FLUIDS

LEVEL 1

1. Calculate the amount of energy evolved when eight droplets of mercury (surface
tension 0.55 N/m) of radius 1 mm each combine into one.

2. Water is flowing steadily through a horizontal pipe of non-uniform cross-section. If the

velocity of water at a point where cross-section is 0.02m 2 is 2m/s, what is the velocity
of water at another point where the cross-section is 0.01 m2

3. Liquid flows through two capillary tubes connected in series. Their length are L and
2L and radius r and 2r respectively. The pressure difference across the first and
second tube are in the ratio.

2. Find the viscous force on a steel ball of 2 mm radius (density 8 g/cc) acquires a
terminal velocity of 4 cm/s in falling freely in the tank of glycerine (density of
glycerine 1.3 g/cc)

3. A body of density rB is floating inside a tub of mercury of

density rm, such that 60% of the volume of the body is inside
mercury. The volume coefficient of thermal expansion of body
is and that of mercury is (= 2 ). The temperature of
the system is now increased by Dq. Find the fraction of the
volume of the body which remains immersed within the
mercury.
4. A solid cylinder (cross-sectional area A , length l
and density r0 ) floats on the surface of a liquid of
density r with its axis vertical as shown. If it is
slightly displaced downwards, prove that its
motion is SHM and determine its time period.

5. A thick spherical shell having density and outer radius R and inner radius r =
is thrown downward inside a tank, containing a liquid having density . Find
the time rate of change of speed of the shell when the speed of the shell becomes

. (where is coefficient of viscosity and g is acceleration due to gravity.)

[2]

7. A cube of specific gravity 0.6 and side L floats in a rectangular

tank containing water with square base of side 3L. Assume
the cube remains vertical.
(a) Find the ratio of area of the vertical face of cube, which is
inside water to that of vertical face of cube, which is
outside water.
(b) Now the tank is accelerated horizontally with acceleration
[2]
of g . Find angle made by water surface with
horizontal.
11 The height of a liquid of density ‘r’ in a
beaker of area of cross-section ‘A’ is ‘h 0’.
Now a block of mass m is floating on the
surface of the liquid. Determine the
pressure on the bottom of the beaker. If
atmospheric pressure is P0.

12. A liquid of density ‘r’ taken in a cylindrical vessel of

diameter ‘l’ upto a height of l/2 is kept on a horizontal
surface. Find the acceleration with which the vessel
should be moved in horizontal direction so that the
level of the liquid at wall ‘AB’ raises to l ?

LEVEL 2

14. A bubble having surface tension T and radius R is formed

on a ring of radius b (b << R). Air is blown inside the
tube with velocity v as shown. The air molecule collides
perpendicularly with the wall of the bubble and stops.
Calculate the radius at which the bubble separates from
the ring.

15. Find the work done to break a drop of water of radius 0.5 cm into identical drops of
each of radius 1 mm. (Twater = 7 ´ 10-2 N/m).

16. Water flows in a horizontal tube as shown in figure.

The pressure of water changes by 600 N/m 2 between A
and B where the areas of cross-section are 30 cm 2 and
15 cm2 respectively. Find the rate of flow of water
through the tube.

17. A light wooden sphere floats in a liquid such that half of the volume of sphere
remains inside the liquid. Find the ratio of density of liquid to that of sphere.
1. Two identical cylindrical vessels with their bases at the same level each contain liquid
of density . The height of the liquid in one vessel is h 1 and that in the other vessel is
h2. The area of either base is A. Find the work done by gravity in equalizing the levels
when the two vessels are connected.
[2]

2. If n identical water droplets falling under gravity with terminal velocity v collapse to
form a single drop, which has terminal velocity 4v, find n.

3. A vessel contains oil (density = 0.8 gm/cm 3) over mercury (density = 13.6 gm/cm 3). A
homogeneous sphere floats with half its volume immersed in mercury and the other
half in oil. Find the density of the material of sphere in gm/cm 3.

