capacity the For same HP capacity the size is small &
size is large & weight is Weight is less
more

03 Speed control Easy and cheap Difficult and costly

04 Application D C Series motor: For Squirrel Cage: Speed Applications,

electric traction. lift, rolling centrifugal pump, Lathes, printing, Washing
mills, hoist, cranes etc machine, Compressors, large

DC Shunt Motor: for Refrigerators, crushers, boring mills, textile

constant Speed machinery slip ring: For variable speed
applications, such as line applications e.g: driving line shafts Lifts.
shafts, lathes, vacuum Pumps, generators, winding machine,
cleaners, and compressors printing press, elevators, compressors, textile

PROF S V ALI 9
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

etc mills, petrochemical inductive, grinding mill

etc

PRODUCTION OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

Q 15) The stator magnetic field in air gap of induction motor is rotating and of constant magnitude,
Justify with Phasor diagrams

Q 16) balanced 3-Ph induction motor is supplied with balanced 3-ph supply. Find resultant field at
= 0, = 600 and = 1200. State the properties of this field. (S/14)

Q 17) With neat sketches explain how rotating magnetic field is produced in a 3-phase induction
motor. (S 17)

Q 18) Explain production of Rotating Magnetic field in case of 3 phase Induction motor using vectors.
(W 22)

When three phase voltage is applied to 3-phase windings which are displaced in space by 120º, three
phase currents displaced in time by 120º flow in these windings. These three phase currents produce
three phase fluxes which are also displaced electrical.

The waveforms of three-phase fluxes are shown in the figure. The positive directions of fluxes in the
air-gap are assumed as shown in the figure.

The resultant total flux at any instant is given by the phasor sum of the three fluxes and

The resultant flux can be obtained mathematically and graphically at instants 0, 1, 2 and 3 when
angle as shown in the diagram of flux waveforms.

PROF S V ALI 10
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

When θ = 0º i.e. corresponding to point 0 in three phase flux waveforms

√ √
Here ; The vector for is
drawn in opposite direction to that of actual as shown in
positive direction diagram to make it negative.

√
The resultant flux ( )

(ii) When θ = 60º i.e. corresponding to point 1

√ √
Here ;

√
The resultant flux; ( )

It is found that the resultant flux is again but has rotated clockwise through an angle of 60º.

(iii) When θ = 120º i.e. corresponding to point 2

√ √ √
Here ; The resultant flux; ( )

It is found that the resultant flux is again . But has further rotated clockwise through an angle of
60°

(iv) When θ = 180º i.e. corresponding to point 3

√ √
Here ;

√
The resultant flux; ( )

It is found that the resultant flux is again

PROF S V ALI 11
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

But has further rotated clockwise through an angle of 60°

Hence, we conclude that;

1. The resultant flux is of constant value and is equal to i.e. 1.5 times the maximum value of the
flux due to any phase.

2. The resultant flux rotates around the stator at synchronous speed given by

Working principle

Q 19) Describe the principle of working of 3 phase induction motor on the basis of the concept of
rotating magnetic field. (S/14)

The principle of working of 3 phase induction motor on the basis of the concept of rotating magnetic
field can be explained as follows:

When 3-Ph AC supply is given to stator of three phase induction motor, rotating magnetic field is
produced in air gap, which starts to rotate around the stator frame with synchronous speed
.

There is a relative motion between rotating magnetic field and stationary rotor conductors which is

This rotating magnetic field is cut by stationary rotor conductors and hence according to Faradays
laws of electromagnetic induction, emf will be induced in the rotor conductors.

As the rotor conductor are short circuited on either sides by end rings, current flows through it.
According to ‘Lenz Law’ the rotor current should oppose the cause which produces it.

Here the cause is relative speed between rotating magnetic field and rotor conductors.

Now the rotor conductors will try to catch the rotating magnetic field to minimize the relative speed.

But due to inertia and friction of rotor, they never succeed. Hence due to relative speed i.e
rotor will be in continuous rotation with speed N, which is always less than

CONCEPT OF SYNCHRONOUS SPEED AND SLIP (NUMERICAL)

Q 20) Explain the term synchronous speed, actual speed, relative speed and Slip (W/13)

Q 21) Define synchronous speed; Write the relationship between Ns and Nr, where symbols have their
usual meaning. (W 22)

Q 22) Define synchronous speed and slip speed S 22

PROF S V ALI 12
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

i) Synchronous Speed (NS): It is speed at which rotating magnetic field rotates in induction

motor. OR ; Where, f = Supply frequency, P = No. of poles NS

= Synchronous speed; Unit of synchronous speed is RPM

ii) Actual Speed (N): It is the speed at which the rotor of induction motor actually rotates. Unit is
RPM

iii) Relative Speed: It is difference between synchronous speed and actual speed of an induction
motor. Ns – N. this parameter is very much important in the operation of induction motor, as the
complete performance of motor depends on relative speed. Unit is RPM

iv) Slip: The difference between synchronous speed NS and actual speed N of the rotor is known
as slip. The term slip is always expressed in terms of percentage with reference to the
synchronous speed and given by equation. OR

Q23) why does the rotor of induction motor rotates in the same direction as the rotating magnetic
field produced by stator winding.

On account of electromagnetic induction principle an emf is induced in rotor conductor. This induced
emf produces induced current in rotor conductors.

Now according to Lenz’s law the induced current will oppose the root cause of its production. Here in
this case the root cause of current production is rotor induced emf and the cause of emf production is
speed difference between rotor and stator magnetic field. This speed difference is called as relative
speed.

If speed difference between rotor and magnetic field is zero, no emf and hence no current will be
produced in rotor conductors and hence no torque will be produced in rotor.

Hence the main cause of rotor current is relative speed between rotor and stator magnetic field.
Therefore rotor current opposes the relative motion or relative speed.

In doing so, means to reduce the relative speed between rotor and stator magnetic field, rotor stars
running in the same direction as stator magnetic field.

Q 24) State why three phase induction motor never run on synchronous speed? W / 14 S / 17/ S 22

The working principle of three phase induction motor is based on relative motion between rotating
magnetic field and rotor conductors i.e (NS - N),

PROF S V ALI 13
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

According to Lenz’s law rotor will try to catch the synchronous speed of rotating magnetic field to
oppose the ‘cause producing it’. But rotor never succeeds due to frictional losses.

If rotor catches the synchronous speed of rotating magnetic field, (NS - N) i.e. relative motion will be
zero, and there will be no rotor induced emf and hence no rotor current will be induced. As no rotor
current means no rotor flux will be produced.

As rotor flux is absent there will be no interaction between stator flux and rotor flux. And hence no
torque will be produced thereby rotor of induction motor stops to rotate and therefore three phase
induction motor can never run on synchronous speed .

OR

Relative motion between rotor conductors and rotating magnetic field induces rotor currents.
Interaction of rotor current of stator flux produces torque on rotor which means that relative motion of
rotor is the cause of rotation of rotor.

In No-load condition, due to friction of windage rotor has to produce a small torque to overcome
frictional force and thus rotor speed never catches synchronous speed.

Equation of rotor induced emf frequency, current, reactance, impedance and rotor emf
under standstill and running condition

Q 25) state the expression for rotor frequency of a three phase induction motor. State its variation
from stand still to synchronous speed.

