Unit 1

Internet of Things

Rev. Dr. S. Arul Oli SJ

Where are we now in 2023
?
IoT ecosystem
 Ecosystem components

• ▶ Device manufacturers
• ▶ Sensors/actuators, smartappliances
IoT
• ▶ Network service providers
• ▶ Operators, NMS providers

• ▶ Cloud service providers

• ▶ Data centres, dBase, dWarehouse

• ▶ Platform providers
• ▶ Middleware providers, SDKs

• ▶ 3rd party application developers App

• ▶ Analytics providers, tools, APIs
Example
▶ General Electric (GE) deploys sensors in its jet engines, turbines, and wind farms. By analyzing data in
real time, GE saves time and moneyassociated with predictive maintenance.

Io T App
Broad research directions
Research directions (contd.)
 Knowledge Management - 16
Turning Data into Wisdom

The more data that is created, the better understanding and

wisdom people can obtain.
27
 An IoT Conceptual Framework
Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators +
Internet = Internet of Things …
Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage
+ Acquire + organize and Analyse = Internet of Things with
connectivity to data centre, enterprise or cloud server
Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble +
Manage and Analyse = Internet of Things connected to Cloud
Services …

1
1
IOT Architectural view
A reference architecture of IoT
• Built upon the reference model(s)
• Covers the definition of basic architectural building blocks and their integration capability
into multi-tiered systems.
• A reference model defining relationships among various IoT verticals, for example,
transportation and healthcare
• Follows top-down approach (means consider top layer design first and then move to the
lowest)
• Defines no new architecture and no reinvent but existing architectures congruent with it
• Gives a blueprint for data abstraction
• Specifies abstract IoT domain for various IoT domains

14
CISCO Reference Model for Internet of Things 8
 Level 7- Collaboration and processes (involving peoples and business
processes)

Level 6- Application (Reporting, Analysis, control)

Level 5- Data Abstraction (Aggregation and Access)

Level 4- Data Accumulation (storage)

Level 3- Edge Computing (data element analysis and transformation)

Level 2- Connectivity (Communication and Processing Units)

Level 1- Physical devices and Controllers (the things in IoT) [Sensors, machines,
devices, Intelligent Edge nodes of Different Types

An IOT Reference Model by CISCO for Conceptual Framework

(commercial and industrial security corporation) 6
The Features of the architecture:
• The architecture serves as a reference in applications of IoT in services and
business processes.
• A set of sensors which are smart, capture the data, perform necessary data element
analysis and transformation as per device application framework and connect directly
to a communication manager
• A set of sensor circuits is connected to a gateway possessing separate data capturing,
gathering, computing and communication capabilities.
• The gateway receives the data in one form at one end and sends it in another form to
the other end.
• The communication-management subsystem consists of protocol handlers, message
routers and message cache.
• This management subsystem has functionalities for device identity database, device
identity management and access management.
• Data routes from the gateway through the Internet and data center to the application
server or enterprise server which acquires that data.
• Organization and analysis subsystems enable the services, business processes,
enterprise integration and complex processes.
 TECHNOLOGY BEHIND IoT
The entities provide a diverse technology- environment
• Hardware (Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel Galileo, Intel Edison, ARM mBed, Bosch XDK110, Beagle
Bone Black and Wireless SoC)
• Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for developing
• device software, firmware and APIs (application Program Interface)
• Device Software means all Software embedded within the Device (e.g., firmware).
• 4 - printer driver software ,scanner driver software, Windows drivers, Linux drivers
• Firmware: software that provides basic machine instructions that allow the hardware to
function and communicate with other software running on a device. Firmware provides low-
level control for a device's hardware
• Protocols [RPL, CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT,(message queuing telemetry Transport) XMPP
(Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)
• RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) is a routing protocol for wireless networks with low
power consumption and generally susceptible to packet loss.
• Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol for use with constrained nodes and
constrained networks in the Internet of Things
• Representational State Transfer (REST) is a software architecture that imposes conditions on how an API should work.
• RESTful API is an interface that two computer systems use to exchange information securely over the internet
• MQTT – For sensors in IOT
• designed for instant messaging (IM), presence information,
• Communication (Powerline Ethernet, RFID, NFC (Near Field Communication),
6LowPAN, UWB (ultra-wideband), ZigBee, Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMax
(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), 2G/3G/4G)

• Network backbone (IPv4, IPv6, UDP (User Datagram Protocol) TCP

(Transmission Control Protocol-wire) and 6LowPAN)
• Software (RIOT OS, Contiki OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware (open source),
Eclipse IoT)
• Radical Image Optimization Tool (RIOT) is a free image optimizer that will let you to visually
adjust compression parameters
• Internetwork Cloud Platforms/Data Centre (Sense, ThingWorx
• The ThingWorx: complete, end-to-end technology platform designed for the industrial IOT
• Nimbits, Xively, openHAB, AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx (how users interact
with the technology around them) and Fog, EvryThng, Azure, TCS CUP)

• Machine learning algorithms and software.