4. An incompressible non-viscous fluid (density d) flows steadily through a cylindrical

pipe which has radius 2R at point A and radius R at point B (at the same height as A)
further along the flow direction. If the velocity and pressure at point A are v and P
respectively, find the pressure at B.

5. A tube of inner radius R 1 =1cm open at both

end is dipped in the water. A rod of radius R 2 =
8 mm is placed co-axially in the tube as shown
in the figure. If the surface tension of water is
T and contact angle is 00. Find the capillary rise
inside tube.
6. A cylindrical vessel of thickness 2 cm floats
in a liquid as shown in figure. With a depth
of 8 cm immersed. The vessel developes a
leake in its bottom. What should be
minimum height of the vessel so that it may
not sink.

LEVEL 3

1. A tank containing a liquid of density r and is open at

the top having two identical small holes of cross-
sectional area a on the opposite sides. The difference
in height between the two holes is h. Find out the net
horizontal force experienced by the tank as the liquid
comes out of the two holes at initial moment.

2. There a cylindrical tank of cross sectional area A resting on a horizontal surface.

There is a small orifice of cross sectional area ‘a’ (a << A) at the bottom lateral
surface of it. Initially the tank was filled with a liquid of density r up to a height of H.
Find

(a) the speed of the liquid flowing out when the height of the liquid in the tank
becomes H/2.

(b) the horizontal force required to kept it at rest initially.

7. Two cylindrical tanks of cross-sectional area A 1 and A2 with their bases at the same
level each containing a liquid of density . The height of liquid in the tanks are H 1 and
H2 , respectively. The tanks are joined together through a pipe of cross-sectional area
‘a’ as shown in the figure.

Find the time taken to equalize the levels in the tanks

1. A container of a large uniform cross-section area A resisting on a horizontal surface,
holds two immiscible, liquids of densities  and 2 each of height H. A small hole of
area S (S<<A) is punched on the vertical side of the container at a height H/2. (i)
Determine initial efflux of the liquid at the hole (ii) time taken by the denser liquid to
be emptied upto the level of hole.

H
H/2

3. A cylindrical vessel of area of cross-section A and filled with liquid to a height of h 1

has a capillary tube of length l and radius r protruding horizontally at its bottom. If
the viscosity of liquid is h, density r and g = 9.8 m/s2, find the time in which the level
of water in vessel falls to h2. [ It is given that only in tube viscous force will be
present, in cylindrical vessel flow is stream line.]

8. A fixed cylindrical container of cross-section area ‘A’ contains water. A small hole of
area ‘a’ (a<<A) is punched on sidewall h height above the bottom at time t = 0. It is
found that time taken to reach the water upto level of hole is T. Find initial height of
water level from bottom at time t = 0.
11. A block of mass m is kept over a fixed
smooth wedge. Block is attached to a
sphere of same mass through fixed
massless pulley P1 and P2. Sphere is
dipped inside water as shown. If
specific gravity of material of sphere is
2, then find the acceleration of the
sphere.

13. Three spherical bubbles each of radius r 1, r2 and r3 collapse to form a single spherical
bubble of radius r. Calculate the surface tension of the liquid in terms of r, r 1, r2 and
r3. Atmospheric pressure is P0. [Assume that temperature remains constant and no
leakage of air takes place.]

14. A solid sphere of mass m = 2kg and specific gravity s = 0.5

is half stationary relative to a tank filled with water. The
tank is accelerating vertically upward with acceleration a =
2m/s-2

(a) Calculate tension in the thread connected between the

sphere and bottom of the tank.

(b) If the thread snaps, calculate acceleration of sphere with

respect to tank.

(Density of water is r = 1000 kg m-3)

[4]
15. A cylindrical tank having cross-sectional area A = 0.5 m2 is
filled with two liquids of density r1 = 900 kgm-3 and r2 = 600
kgm-3 to a height h = 60 cm each as shown in figure. A
small hole having area a = 5 cm2 is made in right vertical
wall at a height y = 20 cm from the bottom. Calculate

(i) velocity of efflux.