When rotor is stationary, the frequency of rotor current is same as that of stator or supply frequency.
But when rotor starts rotating, the frequency depends upon relative speed or slip speed.

Let at any slip speed frequency of rotor current be f’ then,

Dividing one by other we get,

From above expression it is clear that at stand still condition S = 1, therefore f’ = f means frequency
of rotor and stator currents are same.

Now as speed increases the slip speed or speed difference reduces means slip decreases and
eventually becomes zero when Ns = N but this is practically impossible.

PROF S V ALI 14
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Q 26) derive the formula for rotor speed and rotor frequency of three phase induction motor in terms
of slip, synchronous speed and supply frequency.

We know synchronous speed Ns = 120f / P where P = No of poles, f = frequency of supply similarly

Slip –

From above equation –

Similarly from question 15 we get

STARTING AND RUNNING TORQUE EQUATION OF SQUIRREL CAGE AND SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTOR

Q 27) Derive torque equation of 3 phase induction motor.

Q 28) Derive the equation of torque for a poly-phase induction motor at any value of Slip.

Q 29) Derive the torque equation of 3 phase I.M. under running condition S 23
Torque equation of three phase induction motor at any value of slip:

Torque of 3-phase induction motor under running condition is directly proportional to the product of
working flux per pole, rotor current under running and power factor of motor circuit under running.

Therefore,

Now, = Rotor current under running / ph

Also
√

Putting Value of Ir and Cos Φr in equation of Torque (1)

[ ][ ]
√ √

Where, K= proportionality constant, it is given by

PROF S V ALI 15
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

This is the generalized equation of torque. If we take S = 1, it becomes starting torque

If S = Sf means the full load slip the torque will be full load torque Tf and so on.

Q 30) Derive the condition for maximum torque at the start.

From the above equation it is clear that the starting torque is given by ;

Now if supply voltage V is assumed to be constant, then the flux and hence E2 will be constant then

or

To workout the condition for maximum torque, differentiate above equation with respect to variable
R2 and equating to zero we get;

[ ]

And hence R2 = X2 is the condition for maximum torque at the start.

Q 31) derive the condition for maximum torque under running condition.

We know the equation of torque under running condition is given by

the condition for maximum torque is obtained by differentiating torque equation with

respect to “S” and then equating it to zero.

For the sake of simplicity, let Y = 1 / T

Simplifying we get condition for maximum torque under running condition is From this
condition we can calculate slip for maximum torque

Q 31) Derive the equation for maximum torque.

PROF S V ALI 16
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

The much generalized equation for torque is ; putting the condition for maximum

torque in above equation we get, = . Now E2 α , therefore we can

From above equation it is obvious that maximum torque varies as square of the voltage. Similarly
maximum torque is inversely proportional to reactance; therefore to attain maximum torque reactance
should be kept minimum.

Q 32) A 4 pole, 3 phase Induction motor operates from a supply whose frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate;
(i) Speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating. (ii) Speed of the Rotor when slip is 0.04.
(iii) Frequency of the Rotor current when the slip is 0.03. (iv) Frequency of the rotor currents at
standstill. W 22

TORQUE SLIP CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Q33) Develop torque equation of 3-ph induction motor in terms of slip. Draw torque speed curve of 3-
Phase induction motor. Show starting torque, Maximum torque and full load torque on it. (W/2013)

Q 34) With the help of torque-speed or slip characteristic, explain the effect of rotor circuit resistance
on different torques of an induction motor. (S 17)

Q 35) Draw and explain the torque speed Slip characteristics of 3 phase induction motor. W 22

From previous discussion we know that

torque under running condition is given

by T =

When Slip (S) = 0, torque is almost zero

at no load, hence characteristics start
from origin.

At normal speeds close to synchronism,

since slip is very small, will be very
small and in comparison to R2, will

be negligible. Therefore

If R2 is kept constant T will be

proportional to S that is slip. Hence for low values of slip torque slip characteristics will be linear one
(approximately straight line) as shown in figure.

PROF S V ALI 17
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

As load on motor increases Slip increases and therefore torques increases. It becomes maximum at
slip S = R2 / X2.

The torque at this slip is known as break down torque or pull out torque.

For higher values of load i.e. for higher values of slip, becomes negligible as compared to
Therefore at large values of slips means torque becomes inversely
proportional to slip and characteristics will have hyperbolic nature.

In short breakdown occurs due to over load.

Point to be noted

When rotor resistance increases, maximum torque condition occurs at higher values of slip and
characteristics shifts towards left hand side.

The maximum torque condition can be obtained at any required slip by changing rotor resistance.

The safe zone of operation of induction motor is shown by dark portion on characteristics

Maximum torque does not depend on R2, yet the exact location of is dependent on it. Greater
the R2, greater is the value of slip at which the maximum torque occurs.

Q 36) State the effects of change in supply voltage on torque-slip characteristics of 3-phase induction
motor.

Answer: effects of change in supply voltage on torque-slip characteristics:

Explanation: From the above characteristics:-

The torque equation of induction

motor is given by: T =

Since , therefore the

simplified form of the above torque
equation becomes

From the above equation it is clear

that the torque at any speed is
proportional to the square of supply
voltage V.

PROF S V ALI 18
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Hence any change in supply voltage will be having great effect on running torque and maximum
torque. If stator torque decreases by 10% torque decreases by 20%.

Change in supply voltage affects not only starting torque but the running torque too.

As supply voltage decreases up to 50 % of the rated value, maximum torque decreases almost up to 50
% of maximum torque.

This effect is shown in the above torque-speed characteristics

Q 37) State the effect of rotor resistance on torque of an induction motor.

Effect: When rotor resistance increases, maximum torque condition occurs at higher values of slip
and characteristics shifts towards left hand side.

The maximum torque condition can be obtained at any required slip by changing rotor resistance.

Q 38) Derive the relation showing the ratio of full load torque to the maximum torque.

We know the generalized equation for three phase induction motor is

Where;

From this relation we can find out torque at any slip. If S = 1 the torque becomes starting torque.
Therefore

If slip is at full load it is known as full load slip and the corresponding torque is known as full load
torque Tf. If supply voltage is assumed to be constant the full load torque and maximum torque are as
shown below,

Therefore Dividing both numerator and denominator by X22 we get

PROF S V ALI 19
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Q 39) A 3 phase Induction Motor has a starting torque of 100% and maximum torque of 200% of the
full load torque. Determine – i) Slip at which maximum torque occurs. ii) Full load slip. iii) Rated
current at starting in per unit of full load rotor current S 22

MEASUREMENT OF SLIP BY TACHOMETER METHOD, COMPARING ROTOR

FREQUENCY AND STATOR FREQUENCY, STROBOSCOPIC METHOD

Q 40) State and explain different methods of slip measurement

Different methods of slip measurement are

a. BY ACTUAL MEASUREMENT OF MOTOR SPEED: in this method speed of motor is

actually measured with the help of tachometer. Synchronous speed of motor is calculated with the
help of motor data as . Now slip –

b. BY COMPARING ROTOR AND STATOR SUPPLY FREQUENCIES: This method is based

on the fact Since f is generally known as it is supply frequency, so (slip) can be found if
frequency of rotor current is measured by some method.

