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Other documents randomly have
different content
 * Helleborus viridis.—The green hellebore is a European plant,
sometimes self-sown from gardens. All parts of the plant are
poisonous. Cattle have been killed by eating the leaves.

POISONING BY HELLEBORE.

This form of poisoning is of slow

progress, the plant producing
irritation of the digestive mucous
membrane. The symptoms
consist in loss of appetite, blackish,
glairy diarrhœa, and intermittence
of the pulse.

* Ranunculus sceleratus.—
The cursed crowfoot, or celery-
leafed crowfoot, is found
throughout the eastern half of the
United States and also in Europe.
Cattle generally avoid all of the
buttercups, but fatal cases of
poisoning from this plant are
recorded in European literature.
When dried in hay, the plant
appears to be non-poisonous. The
bulbous crowfoot (R. bulbosus) and
the tall crowfoot (R. acris) are well-
Fig. 86.—Mandrake known to be very acrid in taste, and
(Podophyllum peltatum). it is probable that all of the species
which grow in water or in very
marshy land are poisonous.

POISONING BY RANUNCULACEÆ.

Poisoning only occurs when the green plants are eaten. Drying
causes certain essences contained in them to disappear, and thus
destroys their toxicity.
This form of poisoning is indicated by yawning, colic, blackish,
fœtid diarrhœa, and rapid loss of strength.
The animals suffer from stertorous breathing, weakness of the
pulse, and aberration of vision. They die in convulsions.

BERBERIDACEÆ (BARBERRY FAMILY).

Podophyllum peltatum.—The leaves of the common mandrake,

or May apple, of the eastern half of the United States, are sparingly
eaten by some cattle. Cases of poisoning are very rare, but the
experience of one correspondent shows that the milk from a cow that
had been feeding on the plant off and on for about three weeks was
so extremely laxative as to be positively poisonous. The accident
occurred to a baby, fed exclusively on cow’s milk. The physiological
effect of the milk was precisely like that of mandrake. It was shown
that the cow ate the plant, which was abundant in one pasture, and
when the animal was removed to a pasture free from the plant the
child’s illness stopped at once.

BUTNERIACEÆ (STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY).

Butneria fertilis.—The large oily seeds of the calycanthus, or

sweet-scented shrub, contain a poisonous alkaloid, and are strongly
reputed to be poisonous to cattle in Tennessee.

PAPAVERACEÆ (poppy family).

Argemone mexicana.—The Mexican poppy is reputed to be

poisonous to stock both in the United States and in New South
Wales. The seeds are narcotic, like opium.
* Chelidonium majus.—The yellow milky sap of the celandine,
an introduced weed common in the eastern United States, contains
both an acrid and a narcotic poison. Both are powerfully active, but
cases of poisoning are rare, as stock refuse to touch the plant. Reeks,
of Spalding, however, describes (J. Comp. Path. and Therap., Dec.
1903, p. 367) an outbreak of poisoning by common celandine in
which twenty-one valuable cows were affected and three died. The
symptoms comprised excessive salivation and thirst, convulsions,
unconsciousness and epileptiform movements.
* Papaver somniferum, opium poppy, or garden poppy: P.
rhœas, field poppy, red poppy, or corn poppy.—These plants are
sometimes self-sown from gardens. Both contain acrid and narcotic
poisons, and European literature records the death of various
animals from eating their leaves and seed pods.

POISONING BY POPPIES.

The consumption of poppies causes arrest of peristalsis, secretion

of foamy saliva, colic, depression, coma, and in severe cases death by
stoppage of respiration.

PRUNACEÆ (PLUM FAMILY).

* Prunus caroliniana.—The laurel cherry, or mock orange, is

native in the south-eastern quarter of the United States, and is there
often cultivated for hedges. The half-withered leaves and the seeds
yield prussic acid, and are poisonous when eaten by animals.
* Prunus serotina.—The wild black cherry is a valuable forest
tree which ranges throughout the eastern half of the United States.
Cattle are killed by eating the partially withered leaves from branches
thrown carelessly within their reach or ignorantly offered as food.
The leaves of various other wild and cultivated cherries are probably
poisonous to cattle in the same way.

VICIACEÆ (PEA FAMILY).