(ii) horizontal force F to keep the cylinder in static equilibrium, if it is placed on a

smooth horizontal plane and

(iii) minimum and maximum values of F to keep the cylinder in static equilibrium, if
coefficient of friction between the cylinder and the plane is m = 0.01. (g = 10 m/s2)

LEVEL 4

16. A cylindrical tank having cross sectional ara A is

filled with two liquids of density r1 and r2 to a
height h each as shown in figure. A small hole
having area a is made in right vertical wall at a
height y from the bottom. Calculate.

(a) velocity of efflux

(b) Horizontal force F required to kept the cylinder in static equilibrium if it is placed
on smooth horizontal plane.

(c) Minimum and maximum values of F to keep the cylinder in static equilibrium if
coefficient of friction between the cylinder and the plane is m. (Given that horizontal
force F calculated is less than the limiting friction).
19. Determine the shape of the jar of the figure given
below i.e. specify x as function of y so that water
level descends at a constant rate at all times by 4
cm every hour. Given the radius of drain hole is
2mm and can be assumed to be very small
compared to x.

2. There a cylindrical tank of cross sectional area A resting on a horizontal surface.

There is a small orifice of cross sectional area ‘a’ (a << A) at the bottom lateral
surface of it. Initially the tank was filled with a liquid of density r up to a height of H.
Find

(a) the speed of the liquid flowing out when the height of the liquid in the tank
becomes H/2.

(b) the horizontal force required to kept it at rest initially.

1. Ideal fluid flows along a flat tube of constant cross – section, located in
a horizontal plane and bent as shown in figure.(top view). The flow is
steady. Are the pressures and velocities of the fluid equal at points
1and 2? What is the shape of the steamlines?

2. A pitot tube is mounted along the axis of a gas pipleline whose cross
sectional area is equal to S. Assuming the viscosity to be negligible,
find the volume of gas flowing across the section of the pipe per unit
time, if the difference in the liquid columns is equal to , and the
densities of the liquid and the gas are and respectively.

3. The horizontal bottom of a wide vessel with an ideal fluid has

a round orifice of radius over which a round closed cylinder
is mounted, whose radius . The clearance between the
cylinder and the bottom of the vessel is very small, the fluid
density is Find the static pressure of the fluid in the
clearance as a function of the distance r from the axis of the
orifice (and the cylinder), if the height of the fluid is equal to
h.
4. What work should be done in order to squeeze all water
from a horizontally located cylinder during the time t by
means of a constant force acting on the piston? The volume
of water in the cylinder is equal to V, the cross sectional
area of the orifice to s, with s being considerably less than
the piston area. The friction and viscosity are negligibly
small.

5. A horizontally oriented tube AB of length l rotates with a

constant angular velocity about a stationary vertical axis
OO’ passing through the end A. The tube is filled with an
ideal fluid. The end A of the tube is open, the closed end B
has a very small orifice. Find the velocity of the fluid relative
to the tube as a function of the column “ height” h.

6. A side wall of a wide open tank is provided with a narrowing tube

through which water flows out. The cross – sectional area of the tube
decreases from to The water level in the tank is
higher than that in the tube.

7. A fluid with veiscosity fills the space between two long co – axial cylinders of radii
and , with . The inner cylinder is stationary while the outer one is rotated with a
constant angular velocity The fluid flow is laminar. Taking into account that the
friction force acting on a unit area of a cylindrical surface of radius r is defined by the
formular find :
(a) the angular velocity of the rotating fluid as a function of radius r:

(b) the moment of the friction forces acting on a unit length of the outer cylinder.

8. A tube of length l and radius R carries a steady flow of fluid whose density is and
viscosity . The fluid flow velocity depends on the distance r from the axis of the tube
as Find :
(a) The volume of the fluid flowing across the section of the tube per unit time:

(b) the kinetic energy of the fluid within the tube’s volume

(c) the friction force exerted on the tube by the fluid

(d) the pressure difference at the ends of the tube.