In the usual case, where f is 50 Hz, is so low that individual cycles can be easily counted.

For this purpose, a dc moving-coil milli-voltmeter, preferably of center-zero, is employed as

described as below.

1) In case of slip ring induction

motor, the leads of mili-voltmeter are
gently pressed against slip rings.

The current in mV follows the

variation of rotor current and hence
pointer of mV oscillates about its
mean zero position.

The number of complete cycles made by pointer per second can be counted easily.

One cycle consists of movement of pointer from zero to maximum right, back to zero, maximum left
and then back to zero.

In short these number of cycles completed in one second is the frequency of rotor in rps, and then

PROF S V ALI 20
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

In case of squirrel cage induction motor, since there are no slip rings, it is not possible to employ the
milivoltmeter directly.

C. STROBOSCOPIC METHOD: in this method a circular metallic disc is used which is painted
with alternately black and white segments as shown below.

The numbers of black and white

segments are equal to number of
poles of motor. For a six pole motor
there will be three black and three
white segments. This painted disc is
mounted on the shaft of motor and
illuminated by neon filled stroboscopic lamp.

If disc rotates with synchronous speed, it will appear to be stationary. But we know that actual
speed of motor is slightly less than synchronous speed. The disc will appear to rotate slightly
backward. The reason for this slightly backward movement is as below.

Let figure (a) represents the position of white lines when they are illuminated by first flash. When
next flash comes they have nearly reached position 120 degree ahead as shown in fig b. hence line
1 has almost reached the position previously occupied by line 2. Then again after one flash it
occupies position of line no 3 as shown in fig c.

By counting no of lines passing a fixed point in suppose a minute and divide by no of lines seen
(i.e. 3 in case of 6 pole induction motor) the apparent backward speed in rpm can be found. This
gives slip speed Ns – N and slip = (Ns – N) / Ns can be found out.

POWER STAGES OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR (NUMERICAL)

Q 41) Draw and explain power flow diagram of three phase induction motor.

Q 42) Draw block diagram showing power stages of 3φ Induction motor. S 22

Answer: Diagram showing power flow stages of a 3 phase induction motor

The gross torque developed by an induction motor Tg can be calculated in terms of rotor input P 2
or rotor gross output Pm as below,

PROF S V ALI 21
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

The shaft output or shaft torque is the net torque which is less than the gross torque by an amount
of mechanical losses that are windage and frictional losses.

OR

OR

PROF S V ALI 22
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Remember that in above equations N and Ns are in rps.

Now;

= Stator input = Stator output + stator losses

The stator output is transferred inductively to rotor circuit.

Obviously rotor input = stator output

Rotor gross output = Pm = Rotor input – Rotor copper losses.

This rotor output is converted to mechanical energy and gross torque Tg is developed. Out of this
some is lost in windage and friction and rest of the torque appears as useful torque Tsh.

Let N rps be actual speed of rotor and if Tg is Nm, then

From 1 and 2 we get

Rotor gross output = Tg =

Rotor input = Tg =

The difference of two is rotor copper loss.

Therefore rotor cu loss = – = Tg 2

From 3 and 4

Rotor gross output = Rotor input – Rotor copper loss = Rotor input – S Rotor input

Rotor gross output , OR

PROF S V ALI 23
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

This is also called as motor efficiency. Similarly;

Q 43) Prove that rotor copper loss in induction motor is slip times rotor input.

Refer Q 26

Q 44) A 3 φ 4 pole 50 Hz induction motor runs at 1460 rpm find its %age slip.

Solution:

Running speed of motor =

Q 45) A three phase, 12 pole, salient pole alternator is coupled to a diesel engine running at 500
rpm. It supplies an induction motor which has a full load speed of 1440 rpm. Find the percentage
slip and number of poles of the induction motor.

Solution: Frequency of supply to the induction motor f = PN/120 = 12 x 500 / 120 = 50 Hz

Speed of Induction motor = 1440 rpm,

Number of poles of induction motor = P = 120 f / N = 120 x 50/1440 = 4.16

The numbers of poles are to be even, selecting the nearest even number as the number of poles

Synchronous speed of the induction motor Ns = 120f/P = 120 x 50 /4 = 1500 rpm

Slip = (Ns – N) / Ns = (1500 – 1440)/ 1500 = 0.04

Percentage slip = 4 %.

Q 46) If the induced emf in the stator of an 8 pole induction motor has a frequency of 50 Hz and
that in the rotor is 1.5 Hz, at what speed is the motor running and what is the slip?

Solution:

We have

Hence

PROF S V ALI 24
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Q 47) A three phase, 50 Hz, 4 pole slip ring induction motor has a star connected rotor. The full
load speed of the motor is 1460 rpm. The rotor resistance and stand still reactance per phase are
0.1 ohm and 1.5 ohm respectively. The open circuit voltage on open circuit between the slip rings
is 90 volts. Determine (i) percentage slip (ii) induced emf in rotor per phase (iii) the rotor
reactance per phase at full load (iv) the rotor current and full load power factor.

Solution: (i)

– –

(ii) Induced emf per phase in rotor at stand still = √

Rotor induced emf at full load

(iii) Rotor reactance at stand still =

Rotor reactance per phase at full load =

(iv) Rotor impedance per phase at full load = √

Rotor current per phase = 1.382/0.1077 = 12.83 amps

Full load power factor = R2/Z2 = 0.1/ 0.1077 = 0.929

Q 48) A three phase slip ring induction motor has a star connected rotor. It has an induced emf of
60 volts on open circuit between the slip rings at stand still when the rated voltage is supplied to
the stator. The resistance and stand still reactance of rotor per phase are 0.5 Ω and 5 Ω
respectively. Determine the rotor current per phase (i) when the rotor is at stand still and
connected to a star connected rheostat of resistance 5 Ω and reactance of 0.5 Ω per phase. (ii)
when running at 4 % slip with rheostat short circuited.

Solution: Current through rotor at stand still = current at starting

As external resistance is connected in series with rotor per phase

R2

(i) I2 = E2/ √ (R22 + X22); = (60/√ 3) / √ (5.52 + 5.52) = 4.454 amps

(ii) When running at 4% slip

I2 = sE2/ √(R22 + (sX2 )2) = (0.04 x 60/√ 3) / √ (0.52 + (0.04 x 5)2) = 2.573 amps

PROF S V ALI 25
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Q 49) A 3 Φ, 50 Hz, 4 pole, I.M. has a slip of 4% Calculate: 1) Speed of motor 2) frequency of
rotor emf if the rotor has a resistance of 1Ω and standstill reactance of 4Ω. Calculate the rotor
power factor at i) standstill ii) a speed of 1440 rpm (Winter 2014 S 17)

Solution: Given Data: 3 ph,4-pole, 50Hz IM, slip = 0.04, R2 = 1 ohm and X2 = 4 ohm