Aragallus lambertii.—The Lambert, or stemless loco weed, is,

next to the following species, the best known representative of a large
group of closely related plants which are native to the western half of
the United States, and are known as
loco weeds on account of the
peculiar excited condition which
they induce in animals that eat of
their leaves. Horses and cattle are
both affected, but the chief damage
is done to horses. After being
permitted to graze on any of these
plants the animal acquires an
unnatural appetite for them, and
soon refuses all other kinds of food.
It rapidly becomes unmanageable,
shows brain symptoms, and finally
dies from lack of proper
nourishment.
Astragalus mollissimus.—This,
the woolly loco weed, is perhaps the
best known of all the loco weeds. It is
the species most abundant in
Colorado, where from 1881 to 1885
nearly $200,000 was paid out in
bounties in an attempt to
exterminate it. The plant is still Fig. 87.—Black cherry
abundant in that State, and reports (Prunus serotina), one-third
of the damage done by it continue natural size.
frequent. Specimens of the three
following species of Astragalus have been forwarded to the Division
of Botany with the information that they were causing great financial
loss in the districts noted. It is quite probable that other species are
dangerous also.
Fig. 88.—White loco weed (Aragallus
spicatus) in flower.

(From the Annual Report, U.S.A.

Department of Agriculture, 1900.)
 Fig. 89.—White loco weed (Aragallus
spicatus), showing seed pods.

(From the Annual Report, U.S.A. Department

of Agriculture, 1900.)
 Fig. 90.—Loco weed (Astragalus
splendens).

(From the Annual Report, U.S.A.

Department of Agriculture, 1900.)

POISONING BY WHITE LOCO WEED (ARAGALLUS SPICATUS).