Five entities for the five levels behind an IoT systems:

• Device platform consisting of device hardware and software using a

microcontroller (or SoC or custom chip), and software for the
device APIs and web applications
• Connecting and networking (connectivity protocols and circuits)
enabling internetworking of devices and physical objects called
things and enabling the internet connectivity to remote servers
• Server and web programming enabling web applications and web
services
• Cloud platform enabling storage, computing prototype and product
development platforms
• (OTP) Online transactions processing, online analytics processing, data
analytics, predictive analytics and knowledge discovery enabling wider
applications of an IoT system
Server-end Technology
• IoT servers are
• application servers
• enterprise servers
• cloud servers
• data centers
• databases
• Servers offer
• Online platforms
• Devices identification, Identity management, Access management
• Data accruing, aggregation, integration, organizing and analyzing
• Use of web applications, services and business processes
Major components of IoT devices:
• Physical object with embedded software into a hardware.
• Hardware consisting of a microcontroller, firmware, sensors, control
unit, actuators and communication module.
• Communication module:
• Software consisting of device APIs
• Device interface for communication over the network
• Communication circuit/port(s),
• Middleware for creating communication stacks using 6LowPAN, CoAP,
LWM2M, IPv4, IPv6 and other protocols.
• Software for actions on messages, information and commands
• which the devices receive and then output to the actuators, which enable
actions such as glowing LEDs, robotic hand movement etc.
Sensors and Control Units
Sensors:
• Sensors are electronic devices that sense the physical environments.
• A smart sensor includes computing and communication circuits.

Sensors - two types.

• Analog inputs to the control unit.
• Ex: thermistor, photoconductor, pressure gauge and Hall sensor.
• The second type gives digital inputs to the control unit.
• Ex: touch sensor, proximity sensor, metal sensor, traffic presence sensor, rotator encoder for measuring angles
and linear encoders for measuring linear displacements.
Control Units
• Control unit - Microcontroller Unit (MCU) or a custom chip.
• An MCU comprises a processor, memory and several other hardware units which are
interfaced together.
• It also has firmware, timers, interrupt controllers and functional IO units.
• has application-specific functional circuits designed as per the specific version of a given
microcontroller family.
Sensors and control units:
• Communication Module
• A communication module consists of
• protocol handlers, message queue and message cache.
• A device message-queue inserts the messages in the queue and deletes the messages
from the queue in a first-in first-out manner.
• A device message-cache stores the received messages.
• Software
• IoT software consists of two components - software at the IoT device and software at the
IoT server.
• Middleware
• OpenIoT is an open source middleware. It enables communication with sensor clouds as
well as cloud-based ‘sensing as a service’.
• IoTSyS is a middleware which enables provisioning of communication stack for smart
devices using IPv6, oBIX, 6LoWPAN, CoAP and multiple standards and protocols.
• Operating Systems (OS):
• RIOT is an operating system for IoT devices. (Radical Image Optimizer Tool)
• RIOT supports both developer and multiple architectures,
• Raspbian is a popular Raspberry Pi operating system that is based on the Debian
distribution of Linux.
IoT software components for device hardware
• Development Tools and Open-source Framework for IoT Implementation:

• Eclipse IoT provides open-source implementation of standards

• such as MQTT CoAP, OMA-DM and OMA LWM2M, and tools for working with Lua, services and
frameworks that enable an Open Internet of Things.
• Eclipse developed the IoT programming language
Arduino development tools
provide a set of software that includes an IDE and the Arduino programming
language for a hardware specification for interactive electronics that can sense and
control more of the physical world.

• Kinoma Software Platform:

open-source projects.
• Kinoma Create (kit for prototyping)
• Kinoma Studio development environment
• Kinoma Platform Runtime
• Kinoma Connect
• Free app for iOS and Android smartphones and tablets with IoT devices.
 APIs and Device Interfacing Components
• Connectivity interface consists of communication APIs, device interfaces and processing units.
• DTLS – Datagram Transport Layer Security

A datagram refers to a self-contained, independent unit of data that is transmitted over a network.
Datagrams are used to send data between different nodes on a network, such as computers or servers.
A datagram typically consists of a header and a payload.
SOURCES OF IoT

Popular IoT Development Boards

Arduino Yún
• board uses microcontroller ATmega32u4 that supports Arduino and
• includes Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB port, micro-SD card slot and three reset buttons.

Microduino
• Microduino is a small board compatible with Arduino that can be stacked with the other boards. All the hardware designs are open
source.

Intel Galileo
• Intel Galileo is a line of Arduino-certified development boards. Galileo is based on Intel x86 architecture. It is open-source hardware
• Galileo is pin-compatible with Arduino. It has 20 digital I/O (12 GPIOs fully native), 12-bit PWM for more precise control, six analog
inputs and supports power over Ethernet (PoE).

Intel Edison
• is a compute module.
• enables creation of prototypes and fast development of prototyping projects
• rapidly produces IoT and wearable computing devices.
• enables seamless device internetworking and device-to-cloud communication.
• includes foundational tools.
• The tools collect, store and process data in the cloud, and process rules on the data stream. It generates triggers and alerts based on
advanced analytics.
Beagle Board
• Beagle Bone based board has very low power requirement.
• It is a card-like computer which can run Android and Linux.
• Both the hardware designs and the software for the IoT devices are open source.