Ns = 120 x 50 / 4 = 1500 RPM

1. Actual speed of motor N = Ns (1 – S) = 1500 x (1 – 0.04) = 1440 RPM

2. Frequency of rotor emf = f’ = sf = 0.04 x 50 = 2.0 Hz
i. Power factor at stand still i.e. s=1

√ √

ii. Power factor at speed of 1440 RPM i.e. at s= 0.04

√ √

Q 50) A 12 pole, 3-ph, alternator is coupled to an engine running at 500 rpm. It supplies an
induction motor which has full load speed of 1440 rpm. Find the slip and the no. of poles of the
induction motor. (Winter 2014)

Solution: The frequency of generated emf of 3-phase alternator:

F = Ns P / 120 = 500 x 12 / 120 = 50 Hz

Let, NS= Synchronous Speed of I.M close to actual Speed of 1440 RPM:

Ns = 1500 RPM therefore P = 120 x 50 / 1500 = 4

Slip = (Ns – N) / Ns = (1500 – 1440) / 1500 = 0.04

Q 51) A 12 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase induction motor has rotor resistance of 0.15 Ω and standstill
reactance of 0.25Ωper phase. On full load, it is running at a speed of 480 rpm. The rotor induced
emf per phase at standstill is observed to be 32 V. Calculate: 1)Starting torque 2)Full load torque
3)Maximum torque 4) Speed at maximum torque.

Answer: Given Data:

P = 12 , f = 50 Hz, R2 = 0.15 ohm, X2= 0.25 ohm, NFL = 480 rp,, E2 = 32V

i) We have, Ns = 120f / P = 120 x 50 / 12 = 500 RPM = 500 / 60 = 8.33 rps

PROF S V ALI 26
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

ii) Staring Torque: We have,

i) Full load Torque at full load:

Slip S = (Ns – N) / Ns = (500 – 480) / 500 = 0.04 = 4%

ii) Maximum Torque:

iii) The maximum torque occurs at a Slip: Sm = R2 / X2 = 0.15 / 0.25 = 0.6

Speed at maximum torque = N = (1- Sm) Ns = (1-0.6) 500 = 200 RPM

Q 52) A 440 V, 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor develops an output of 15 kW at 950 rpm If
the input power factor is 0.86 lagging, mechanical losses are 730 W and the stator losses 1500 W.
Find (i) The Slip (ii) The rotor copper losses (iii) The motor input and (iv) The line current.
(Winter 2014, 2015)

Ans: Given Data:

3Ph, 50 Hz I.M Motor o/p = 15 x 103 W N = Actual Speed= 950RPM

Assuming, Ns= 1000 RPM which is very close with N

1) The slip S = (Ns – N) / Ns = (1000 – 950) / 1000 = 0.05 or 5%

Gross Rotor output = Net Motor output + Mechanical Losses

= (15000+730) watt = 15730 Watts

2)

3) Net motor input;

Rotor input = Rotor copper losses / Slip = 827.895 / 0.05 = 16557.92 watts

PROF S V ALI 27
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Net Motor input = Rotor Input + (Stator Losses)

Net Motor input = (16557.92 +1500) Watts = 18057.92 Watts

4) Line Current of Motor : Net motor input / √ = 18057.92 / √ x 440 x 0.86

= 27.55 amperes

Q 53) A three phase 3 kV, 24 pole, 50Hz, star connected slip ring induction motor has a rotor
resistance of 0.015 Ω and a stand still reactance of 0.265 Ω per phase. Full load torque is
obtained at a speed of 245 rpm. Calculate (i) ratio of maximum to full load torque. (ii) Speed at
maximum torque. Neglect stator impedance.

Soln: Synchronous speed Ns = 120f/p = 120 x 50/24 = 250 rpm

Full load slip Sf = (Ns – N) / Ns = (250 - 245)/250 = 0.02

(i) Ratio of R2 / X2 = 0.015/0.265 = 0.0566

Ratio of full load to maximum torque (Tmax / Tf ) = (a2 + Sf2) / 2aSf

= (0.05662 + 0.022) / 2 x 0.0566 x 0.02 = 1.59

(ii) At maximum torque R2 = SX2 Hence slip at maximum torque S = R2/ X2 = 0.0566

Speed at maximum torque N = (1-S) Ns = 235.85 rpm

Q 54) A 20 HP, three phase, 50 Hz, 4 pole induction motor has a full load slip of 4%. The friction
and Windage losses are 500 watts; calculate the rotor copper loss and rotor speed. (Winter 2014)

Answer: Given data:

3-ph, 4 Pole, 50 Hz, 20 HP I.M, Sf = full load slip = 4%

Net output of Motor = 20 HP = (20 x 735.5) watts = 14710 watts

Gross Rotor output = Net Motor output + Mechanical Losses = 14710 + 500 watts

= 15210 watts

Rotor copper losses = S / (1-S) x Rotor gross output = 0.04 / (1-0.04) x 15210 = 633.75 W

Ns = 120 x 50 / 4 = 1500 RPM

Therefore rotor speed = N = Ns (1-S) = 1500 (1-0.04) = 1440 Rpm

PROF S V ALI 28
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Q 55) A3-Phase induction motor having a star-connected rotor has an induced emf of 80 volt
between slip rings on open circuit. The rotor has a resistance and reactance per phase of 1 ohm
and 4 ohm respectively. Calculate current per phase and power factor at start when a) Slip rings
are short circuited b) Slip rings are connected to star-connected rheostat of 3 ohm per phase
(Winter 2013)

Answer: Star connected rotor of induction motor:

Therefore E2 per phase = Eline / √ = 80 / √ = 46.19 V

R2 / phase = 1 ohm, X2 /phase = 4 ohm, Slip = 1 at start

a) When Slip Rings are short circuited:

Cos

b) When rotor resistance (r) / ph = 3 ohm is connected in Rotor circuit:

√ √

√ √

Q 56) The rotor resistance and reactance per phase of a 4 pole, 50Hz, 3-Ph induction motor are
0.025 ohm and 0.12 ohm respectively.

i) Find the speed at maximum torque ii) Find value of additional rotor resistance per phase
required to give three-fourth (75%) of maximum torque at starting. (W 2013)

Here, R2 = 0.025 ohm and X2 = 0.12 ohm

occurs at i.e. at S = 0.025/0.12 = 0.2; Ns = 120 x 50 / 4 = 1500 RPM

Therefore N = Ns (1-S) = 1500 (1-02) = 1200 RPM

Simplifying we get 0.45 Therefore r = 0.45 x 0.12 – 0.025 = 0.0292 ohms

PROF S V ALI 29
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Q 57) The power input to the rotor of a 400 volt, 50 Hz, 6-Pole, 3-Phase induction motor is
20KW. The Slip is 3% Calculate: i) The frequency of rotor current ii) Rotor Speed iii) Rotor
copper losses and iv) rotor resistance per phase if rotor current is 60 Amp (Winter 2013)

Answer: Slip = 3% Pole = 6, F = 50 Hz V= 400 volt, Ns = 120 x 50 / 6 = 1000 RPM

i) The frequency of Rotor current: f’ = Sf = 0.03 x 50 = 1.5 Hz

ii) Rotor speed N = Ns(1-S) = 1000 (1-0.03) = 970 RPM
iii) Rotor copper loss = S Rotor input = 0.03 x 20000 = 600 W
iv) Rotor resistance per phase if rotor current is 60 A = 3I22R2ph