This is an erect tufted perennial, 4 to 18 inches high, with

pinnately divided leaves and spikes of white or cream-coloured
flowers, shaped like those of the pea. The pod is one-celled, and
when shaken produces a rattling sound, which gives the plant the
name of “rattle weed” in some localities. The white loco weed is
exceedingly common throughout Montana. It occurs most
abundantly on the northern slopes of foothills up to an altitude of
about 8,000 feet. Its preferred habitat is for the most part in rather
dry situations. The habit of the plant varies in different parts of
 Montana. In
some localities
the flowers are
pure white, while
in others they are
decidedly yellow.
In Colorado
the plant which
is most
ordinarily known
as loco weed is
Astragalus
mollissimus,
while in Montana
the species
already named is
perhaps most
important; but
there are others
which have a
rather wide
Fig. 91.— distribution and
Stemless loco are known to Fig. 92.—Woolly loco weed
weed (Aragallus produce the (Astragalus mollissimus). a,
same effects. Whole plant; b, section of
lambertii). a,
Flowering plant; Among these pod—both one-third natural
may be size.
b, seed pods; c,
cross-section of mentioned A.
seed pod—all splendens, A.
one-third natural lagopus, and A. besseyi.
size. The losses caused from the loco disease are
very heavy in nearly all the Rocky Mountain
States. The locoed condition is so commonly
observed among sheep and horses that cases are not reported, and it
is practically impossible to learn the exact extent of the disease. In
the Judith Basin one prominent stockman was nearly ruined
financially by the prevalence for a number of years of the loco habit
among his sheep. In another instance the raising of horses was
abandoned over a large tract of country on account of the loco weeds.
The loco disease occurs under two forms—an acute and a chronic.
An acute case of loco disease was observed by Dr. Wilcox in a two-
year-old ewe with a lamb at its side. The ewe was observed eating
large quantities of white loco weed on May 22nd, 1900. During the
afternoon of the same day it became unmanageable, and the lamb
was badly affected. An examination of the ewe at this time showed
that it was completely blind and was affected with dizziness. It
walked around in long circles to the right, and after a short period
remained standing for a few moments in a sort of stupor. At the
beginning of each attack the head was elevated and drawn to the
right; eyelids, lips, and jaws were moved rapidly. Each attack lasted
from one to two minutes and the intervals between the attacks lasted
about five minutes. The second day the attacks became more severe
and of longer duration, the head being turned more decidedly to the
right and the animal sometimes falling upon the ground. Similar
symptoms, accompanied by digestive disturbances, were manifested
by the lamb during the second day, and it died during the afternoon.
On the morning of the third day it was found that the ewe was
pushing against the fold, and had apparently been in that position
during the greater portion of the night. The animal then began to
whirl round to the right. Later it became unable to stand, and the
spasmodic movements were largely confined to the legs. On the
morning of the fourth day it died. The pupil of the eye was at no time
dilated, and the expression was nearly normal. The pulse was at first
very irregular, but on the second day became again regular and of
normal frequency. The only remedy which was tried was frequent
injections of one-quarter grain doses of morphine, but this was
without effect. Two other ewes ate smaller quantities of loco weed at
the same time and were similarly affected, but less severely. In these
cases morphine was tried with better success. The lambs, however,
died from the poisonous properties contained in the milk of the
mother.
The general symptoms of loco disease are quite familiar to all
stock raisers. Perhaps the most characteristic are those of cerebral
origin, and are shown in peculiarities of gait and action, which may
be compared to a drunken condition. The brain disturbances may
consist in impairment of the special senses or in irregular motor
impulses, which produce incoherent muscular action. In some cases
the animal becomes blind. More frequently the animal makes errors
in judgment of the size and distance of objects. These visual
disturbances are often quite ludicrous. The animal often takes fright,
apparently at imaginary objects, or at objects which under ordinary
circumstances would cause no alarm. Locoed horses are somewhat
dangerous for driving purposes on account of their tendency to run
away. Such horses are frequently attacked with kicking fits without
any apparent cause. The sense of hearing is often affected, and the
response to sounds is irregular and out of proportion to the volume
and character of the sound. Irregularities in muscular movements of
sheep may assume a variety of forms. The animal may simply carry
its head in an extended or otherwise unnatural condition. In some
cases the back is arched. Trembling is a characteristic symptom. In
locoed horses a great difficulty is sometimes experienced in
persuading them to go backward. Locoed sheep are exceedingly
difficult to manage. The different members of the flock may suddenly
take a notion to run away in different directions, with the result that
it is almost impossible for the shepherd to prevent their becoming
separated. In cattle the disease appears to be rare, although
symptoms, so far as observed, are essentially the same as those in
sheep and horses. Occasionally locoed cattle manifest dangerous
symptoms, and attack men and other animals.
In chronic cases of loco the animal gradually becomes more
emaciated and crazy. In sheep the fleece may be shed in patches or as
a whole. The animal becomes unable to care for itself, and is apt to
fall into the water while attempting to drink. Fits of trembling are of
frequent occurrence, and the animal finally dies of inadequate
nutrition and total exhaustion. In chronic cases of loco disease in
horses the animal is usually left to its own resources on the range.
During the later stages it may remain for weeks at a time upon a
small area of ground without taking water. Dr. Wilcox saw a number
of such cases in horses that were almost unable to walk. Under such
circumstances the animals seldom or never lie down. One horse
which was seen remained for a period of two weeks, in 1897, upon a
piece of ground about 150 feet square. During this time the horse had
no water.
 Numerous autopsies on locoed sheep and horses revealed slight
congestion of the brain membranes in all cases. The lungs and heart
were in normal condition. Fatty tissue was considerably reduced in
quantity, and the muscles were paler in colour than under normal
conditions.
The most serious mistake in connection with loco disease is made
in allowing locoed sheep to remain with the rest of the flock. The loco
habit is apparently learned by imitation of locoed animals, and so
long as locoed sheep are allowed to remain with other sheep the loco
habit rapidly spreads. An experienced sheep raiser, after being nearly
ruined financially through the loco disease, adopted the method of
immediate isolation and the feeding of locoed sheep for mutton. His
stock was replaced with sheep that were free from the loco habit, and
the trouble has been entirely eradicated from his range.
No specific remedy for the loco disease has been discovered, and in
the nature of the case no such remedy is likely to be found. In the
present state of knowledge concerning the subject the only rational
treatment to be recommended is that of confinement and feeding
with a nutritious diet. By separating the locoed sheep at once from
other sheep the spreading of the habit will be prevented, and the
locoed animals may be fattened and thus prevented from becoming a
total loss. Although locoed animals may readily be fattened and sold
for mutton, their recovery from the loco habit is apparent only, and
is due to their inability to obtain the loco weed. Such animals when
allowed to run upon the range again almost invariably return to their
old habit of eating loco weed. Animals which have once been locoed
are, therefore, unsuitable for stocking the range.
In combatting the loco disease the most rational methods include
providing salt for the sheep, the immediate removal of locoed sheep
from the band, confining them in a fold, and feeding them upon a
nutritious diet. They may thus be fed for market, and their
pernicious habit will not spread to other sheep. In the case of locoed
horses, an apparent recovery takes place if they are confined in a
stable and fed on ordinary cultivated forage or allowed to run in
pastures where no loco weeds are found. Such horses are always
somewhat dangerous, and more apt to run away or become
unmanageable than horses which have not become affected with this
disease.
 * Crotalaria sagittalis.—The rattlebox (rattle weed; wild pea) is
an annual weed which grows on sandy soil throughout most of the
eastern half of the United States. In some years it is especially
abundant in the bottom lands of the Missouri Valley. Horses and
sometimes cattle are killed in this region by eating grass or meadow
hay which is contaminated with the plant.
Lupinus leucophyllus.—This
herbaceous shrub is a representative
of a very large genus of plants, many
of which are widely and abundantly
distributed throughout the western
United States, and are generally
known as lupines. The above species
is very abundant in Montana, where
it is said to have caused the death of a
very large number of sheep. There is
some question whether the animals
are killed by a poisonous constituent
of the plant or merely by tympanites.
The seeds of all the lupines are
probably deleterious in the raw state.
In Europe, however, the seeds of
Lupinus albus, after the bitter taste
has been removed by steeping and
boiling, are eaten by human beings as
well as by cattle.