Raspberry Pi Wireless Inventors Kit (RasWIK)

• RasWIK enables Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi connected devices.

• It includes documentation for 29 different projects or you can come up with one of your own.

Role of RFID and IoT Applications

• Earlier - internet-connected RFID based systems.
• RFID enables
• tracking and inventory control
• identification in supply chain systems,
• access to buildings and road tolls or secured store centre entries
• RFID networks have new
• applications in factory design,
• 3PL-management, brand protection, and anti-counterfeiting in new business processes for payment
• leasing, insurance and quality management.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

• Sensors can be networked using wireless technology and can cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions.
• Sensors acquire data from remote locations, which may not be easily accessible.
• Each wireless sensor also has communication abilities for which it uses a radio-frequency transceiver.
•
• Each node either has an analog sensor with signal conditioner circuit or a digital sensor.
• Sensing can be done to monitor temperature, light intensity, presence of darkness, metal proximity, traffic, physical, chemical and
biological data etc.

WSN Definition
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is defined as a network in which each sensor node connects wirelessly and has
capabilities of computations for data compaction, aggregation and analysis plus communication and networking.
• WSN node is autonomous. Autonomous refers to independent computing power and capability to send requests and
receive responses, and data forward and routing capabilities.
• A web source defines the WSN as
• “a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or
environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.”

WSN Node
• A WSN node has limited computing power. It may change topology rapidly.
• The WSN network in the topology-changing environment functions as an ad-hoc network.
• A WSN network in that environment is generally self-configuring, self-organising, self-healing and self-discovering.
• M2M COMMUNICATION

Machine-to-machine (M2M) refers to the process

of communication of a physical object or device at machine
M2M architecture consists of three domains

• M2M device domain

• M2M network domain
• M2M application domain

3 Domains of Architecture
• M2M device communication domain
• consists of three entities:
physical devices, communication interface and gateway.
• Communication interface is a port or a subsystem, which receives the input
from one end and sends the data received to another.
• M2M network domain
• consists of M2M server, device identity management, data analytics
and data and device management similar to IoT architecture
(connect + collect + assemble + analyze) level.
• M2M application domain
• consists of application for services, monitoring, analysis and
controlling of devices networks.
Software and Development Tools

Examples of M2M software and development tools:

•Mango is an open source M2M web-based software.

• It supports multiple platforms, multiple protocols, databases, meta points, user-defined
events and import/export
• Mainspring from M2M Labs is a development tool, and source framework for
developing M2M applications.

It enables:
• Flexible modelling of devices and their configurations
• Communication between devices and applications
• Validation and normalization of data
• Long-term data storage and data retrieval functions
• Programming in Java and Apache Cassandra
• Usages of no SQL database.
DeviceHive is an M2M communication framework.

• It is an M2M platform and integration tool.

• It enables connecting devices to the IoT.
• It includes web-based management software that creates security-rules-based e-networks and monitoring devices.
• The web software enables prototype projects built with DeviceHub and online tests to find out how it works.

Open M2M Protocols, Tools and Frameworks;

The open protocols, tools and frameworks for M2M:

• XMPP, MQTT-OASIS standards group and OMA LWM2M-OMA standard group for protocol
• Various projects of Eclipse M2M industry working groups’ are Koneki, Eclipse SCADA for open standards
for communication protocols, tools and frameworks
• ITU-T Focus Group M2M global standardisation initiative for a common M2M service layer
• 3GPPP study group for security aspects of M2M equipment and automatic SIM activation covering
remote provisioning and change of subscription.
• Weightless (wireless communications) group for standards and using wireless spaces for M2M
EXAMPLES OF IoT

• Wearable Smart watch

• Smart home
M2M to IoT

• M2M technology closely relates to IoT when the smart devices or

machines collect data which is transmitted via the Internet to other
devices or machines located remotely.

The close difference between M2M and IoT is that

• M2M deploys device to device, and carrys out the coordination, monitoring,
controlling of the devices and communicate without the usage of Internet.

• IOT deploys the internet, server, internet protocols and server or cloud end
applications, services or processes.
An architectural view of cloud (named Magic)-based IoT platform for smart home [VPN: Virtual Private
Network, DB: Database, IVR: Interactive Voice Response System, UWB: Ultra Wideband]
Smart city
• Layer 1 consists of sensors, sensor networks and devices network in parking
spaces, hospitals, streets, vehicles, banks, water supply, roads, bridges and
railroads. Bluetooth, ZigBee, NFC, WiFi are the protocols used at this layer.

• Layer 2 captures data at distributed computing points where data is processed,

stored and analysed

• Layer 3 is meant for central collection services, connected data centres, cloud and
enterprise servers for data analytics applications.

• Layer 4 consists of new innovative applications, such as waste containers’

monitoring, WSNs for power loss monitoring, bike sharing management and smart
parking.
Smart parking refers to services for motorists that informs them about the nearby
parking services with vacant spaces in advance
The End