Therefore R2/ph = 600 / 3 x 602 = 0.0556 ohm

Q 58) The power input to a 500 V, 50 Hz, 6-pole, 3-ph induction motor running at 975 rpm is 40
kW. The stator losses are 1 kW and the friction and windage losses total 2 kW. Calculate i) The
slip ii) The rotor cu-loss iii) Shaft power and iv) The efficiency. (S 2016)

Given Data: 3Ph, 50 Hz I.M P = 6 Motor I/p = 40 x 103 W N = Actual Speed= 975 RPM

Assuming, NS= 1000 RPM which is very close with N

1. The slip S = (Ns – N) / Ns = (1000 – 975) / 1000 = 0.025 = 2.5 %

Now Gross Rotor input = Net Power input + Stator Losses

= (40 KW+1 KW) watt = 39 KW or 39000 Watts

2. Rotor Copper Losses: S (Rotor Input) = (0.025) (39KW) = 975 Watts

3. Shaft Power or Gross Rotor output = ( 1 -S ) (Rotor Input)

= (1-0.025 ) (39000) = 38025 watts

4. Net Output: Gross Rotor output – Mechanical Losses = (38025) – (2000)

Net Output = 36025 Watts

5. Efficiency : = Net output / Net input = 36025 / 40000 = 90.06%

Q 59) An 18.65 kW, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has friction and windage losses of 2.5
percent of the output. The full load slip is 4%. Compute for full load a) The rotor cu loss b) The
rotor input c) The shaft torque d) The gross torque. (S 2016)

Answer: Given Data:

3Ph, 4 Pole, 50 Hz I.M Full load Slip = 3.5 % Net motor o/p = 18.65 kW I.M

PROF S V ALI 30
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Sf = slip at full load = 0.04 Windage losses = 0.025

Windage & frictional losses (Mech. Losses) = 0.025 x18.65 x103 = 466.25 watts

Gross (Net) Rotor output = Net motor output + mech. losses

= 18650 + 466.25 = 19116.25 watts

Rotor Input = Rotor gross output / (1-S) = 19116.25 / (1-0.04) = 19912.75 W

Rotor copper loss = S x Rotor input = 0.04 x 19912.75 = 796.51 W

Synchronous speed = 120 x 50 / 4 = 1500 rpm

Full Load Speed = Ns (1-S) = 1500 (1-0.04) = 1440 RPM = 24 rps

Gross torque = Gross output / 2 (N is in rps)

Tg = 19912.75 / 2 = 126.75 Nm

The shaft torque or Net torque = Net output / 2 = 18650 / 2 = 123.66 Nm

Q 60) A 6-pole, 50 Hz, 3phase , induction motor running on full load with 4% slip develops a
torque of 149.3 N-m at its pulley rim. The friction and windage losses are 200 W and the stator
copper and iron losses equal to 1620 W. Calculate a) Output power b) The rotor copper loss and
c) The efficiency at full-load. (S 2016)

Data: 3Ph, 6 Pole, 50 Hz I.M Full load Slip = 4 % Stator Losses= 1620 watts

Torque at shaft i.e Gross Torque Tg= 149.3 N-m, Mechanical Losses = 200 watt,

Where Ns = 120 x 50 / 6 = 1000 rpm, Full load speed N = Ns (1-S) = 1000 (1-0.04) = 960rpm =
16 rps

Gross rotor output = Pm = NTg =

Net Motor output = Gross Rotor output – mech. Losses = 15011.22 – 200 = 14811.22 Watts

Rotor input P2 = Pm / (1-S) = 15011.22 / (1 – 0.04) = 15636.69 Watts

Rotor Copper Losses = S x Rotor Input = 0.04 x15636.69 = 625. 47 Watts

3) Net Motor Input = Rotor Input + Stator Losses = 15636.69 + 1620 = 17256 .69 Watts

Q 61) A 3-phase induction motor has a synchronous speed of 250 r.p.m. and 4% slip at full load.
The rotor has resistance of 0.02 ohms per phase and stand still leakage reactance of 0.15 ohms
per phase. Calculate: (i) The speed at which maximum torque is developed. (ii) The ratio of

PROF S V ALI 31
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

maximum to full load torque. (iii) The ratio of maximum to starting torque. (iv) What value should
the resistance per phase have so that the starting torque is half the maximum torque? (S 2017)

Solution: Given Data:

3-Ph I.M, Ns = 250 RPM, S = 4 % at full load, R2/ph = 0.02 ohm and X2/ph =0.15 ohm

(i) The Slip at which the maximum torque is developed is given by R2 = SX2

Therefore S = R2 / X2 = 0.02 / 0.15 = 0.133

Speed at which maximum torque occurs is N = Ns x (1 – S)

= (1 – 0.133) x 250 = 216.67 RPM

(ii) The ratio of maximum to full load torque:

a = R2 / X2 = 0.133 and Sf = 0.04 (given)

(iii) The ratio of maximum to starting torque:

Q 62) What value should the resistance per phase have so that the starting torque is half the
maximum torque? (S 17)

Answer: 0.02 ohm per phase

Q 63) A three phase, 50 Hz, 6 pole squirrel cage induction motor runs at 960 rpm on full load.
The stand still rotor resistance and reactance per phase are 0.01 ohm and 0.05 ohm respectively.
Express the maximum torque developed in terms of full load toque. Find the slip at which the
maximum torque occurs. (Ans: Tmax = 2.6 Tf , 20%)

Q 64) The power input to the rotor of a 400V, 50Hz, 6 pole, 3φ Induction motor is 75 KW. The
rotor electromotive force is observed to make 100 complete alterations per minute. Calculate (i)
Slip (ii) Rotor speed (iii) Rotor Copper Loss per phase (iv) Mechanical Power developed W 22

Q 65) The power input to a 500V, 50Hz, 6 pole, 3φ induction motor running at 975 RPM is 40
kW. The stator losses are 1 kW and the friction and windage losses total 2 kW. Calculate : i) The
slip ii) The rotor cu loss iii) Shaft power iv) The efficiency S 22

Q 66) A 6 pole, 50Hz, 3φ Induction Motor running on full load develops a useful torque of 150 N-
M at a rotor frequency of 1.5Hz. Calculate the shaft power output. If the mechanical torque lost in

PROF S V ALI 32
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

friction be 10 N-M, Determine– i) Rotor cu loss ii) The input to the motor and iii) The efficiency S
22

Q 67) Power input to a 400V, 60 Hz, 6 pole, 3 I.M. running at 1140 rpm is 40 kW at 0.8 p.f. lag.
Stator losses are 1000 W and friction windage losses are 2000 W. Calculate. i) Slip ii) Rotor
copper loss ii) Shaft power iv) Efficiency S 23

Answers; Slip 5%; Rotor Copper Loss = 1950 W; Shaft Power = 35050 W; Efficiency = 87.62%

STARTERS

Introduction

Q 68) Justify the need of starter for starting three phase induction motor.

An induction motor is similar to transformer in operation, with only difference that the secondary
of induction motor (rotor) is rotating and short circuited. As in case of transformer if normal
voltage is applied to the primary of transformer, it takes a very large primary current for some
time.