Fig. 93.—Rattle box

(Crotalaria sagittalis). a,
Whole plant; b, cross-section
of seed pod—both one-third
natural size.
 POISONING BY LUPINES (LUPINUS
LEUCOPHYLLUS; L. SERICEUS; L. CYANEUS).
These plants are commonly known by the names blue pea, blue
bean, and wild bean. They are coarse, silky-haired perennial herbs,
with blue flowers arranged in conspicuous terminal racemes, which
blossom in June and July, with long-stemmed leaves, which are
divided into from seven to eleven leaflets radiating from a common
point. The fruit is a hairy, several-seeded pod, and the seeds are
small and somewhat flattened.
As a rule these plants do not occur in the flat river bottoms. They
occur most abundantly on the foothills and mountain ranges at
moderate elevations.
During the season of 1900 the lupines in Montana began to bloom
about May 20th, and the first full pods were collected on June 5th.
Lupines are not very extensively eaten by sheep during the spring
and summer, except when they are unusually hungry or are being
driven from one range to another. Lupines are more often eaten by
sheep in summer on the mountain sides, and in the fall and early
winter after early frosts have opened the pods and the seeds have
fallen out. Lupine hay is greedily eaten by all kinds of stock during
the winter, and large quantities of this hay have been fed for the past
fifteen or twenty years. Lupine hay is cut in different years at dates
ranging from the 1st of July to the middle of September. When cut
during the first half of July the newly ripe pods, full of seeds, are
secured in the hay. When, however, the harvesting of lupine hay is
postponed until September, the pods become ripe and split open,
and the majority of seeds fall out. A striking variation in the quantity
of pods containing seeds is noted during different years. During
seasons in which May and June are wet the quantity of pods is
usually large. When, however, these months are dry only a few pods
are found on each plant, and a vast majority of the flowers fail to be
fertilised.
Dr. Wilcox has observed that sheep are especially fond of the pods
of various leguminous plants before they become mature and while
they are still in a succulent condition.
Dr. Wilcox saw a flock of sheep which while being driven from one
range to another, in a hungry condition, was allowed to feed upon an
area of lupines in a nearly ripe condition. Within two hours the sheep
manifested violent symptoms of poisoning, and ultimately 100 out of
the lot of 200 died. He afterwards saw many hundreds of fatal cases
in sheep and a number in horses, both from eating green lupines and
lupine hay.
As an experiment two sheep were given each 150 medium-sized
lupine pods (L. leucophyllus) which were entirely full of ripe seeds.
The sheep ate the pods readily. Both sheep became frenzied within
about forty-five minutes after feeding upon the lupine pods, and died
about one hour later. The symptoms in these cases were the same as
those observed in poisoning under natural conditions.
The symptoms of lupine poisoning are so well known in Europe
that chronic lupine poisoning has been given the name lupinosis. It
is characterised by loss of appetite, fever, dyspnœa, constipation, and
yellowness of the visible mucous membranes. Diarrhœa, sometimes
of a sanguinolent type, appears later. The urine becomes
albuminous, tinted with bile products or stained red by hæmoglobin,
and the head shows œdema. Death occurs in a few days. In America
the chronic form has not been observed. In cases of lupine poisoning
in Montana there was noted acute cerebral congestion, accompanied
with mental excitement. The sheep rushed about in different
directions, butting one another and other objects. The first stage of
frenzy was soon followed by a second stage, characterised by
pronounced irregularity of movement, spasms, and falling fits. In the
majority of cases death occurred in from one-half to one and one-
half hours. In extensive cases of lupine poisoning it was uniformly
observed that a number of the sheep lingered on from two to four
days before they died. The muscular convulsions resembled those
caused by strychnine. The excretion of the kidneys was much
increased and frequently was bloody. Post-mortem examinations of
sheep poisoned by lupines revealed conditions similar to those in
acute forms of loco disease, with the addition of a congested
condition of the kidneys.
 Fig. 94.—Lupine (Lupinus
leucophyllus).