Similarly induction motor if started on normal voltage takes 5 to 7 time full load current and
develop only 1.5 to 2 times full load torque. This initial full load current produces a large voltage
drop which is objectionable. This excessive drop disturbs the operation of other equipment
connected on same line. Hence to avoid such circumstances it is advisable to start induction motor
with the help of starter, through which reduced supply is given.

Q 69) Write the names of starters used for 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor. (Winter 2015, S/16)

The methods of starting are

a. Primary resisters
b. Auto transformer
c. Star delta starter
d. Rotor resistance starter
Methods a to c are applicable to squirrel cage induction motor, method d is used for slip ring
induction motor only.

Answer: The necessity of starter for 3-ph induction motor:

Rotor current at standstill, √

The magnitude of E depends on the flux linking with the rotor conductors and its relative speed.

PROF S V ALI 33
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

The strength of the rotor flux depends upon the applied voltage.

At the instant of applying rated voltage to the stator winding, rotor is stationary and as such the slip is
unity.

So, if full rated voltage is given to stator winding, then magnitude of the emf induced in rotor
conductors will be high, because the relative speed between the rotor conductors and stator
revolving flux is very high i.e. equal to the synchronous speed of the stator flux.

Further the rotor conductors are short circuited and thus have low impedance. Hence the current
drawn by the stator winding or motor is very large, approximately 5 to 7 times the full load current

The ill effects of high starting current are as follows:

The copper losses occurring in the stator and rotor windings due high starting current are extremely
large, which would produce a lot of heat inside the machine and may damage the insulation of the
windings. Moreover, there will be a drop in supply voltage.

The starting current drawn by the motor can be reduced to a permissible value by:

1. Applying reduced voltage to the stator winding

2. Inserting resistance in the stator circuit

3. Inserting resistance in the rotor circuit

In case of slip ring induction motors, it is possible to add external resistance in rotor phases as wound
rotor has 3 phase star connected winding to limit the starting high current.

However, in case of squirrel cage induction motors it is not possible to add any kind external
resistance as it consists of copper bars, which is short circuited by end rings on both sides.

So, in case of squirrel cage induction motors, initial high current is controlled by applying reduced
voltage to stator winding during starting period and the full normal voltage is applied when rotor has
picked up speed to about 70 to 80% of its normal speed

ii) The names of starters used for 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.

1) DOL Starter 2) Star-Delta Starter 3) Stator resistance starter 4) Auto transformer Starter

Q 70) Explain any four factors in selection of starter for 3-Ph induction motor. W/13

Factors in selection of starter for 3-Ph induction motor are:

i) Type of motor: whether squirrel cage or slip ring type

PROF S V ALI 34
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

ii) Rating of motor:

iii) Stator winding connection.

iv) Load cycle or Load pattern.

v) Type of load on which it is working

Q 71) Draw and explain D O L starter for three phase induction motor

Direct On-Line Starter (DOL)

The Direct On-Line (DOL) starter is the simplest and the most inexpensive of all starting methods and
is usually used for squirrel cage induction motors. It directly connects the contacts of the motor to the
full supply voltage. DOL Starter is also known as “across the line starter” The starting current is very
large, normally 6 to 8 times the rated current.

The starting torque is likely to be 0.75 to 2 times the full load torque. In order to avoid excessive
voltage drops in the supply line due to high starting currents, the DOL starter is used only for motors
with a rating of less than 5KW

There are safety mechanisms inside the DOL starter which provides protection to the motor as well as
the operator of the motor.

PROF S V ALI 35
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Figure shows a contactor type D O L starter connected to a motor. As soon as the push-button is
pressed, the contactor coil is energized closing its contacts .

Then, the motor windings get full supply through back-up fuses and bimetallic relays
and the motor starts running.

An auxiliary contact A in retains the contactor in closed position after the release of start switch .
An overload tripping device , working in conjunction with bimetallic relays, is placed in series with
the contactor coil, so that during sustained overload, this opens and the motor stops automatically.

For stopping the motor any time, a stop button is provided in series with the contactor coil.

ADVANTAGES OF DOL STARTER:

1. It is the simplest form of starter. 2. It is the more economical starter. 3. It gives high starting torque.

4. The control circuit is simple and can easily troubleshoot. 5. Occupies less space. 6. Easy to find
fault.

DISADVANTAGES OF DOL STARTER

1. High starting current, typically in the range of 6 to 8 times the full load current

2. The inrush current of large motor may cause a big voltage dip or drop in electrical supply system
which will affect other electrical appliances connected to it.

3. The unnecessary high starting torque required by the load may cause increasing mechanical stresses
on motor mechanical parts as well as the loads.

4. It is not feasible for high rating motors, typically above 10 KW

STAR DELTA STARTER

Q 72) Draw and explain how star-delta starter is used for reducing the starting current of a 3 phase
induction motor. (Winter 13, 15, S 16, S 15, S 22)

A Star-Delta starter is an electromechanical device used to start and control the speed of a three-phase
induction motor. This starter employs the star-delta (Y-Δ) method for starting the motor, which
involves changing the motor’s winding connection from a Star configuration to a Delta configuration
once the motor reaches a certain speed.

This is the most commonly used starter, compared to different types of starters.

Star Delta starter works on the principle of voltage reduction during starting period.

PROF S V ALI 36
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

It consists of a two-way switch which connects the motor in star for starting and then in delta for
normal running.

When star-connected, the applied voltage over each motor phase is reduced by a factor of √ and
hence the torque developed becomes 1/3 of that which would have been developed if motor were
directly connected in delta.

When the motor has picked up speed we can say up to 70 to 80% of its rated speed the phases
changeover to delta connection position.

In delta connection voltage across lines is same as that of phase voltage. A star delta starter is cheaper
compared to auto transformer starter.

Thus, it is commonly used for both medium and small size motors.

Since torque is proportional to square of applied voltage, star delta starting reduces starting torque to
1/3 of that obtained from Direct online.

PROF S V ALI 37
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

The automatic star to delta changeover is obtained by using interlocking connection in contactors with
that of pneumatic timer which changes over to delta after a fixed period of time.

This starter is widely used in industries where high-power motors are required, such as in oil and gas,
mining, and manufacturing.

The star/delta starter offers several advantages, such as reduced starting current, better control of
inrush current and reduced stress on the motor windings during starting.

However, it also has some disadvantages, such as increased cost and complexity, longer starting time,
and reduced torque during starting.

Relation between Starting and F.L. Torque

Where; is the current / phase which Δ-connected motor would have taken if switched on to the
supply directly (however, line current at start = 1/3 of line )

Now

( ) ( ) ( )
√

Here and represent phase values

AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER

Q 73) Draw a neat diagram for Autotransformer starter used in 3 phase induction motor. (W/14, S 17,
W 19, W 22)

PROF S V ALI 38
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

OR

OR

Auto-transformer starter, consist of an auto-transformer, with necessary switches.

This method can be used both for star-and delta-connected motors.

In this starter, a reduced voltage is applied across the motor terminals. When the motor has run up to
say, 80% of its normal speed, connections are so changed that auto-transformers are cut out and full
supply voltage is applied across the motor.

PROF S V ALI 39
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

The switch making these changes from ‘start’ to ‘run’ may be air-break (for small motors) or may be
oil-immersed (for large motors) to reduce sparking.

There is also provision for no-voltage and over-load protection, along with a time-delay device, so
that momentary interruption of voltage or momentary over-load does not disconnect the motor from
supply line.

Most of the auto-starters are provided with 3 sets of taps, so as to reduce voltage to 80, 65 or 50 per
cent of the line voltage, to suit the local conditions of supply.

The operation principle of auto transformer method is similar to the star delta starter method. The
starting current is limited by (using a three phase auto transformer) reduce the initial stator applied
voltage.

The auto transformer starter is more expensive, more complicated in operation and bulkier in
construction when compared with the star – delta starter method. But an auto transformer starter is
suitable for both star and delta connected motors, and the starting current and torque can be adjusted
to a desired value by taking the correct tapping from the auto transformer. When the star delta method
is considered, voltage can be adjusted only by factor of 1/√ .

Rotor Resistance Starter

This method allows external resistance to be connected to the

rotor through slip rings and brushes.

Initially, the rotor resistance is set to maximum and is then

gradually decreased as the motor speed increases, until it
becomes zero.

The rotor impedance starting mechanism is usually very bulky

and expensive when compared with other methods.

It also has very high maintenance costs.

Also, a considerable amount of heat is generated through the

resistors when current runs through them.

The starting frequency is also limited in this method. However,

the rotor impedance method allows the motor to be started while
on load.

Figure shows the connection of a 3phase induction motor with rotor resistance starter.

PROF S V ALI 40
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Q 74) Write any four significances of a rotor resistance starter. (Winter 2015)

Answer: Following the significances of a rotor resistance starter

1. It reduces starting current of slip ring I.M.

2. It increases starting torque of slip ring I.M.

3. By changing values of rotor resistance torque of different magnitude are obtain

4. It is also useful for speed control of slip ring I.M

SOFT STARTER

Q 75) Draw neat diagram of a soft starter

Q 76) Explain the features of soft starter

The soft starter is a type of motor starter that uses the voltage reduction technique to reduce the
voltage during the starting of the motor.

The soft starter offers a gradual increase in the voltage during the motor startup. This will allow the
motor to slowly accelerate & gain speed in a smooth fashion. It prevents any mechanical tear &
jerking due to sudden supplying of full voltage.

PROF S V ALI 41
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Soft starter is a device that reduces the starting torque & gradually increase it in a safely manner until
it reaches it rated speed. One the motor attains its rated speed; the soft starter resumes the full voltage
supply through it.

During motor stopping, the supply voltage is gradually reduced to smoothly decelerate the motor.
Once the speed reaches zero, it breaks the input voltage supply to the motor.

The main component used for the regulation of voltage in a soft starter is a semiconductor switch such
as a Thyristor (SCR). Adjusting the firing angel of the thyristor regulates the voltage supplying
through it. Other components as OLR (overload relay) used for overcurrent protection is also used.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SOFT STARTER

Q 77) Explain the working principle of soft starter

The main component used for controlling the voltage in a soft starter is a thyristor. It is a controlled
rectifier that starts conduction of the current flow in only one direction when a gate pulse is applied
called the firing pulse.

The angle of the firing pulse determine how much of the input voltage cycle should be allowed
through it. Since AC swings between maximum & minimum peak forming a complete 360° cycle, we
can use the angle of firing pulse to switch on the thyristor for a specific duration and control the
supplied voltage.

The firing pulses can vary between 0° to 180°. The decrease in the angle of firing pulse increases the
conduction period of thyristor, thus allowing high voltage through it.

PROF S V ALI 42
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Two such thyristor are connected in back-to-back formation for each phase. So it can control the
current in both directions. Each half cycle, the firing angle

The three pairs of thyristor, each pair for individual phase are used for controlling the voltage to start
& stop the motor. The thyristor conduction period depends on the firing angle controlled by the logic
circuitry.

ADVANTAGES OF SOFT STARTER

Q 78) State the advantages of soft starter

Smooth Startup: Unlike conventional motor starter, it provides very gradual increase of voltage thus
speed that results in a very smooth startup. There is no mechanical stress whatsoever or jerks that can
damage the motor.
ACCELERATION & DECELERATION CONTROL: It offers a fully adjustable acceleration &
deceleration of the motor. Varying the firing angle slowly or quickly can control the acceleration
during startup & deceleration during stopping of motor. This is used in application where startup
acceleration needs to be adjusted.

PROF S V ALI 43
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

NO POWER SURGES: Since the conventional motor starter allows full voltage across the motor, a
huge inrush current starts flowing into the motor that cause a power surge in the circuit. The soft
starter limits such current thus preventing the power surges.

MULTIPLE STARTUPS: Some applications require the motor to start & stop multiple times in small
period of time. Such motor if used with a conventional starter will experience overheating due to high
starting current. However, soft starters drastically increases the number of startups for a motor in a
specific duration.

REDUCTION OF OVERHEATING: The motor overheating is a very serious problem. It occurs due
to the high winding current during its startup. The soft starter allows a very small amount of starting
current which prevents the overheating of motor.

INCREASED LIFE SPAN: The soft starter as compared to a conventional starter improves the life
time of the motor. it is due to the smooth operation & absence of electrical & mechanical stress on the
motor.

LESS MAINTENANCE: Due to its smooth operation, the induction motor is less likely to have any
mechanical faults, which is why it require less maintenance as opposed to conventional motor starter.

EFFICIENCY: A conventional motor starter supply full voltage (very high inrush current) to the
motor that consumes too much energy. A soft starter significantly reduces it & allows a gradual
increase in energy consumption. Also the power switches are controlled using very low voltage level.
It improves the overall efficiency of the motor.

COMPACT & SMALL SIZE: The soft starter has a very compact design that takes up very small
space. Unlike other motor starters, it has very small size.

LOW COST: compared to other starters such as VFD, this sure does cost cheaper.

DISADVANTAGES OF SOFT MOTOR STARTER

NO SPEED REGULATION: The soft starter only allows the control of input voltage supply i.e. from
0 volts to line voltage with a fixed line frequency. Since the frequency is constant the motor speed is
constant & only regulates by the load connected with it. The speed of induction motor is regulated by
varying the supply frequency below or above the line frequency according to the need. Such feature is
only available in VFD (variable frequency drive).

HEAT DISSIPATION: The semiconductor switches inside the soft starter dissipates some energy in
the form of heat. Therefore, it also requires heat sinks for cooling the power switches.

PROF S V ALI 44
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

REDUCED STARTING TORQUE: Since it reduces the input voltage that corresponds to the input
current which is directly proportional to the starting torque of the induction motor, it significantly
reduces the starting torque. This is why Soft starters are used for low or medium starting torque
application.

APPLICATIONS OF SOFT STARTER

Q 79) state the applications of soft starter

The soft starter is used in industries & is more appropriate to be used for motors that run on a constant
speed.

FANS: The huge fans used in industries runs at a constant speed. However, they do require the startup
protection. A soft starter is a best option for such fans.