(From the Annual Report, U.S.A.

Department of Agriculture, 1900.)
 Fig. 95.—Lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) in
hay.

(From the Annual Report, U.S.A.

Department of Agriculture, 1900.)

No remedies have been tried in cases of poisoning from American

species of lupine, but it seems reasonable to suppose that potassium
permanganate would probably destroy the lupine alkaloids in the
stomach if administered promptly after the first signs of poisoning.
Experience and observation indicate that lupine hay is always
dangerous for sheep if cut at a time when the seeds are retained in
the hay. The evidence thus far collected regarding this matter
indicates that the seeds are the most poisonous part of the plant.

POISONING BY VETCHES (LATHYRUS SATIVUS): LATHYRISM.

 In the horse this disease is due to feeding on grain containing the
seeds of vetches, but in the ox to eating the green portions of the
plants. Feeding has to be continued for at least a month to produce
accidents.
The earliest symptoms consist in suppression of milk secretion,
and somnolence. Nervous symptoms—from which alone the horse
suffers—soon make their appearance. The neuro-muscular system is
attacked. Interference with the nervous system is followed by inco-
ordination of movement, and later by paraplegia of the hind
quarters. Roaring is not noticeable, probably because the patients
rarely move rapidly.
The lesions have been little studied, but appear to consist in
congestion and infiltration of the meninges, cord, and roots of the
lumbo-sacral plexus.
Treatment. If the animals are paralysed, treatment is rarely of
value; otherwise it is sufficient to remove the cause and to administer
purgatives and diuretics, with the object of eliminating toxic
products. Recovery follows in three to four weeks.

Robinia pseudacacia.—The common locust tree is native in the

central and eastern parts of the United States, and is extensively
cultivated for ornamental purposes throughout the Union. The bark
and leaves contain a powerful poison, and persons have been killed
by eating these parts.
* Sophora secundiflora.—The beautiful bright-red beans of the
frijo-lillo, or coral bean of southern and western Texas contain a
powerfully poisonous alkaloid. The plant is said to have poisoned
stock in Texas and in northern Mexico.

LINACEÆ (FLAX FAMILY).

Linum rigidum.—The large-flowered yellow flax is reported

from Pecos Valley, Texas, as poisonous to sheep. An investigation
made by the Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S.A., showed that the
plant is poisonous.
 ME
LIA
CE
Æ
(U
MB
REL
LA-
TR
EE
FA
MIL
Y).

*
Mel
ia
aze
dar
ach
.—
Fig. 96.—Caper spurge The Fig. 97.—Snow on the
(Euphorbia lathyris). a, Chi mountain (Euphorbia
Upper half of plant, one- nes marginata). a, Whole plant,
third natural size; b, seed e one-third natural size; b, seed
capsule, natural size. um capsule, natural size.
brel
la-
tree is much cultivated for ornament, and sometimes grows wild in
the South. A correspondent from Arizona stated that three of his
hogs were poisoned by eating the seeds, which were ignorantly
offered to them for food.

EUPHORBIACEÆ (SPURGE FAMILY).

Euphorbia.—There are many species of spurge native to the

United States, nearly all of which contain an acrid milky juice. Stock
generally avoid them, but cattle have been poisoned by drinking
water into which the plants have been thrown. The juice of E.
marginata and E. bicolour is used to some extent in Texas to brand
cattle, it being held to be superior to a red-hot iron for that purpose,
because screw worms will not infect the fresh scar and the spot heals
more readily.
* Jatropha stimulosa.—The seeds of the spurge nettle of the
Southern States are extremely poisonous. Stock avoid the plant on
account of its stinging hairs.
* Ricinus communis.—The
castor oil plant is quite
commonly cultivated in the
warmer portions of the United
States, and grows wild in the
South. The seeds have been
accidentally eaten by horses with
fatal effect, and they have been
strewn on pasture lands in the
North-West for the purpose of
killing sheep that were
trespassing thereon. A
Frenchman has discovered a
method of making cattle
immune to the effects of the
toxalbumin contained in the
seeds, so that they may be fed to
stock without causing any
apparent ill effect. A note on
poisoning by castor oil cake will
be found hereafter.
Fig. 98.—Castor oil plant
(Ricinus communis). BUXACEÆ (BOX FAMILY).

* Buxus sempervirens.—
The leaves of the common box, cultivated for hedges, are poisonous
to all kinds of stock.
 ÆSCULACÆ (HORSE-
CHESTNUT FAMILY).

Æsculus californica,
California buckeye: Æ. glabra,
Ohio buckeye; fœtid buckeye:
Æ. hippocastanum, horse-
chestnut: Æ. pavia, red
buckeye.—The leaves and fruit
of these species are generally
regarded as poisonous to stock.
The fruit may be easily
converted into food by washing
and boiling. It is believed that a
small quantity of the
unprepared fruit of the
California buckeye will cause
cows to slip their young.

HYPERICACEÆ (ST. JOHN’S

WORT FAMILY).
Fig. 99.—Red chestnut (Æsculus
* Hypericum perforatum. pavia). a, Flowering branch; b,
—The common St. John’s wort seed—both two-ninths natural
is commonly believed to cause size.
disagreeable eruptions on cows’
udders and on the feet of white haired animals. This species and the
spotted St. John’s wort (H. maculatum) were brought into the
United States Bureau of Agriculture by Dr. G. W. Bready, from
Norwood, Maryland, who stated that five horses were poisoned in
May, 1898, by eating meadow hay which contained nearly 50 per
cent. of these plants. One horse died from the effects of the poison,
and two were killed to prevent their further suffering.

POISONING BY ST. JOHN’S WORT.

 The ingestion of St. John’s
wort produces excitement
followed by dulness, interference
with vision and hearing, and by
visual hallucinations with a
tendency to lean backwards, the
front limbs remaining fixed in
position. The patient often sits
down on the hind quarters like a
dog.

APIACEÆ (CARROT FAMILY).

* Cicuta maculata. This is

the water hemlock (spotted
hemlock; beaver poison;
cowbane), which grows most
abundantly throughout the
United States. It is one of the best
known poisonous plants. Stock
Fig. 100.—Water hemlock are not infrequently killed by
(Cicuta maculata), showing eating the fleshy roots or hay
section of spindle-shaped roots with which the plants are mixed.
and lower stem, the leaves, * Cicuta vagans.—Cattle are
flowers, and fruit, one-half frequently killed in Oregon and
natural size; also fruit and cross- Washington by eating the large
section of seed, enlarged five fleshy rootstocks which have
times. been washed, frozen, or dug out
of the soil, or by drinking water
in marshes where the roots have
been trampled upon. The roots of the other species of Cicuta are
undoubtedly poisonous, but cases have been reported against one
other species only, namely, C. bolanderi. It grows in marshy land in
California.
* Conium maculatum.—The well-known poison hemlock, or
spotted hemlock of Europe, is an introduced weed not uncommon in
the north-eastern section of the United States and in California. The
 pla
nt
is
gen
era
lly
avo
ide
d
by
sto
ck
on
acc
ou
nt
of
its
bad
odo
ur,
Fig. 101.—Oregon water but
ani Fig. 102.—Poison hemlock
hemlock (Cicuta vagans). a,
Plant with leaves, one-sixth ma (Conium maculatum), showing
ls upper portion of plant with
natural size; b and b′, flowers and seed, one-third
rootstock and horizontal hav
e natural size.
roots, showing section, half-
size; c, terminal leaflets, bee
one-sixth natural size; d, n killed by eating it in the fresh state.
flowering spray, full size. Since the poisonous constituent is
volatile, the dry plants are not so
dangerous.

POISONING BY HEMLOCK AND WILD CHERVIL (ANTHRISCUS

SYLVESTRIS).

Poisoning only results from ingestion of the green plants. It is

characterised by salivation, nausea, dyspnœa, generalised trembling
 and vertigo,
paraplegia,
and
symptoms
of gastro-
enteritis.

POISONIN
G BY
FENNEL.