CONVEYER BELTS: The conveyer belts in industries are used for moving objects & it needs extra
care. The sudden jerks during starting or stopping using conventional starter may misalign the belts,
damages the belt due to mechanical stress & damage the objects placed on it. It requires a smooth
starting & stopping offered by a soft starter

MOTORS USING BELT & PULLEYS: The motor that drives load through belts & pulleys cannot
tolerate the sudden jerks. It wears the belt that couples it to the load. A soft starter offers a smooth
starting for such motor applications.

WATER OR LIQUID PUMP: Any type of pump connected with a motor requires a smooth starting &
stopping due to the sudden pressure building inside the pipes. A conventional starter may generate
enough pressure at startup to break the line. A soft starter offer gradual increase in the pressure to
such liquid pumps. However, there is no speed control of the pump during normal operation. A VFD
is a better choice for variable pump speed.

SPEED CONTROL METHODS:

A three phase induction motor is practically a constant speed motor like a DC shunt motor. But the
speed of DC shunt motor can be varied smoothly just by using simple rheostats. This maintains the
speed regulation and efficiency of DC shunt motor.

But in case of three phase induction motors it is very difficult to achieve smooth speed control. And if
the speed control is achieved by some means, the performance of the induction motor in terms of its
power factor, efficiency etc. gets adversely affected.

Q 80) State different methods of speed control of induction motor

PROF S V ALI 45
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Different methods, by which speed control of induction motors is achieved, may be grouped under
two main headings:

1. CONTROL FROM STATOR SIDE

a. By changing the applied voltage

b. By changing the applied frequency

c. By changing the number of stator poles

2. Control from rotor side

d. Rotor rheostat control

e. By operating two motors in concatenation or cascade

f. By injecting an emf in the rotor circuit.

Q 81) Explain stator voltage method of speed control of induction motor

A. BY CHANGING THE APPLIED VOLTAGE

For the induction motor we know that,

Rotor induced emf at standstill; depends on the supply voltage V

For low slip region, ; hence,

If supply voltage is reduced below rated value, as per above equation, torque produced also decreases.
But to supply the same load it is necessary to develop same torque hence value of slip increases so
that torque produced remains same.

Slip increases means motor reacts by running at lower speed, to decrease in supply voltage. So motor
produces the required load torque at a lower speed.

This method, though the cheapest and the easiest, is rarely used because

(i) A large change in voltage is required for a relatively small change in speed

PROF S V ALI 46
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

(ii) Due to reduction in voltage, current drawn by the motor increases. Due to increased current, the
motor may get overheated.

(iii) This large change in voltage will result in a large change in the flux density thereby seriously
disturbing the magnetic conditions of the motor.

b) By changing the applied frequency or supply frequency control or V/f control

Q 82) Explain stator frequency control method of speed control of induction motor

Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase induction motor rotating magnetic field is

produced which rotates at synchronous speed given by;

In three phase induction motor, emf is induced by induction similar to that of transformer which is
given by

Where, K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and f is frequency. If we change
frequency, synchronous speed changes. But with decrease in frequency, flux will increase and this
change in value of flux causes saturation of rotor and stator cores which will further cause increase in
no load current of the motor .

To maintain flux, φ constant, it is only possible if we change voltage. i.e if we decrease frequency,
flux increases but at the same time if we decrease voltage flux will also decease causing no change in
flux and hence it remains constant. So, here we are keeping the ratio of V/f as constant. Hence its
name is V/ f method. For controlling the speed of three phase induction motor by V/f method we have
to supply variable voltage and frequency which is easily obtained by using converter and inverter set.

DISADVANTAGES

Used where the induction motor is the only load on the generators.

Range over which the motor speed may be varied is limited.

The supply cannot be used to supply other devices which require constant voltage.
(c) Changing the number of stator poles

Q 83) Explain stator pole changing method of speed control of induction motor

PROF S V ALI 47
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

This method is easily applicable to squirrel-cage motors because the squirrel-cage rotor adopts itself
to any reasonable number of stator poles.

From the equation it is also clear that the synchronous (and hence the running) speed of an
induction motor could also be changed by changing the number of stator poles.

This change of number of poles is achieved by having two or more entirely independent stator
windings in the same slots. Each winding gives a different number of poles and hence different
synchronous speed. For example, a 36-slot stator may have two 3-φ windings, one with 4 poles and
the other with 6-poles.

With a supply frequency of 50Hz, 4-pole winding will give and

the 6-pole winding will give . Motors with four independent stator
winding are also in use and they give four different synchronous (and hence running) speeds. Of
course, one winding is used at a time, the others being entirely disconnected.

This method has been used for elevator motors, traction motors and also for small motors driving
machine tools.

(D) ROTOR RHEOSTAT CONTROL

Q 84) Explain rheostat control method of speed control of induction motor

For the induction motor we know that,

For low slip region,

; and can be neglected and for constant supply voltage E2 is also constant.

PROF S V ALI 48
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

Thus if the rotor resistance is increased, the torque produced decreases. But when the load on the
motor is same, motor has to supply same torque as load demands. So motor reacts by increasing its
slip to compensate decrease in T due to and maintains the load torque constant.

So due to additional rotor resistance , motor slip increases i.e. the speed of the motor decreases.

ADVANTAGE

1) By increasing the rotor resistance R2 speeds below normal value can be achieved.
2) The starting torque of the motor increases proportional to rotor resistance.

DISADVANTAGE

1) The large speed changes are not possible. This is because for large speed change, large
resistance is required to be introduced in rotor which causes large rotor copper loss to reduce
the efficiency.
2) The method cannot be used for the squirrel cage induction motors.
3) The speeds above the normal values cannot be obtained.
4) Large power losses occur due to large loss.
5) Sufficient cooling arrangements are required which make the external rheostats bulky and
expensive.
6) Due to large power losses, efficiency is low.

MAINTENANCE OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

Q 85) Explain the activities carried out during weekly maintenance of 3 ph. Induction motor. W
19

Activities Carried out During Weekly Maintenance of 3 ph. Induction Motor:

1) Check belt tension. In cases where this is excessive it should immediately be reduces and in the
case of sleeve bearing machines the air gap between rotor and stator should be checked.

2) Blow out windings of protected type motors, situated in dusty locations.

3) Examine starting equipment for burnt contacts where motor is started and stopped frequently.

4) Examine oil in the case of oil ring lubricated bearings for contamination by dust, dirt, etc (This
can be roughly ascertained on inspection by the colour of the oil)

OR

Preventive maintenance on a weekly basis includes remedial measures for the following;

PROF S V ALI 49
 Industrial A C Machines 22523 The harder you work the luckier you get

1) Start each motor to determine if it comes up to speed within the normal time frame.

2) Measure line current and compare to previous records and if it is within the FLC of the motor’s
nameplate rating. Line currents should be balanced with in the tolerance limits.

3) Listen to each motor for any unusual noises.

4) Inspect switches, fuses, starter, and other control equipment.

5) Observe any excessive sparking of brushes.

6) Check lubricant levels of bearings and look for any leaks.

7) Look for corrosion on slip rings.

8) Check brushes for excessive sparking while the motor is running.

9) Check oil rings for rotation with the shaft for the motors that have this arrangement.

10) For motors lubricated and cooled by oil mist systems it’s important to check the oil mist flow
paths/pressure components.

PROF S V ALI 50