This
disease,
seen in
Algeria,
and
recently
studied by
Bremond
and Bojoly,
need only
Fig. 103.— be Fig. 104.—Broad-leaf laurel
Narrow-leaf mentioned. (Kalmia latifolia). a, Flowering
laurel (Kalmia The spray, one-third natural size; b,
angustifolia), information vertical section of flower showing
showing at present peculiar attachment of stamens,
flowering available is natural size; c, fruiting capsules,
branch, one- indefinite, natural size.
third natural and the
size. symptoms
so closely resemble those of Texas fever that
there seems a possibility of confusion having arisen.
The lesions are those of hæmorrhagic gastro-enteritis.
Treatment consists in giving tannin, opium, and emollients.
 Oxypolis rigidus.—The cowbane
is natural in swamps throughout the
eastern half of the United States. The
leaves and roots are reputed to be
poisonous to cattle.
Sium cicutæfolium.—The leaves
of the hemlock water parsnip, which
is more or less common throughout
the United States, are said to be
poisonous to stock.

ERICAEÆ (HEATH FAMILY).

Andromeda polifolia.—The wild

rosemary, or moorwort, is a plant
native to the northern regions of
Europe, Asia, and America, entering
the United States only in the extreme
north-east. The leaves, which have
been eaten by sheep with fatal effect,
contain a narcotic poison known as Fig. 105.—Branch ivy
andromedotoxin. The plant is not (Leucothoë catesbæi). a,
very dangerous in its native habitat, Flowering branch; b, fruiting
because it grows in bogs which are capsules.
inaccessible to stock.
* Azalea occidentalis.—The
California azalea is very much dreaded by sheep men who drive their
flocks into the southern Sierras for pasture. Investigation has shown
that the leaves contain a poisonous substance.
* Kalmia angustifolia.—The narrow-leaf laurel is abundant in
the north-eastern section of the United States, where it is also well
known as sheep laurel and lamb-kill. The leaves contain
andromedotoxin, and sheep and calves are frequently poisoned by
eating them.
* Kalmia latifolia.—The broad-leaf laurel is native throughout
the greater part of the eastern half of the United States, and is known
by a great variety of common names, the most important of which
are laurel and ivy. The latter name is most commonly used south of
Maryland. Scores of cattle and sheep are poisoned annually by eating
the plant. It is probably the most dangerous of all the shrubs
belonging to the heath family.

Fig. 106.—Stagger bush (Pieris Fig. 107.—Great laurel

mariana), showing flowering (Rhododendron maximum).
branch, one-third natural size. a, Flowering branch; b,
fruiting capsules—both one-
* Leucothoë catesbæi.—This is third natural size.
the branch ivy, hemlock, or calf-kill,
of the Allegheny Mountains. It is well known in that region to be fatal
to all kinds of stock.
* Leucothoë racemosa.—The swamp Leucothoë of the Atlantic
and Gulf States has been reported from New Jersey as especially fatal
to calves.
 * Pieris mariana.—The stagger bush of the Atlantic Coast
region, Tennessee, and Arkansas is commonly known to be
poisonous to calves and to sheep. The name stagger bush was applied
to the shrub on account of the peculiar intoxicating effect of the
leaves.
* Rhododendron californicum.—The California
rhododendron is native on the Pacific Slope from San Francisco to
British Columbia. The plant is reported from Oregon as poisonous to
sheep. It is quite probable that the leaves contain andromedotoxin,
but they have not been tested.
* Rhododendron maximum.—The great
laurel (rosebay; mountain laurel; rhododendron) is
a large evergreen bush or small tree which is quite
commonly cultivated for ornament, and is found
native in the Allegheny Mountains. The leaves
contain andromedotoxin, and they are occasionally
eaten by stock with fatal effect.

PRIMULACEÆ (PRIMROSE FAMILY).

Anagallis arvensis.—The pimpernel is a

European plant which has obtained a specially
strong foothold in California, where it grows
luxuriantly and is sometimes known as poison
weed. It is suspected of having caused the death of
a horse at Santa Ana. Chemists have isolated a
powerfully poisonous oil and a strongly active
ferment from the plant.

OLEACEÆ (OLIVE FAMILY).

Fig. 108.—
Milkweed
Ligustrum vulgare.—The privet, or prim, is a (Asclepias
garden shrub, introduced from Europe and Asia, eriocarpa),
which is much used for hedges, and has escaped one-sixth
from cultivation in western New York and natural size.
southward to North Carolina. Accidents have been
occasioned in children both by the fruit and the leaves. The plant is
to be suspected in cases of poisoning in animals.

APOCYNACEÆ (DOGBANE FAMILY).

Apocynum androsæmifolium, spreading dogbane: A.

cannabinum, Indian hemp.—These plants are generally distributed
throughout the United States. Stock generally avoid them in pasture
fields on account of their acrid milky juice. When dry they are not so
poisonous as when in the fresh state.
Nerium oleander.—The oleander is a common house plant
throughout a large portion of the United States. It grows freely out of
doors in the Southern and Western States, and has probably escaped
from cultivation in some places. It grows wild in northern Mexico.
The leaves are well known to be most powerfully poisonous, and
stock are occasionally killed by eating them.

ASCLEPIADACEÆ (MILKWEED FAMILY).

* Asclepias eriocarpa.—This is the plant with broad mullein-

like leaves which is known as milkweed in California. Several
authentic accounts of the poisoning of sheep have been secured
against the plant in Mendocino County. It is especially feared on very
warm days by sheep men when they are compelled to drive their
flocks through dry, barren valleys. It sometimes grows on cultivated
land, and is cut with hay.
* Asclepias syriaca.—This is the common milkweed, or
silkweed, of the north-eastern quarter of the United States.
Experiments show that the milky juice so abundant in all parts of the
plant is very acrid and poisonous. It is listed among the poisonous
plants of Europe.

SOLANACEÆ (POTATO FAMILY).

 * Datura stramonium: D.
tatula.—These two species very
closely resemble each other, and
are most commonly known in the
United States by the name of
jimson weed. They are European
plants which have become weeds
in waste grounds and about
dwellings throughout the greater
portion of the country. One or
two instances are recorded in
which cattle have been poisoned
by eating hay containing the
young leaves.
* Hyoscyamus niger.—The
black henbane is an ill-smelling
plant, a native of Europe, now
naturalised in Michigan, and
from New York northward. One
or two cases are recorded in
European literature in which
stock have been poisoned by
Fig. 109.—Jimson weed (Datura eating the plant of their own
stramonium). a, Flowering accord, but there is very little
spray; b, fruiting capsule—both danger from it, on account of its
one-third natural size. ill odour and harsh texture.
* Nicotiana tabacum.—This
is the tobacco most commonly cultivated in the United States. It is
native to South America and has escaped from cultivation to some
extent in the Southern States. According to some authorities stock
are not always disposed to shun this plant on account of its
characteristic ill odour and taste, but, on the contrary, will eat a
small amount of the leaves with apparent relish, especially when they
are somewhat fresh. Stock have, however, been poisoned by eating
leaves which were placed within their reach to dry, and also by eating
food contaminated with the juice of the leaves. Considerable
precaution should be used in applying tobacco juice to fresh cuts or
bruises in stock, as the poison is easily absorbed into the system and
 may
prove
fatal.
There
are
several
native
species
of
tobacco
in the
western
half of
the
United
States,
all of
which
are
undoubt
edly
Fig. 110.—Bittersweet poisonou
s if eaten Fig. 111.—Black
(Solanum dulcamara). a, nightshade (Solanum
Flowering spray; b, fruit— even in
moderat nigrum), one-third
both one-third natural size. natural size.
e
quantity.

TOBACCO POISONING.

Tobacco poisoning may be produced by baths or lotions containing

tobacco juice, which is often used as a parasiticide. The ingestion of
tobacco leaves in forage may also produce poisoning. Doses of 1
ounce in the goat and 10 ounces in the ox are toxic.
The symptoms consist in salivation, vomiting, nausea, diarrhœa,
cardiac palpitation and dyspnœa.
The lesions are those of gastro-enteritis with cerebral congestion.
 Treatment consists in giving
tannin, black coffee, etc.

Solanum dulcamara.—The
bittersweet, or climbing nightshade, is
a European weed, now introduced in
the north-eastern quarter of the
United States. The leaves are
suspected of being poisonous to stock.
* Solanum nigrum.—The black
nightshade (common nightshade;
garden nightshade) is a common weed
in cultivated fields throughout the
greater portion of the United States.
Cattle seldom eat the plant, but a few
cases of poisoning are recorded for
calves, sheep, goats, and swine.
* Solanum triflorum.—The
spreading nightshade is a native of the
Great Plains (United States), and also
Fig. 112.—Spreading a common garden weed from Arizona
nightshade (Solanum and Texas to British America.
triflorum), one-third Complaints of the poisoning of cattle
natural size. by this plant have been sent to the
Department of Agriculture from
Nebraska. Experiments show that the
berries are poisonous.
Solanum tuberosum.—The small, immature tubers of the
common cultivated potato and those that have turned green from
exposure to the sun are slightly poisonous. The green fruit and the
white sprouts from mature potatoes are likewise poisonous. In all of
these cases the deleterious substance may be removed or destroyed
by thorough boiling.

SCROPHULARIACEÆ (FIGWORT FAMILY).