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SOLUTION OF MODEL PAPER 2024

Time: 2 hours 40 minutes Max. Marks: 68

PHYSICS PAPER – I (Science Groups)

SECTION ‘B’
(SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS) (36 Marks)

i. Define escape velocity and derive the expression for escape velocity on earth’s surface. Ans.
Escape Velocity
“The minimum speed that is required for an object to free itself from the gravitational force exerted by a massive
object.”

Derivation

By the principle of conservation of energy, we can write:

(�� + ����)�� = (�� + ����)��

Where, �� =12mv2 & �� =������

��

Here Ugf is zero as the distance is infinity and Kf will also be zero as final velocity will be zero. Thus, we get:

2mve
2
−������
1 ��
= 0+0

2mv
2
=������
1
��

���� = √2����
��

The minimum velocity required to escape from the gravitational influence of massive body is given
by: ���� = √2����

Where,

�� =������
The escape speed of the earth at the surface is approximately 11.186 km/s

ii. State and explain Pascal’s law

Pascal’s Law
Statement
“The external static pressure applied on a confined liquid is distributed or transmitted evenly throughout the liquid in all directions”.
Formula:
F = PA

Where F is the force applied, P is the pressure transmitted, and A is the cross-sectional area.

iii) Define potential gradient. Show that electric intensity is equal to the negative of potential gradient.

“The rate of change of potential with respect to displacement is known as a potential gradient.”

We know that, electric potential energy at any point due to the point charge q is given by –
V=kqr
where, k is the constant of proportionality
Now, taking del operator on both sides of the above equation –
ΔV=kqΔ (1r)
⇒ΔV=kq(r^r2)
⇒−ΔV=kqr2r^⋯(1)

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As we know,
E⃗ =kqr2r^⋯(2)
Hence,
E⃗ =−ΔV
So, mathematically, we can prove that the electric field is the negative gradient of the electric potential.

iv) How energy is stored in a Capacitor? Derive expression for the energy stored in a capacitor. Energy
stored in a capacitor is electrical potential energy, and it is thus related to the charge Q and voltage V on the
capacitor.
the capacitor starts with zero voltage and gradually comes up to its full voltage as it is charged. The first charge
placed on a capacitor experiences a change in voltage ΔV = 0, since the capacitor has zero voltage when
uncharged. The final charge placed on a capacitor experiences ΔV = V, since the capacitor now has its full voltage
V on it. The average voltage on the capacitor during the charging process is V/2, and so the average voltage
experienced by the full charge q is V/2. Thus the energy stored in a capacitor,
Ecap, is Ecap= QV/2
where Q is the charge on a capacitor with a voltage V applied. (Note that the energy is not QV, but QV/2Charge
and voltage are related to the capacitance C of a capacitor by Q = CV, and so the expression for Ecap can be
algebraically manipulated into three equivalent expressions:
����
�������� = 2

2
�������� =����
2

2
�������� =��
2��
Where Q is the charge and V the voltage on a capacitor C. The energy is in joules for a charge in coulombs, voltage in volts,
and capacitance in farads.

v. State and explain Kirchhoff’s first and second law.

Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Current Law

According to Kirchhoff’s Current Law,

“The total current entering a junction or a node is equal to the charge leaving the node as no charge is

lost.”
In the above figure, the currents I1, I2 and I3 entering the node is considered positive, likewise, the currents I4 and
I5 exiting the nodes is considered negative in values. This can be expressed in the form of an equation:

I1 + I2 + I3 – I4 – I5 = 0

Kirchhoff’s Second
Law or Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law

According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,

“The voltage around a loop equals the sum of every voltage drop in the same loop for any closed network and
equals zero.”
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vi. Prove that following equations are dimensionally correct:

i. �� = 2 ��√����
�� = ��
√ ��
��2

�� = √��2
�� = ��
PROVED
�� = ������ +12at2
ii.
�� �� 2
�� = ��∗ �� + �� ��^2
�� = �� + ��
�� = ��
PROVED

vii. A turtle starts at the origin and moves with the speed of v0 = 10 cm/s in the direction of 25° to the
horizontal. (a) Find the coordinates of the turtle 10 seconds later. (b) How far did the turtle walk in 10
seconds?

Solution;

X Components
Vx=Vo CosƟ=Vo Cos 25ᴼ=9.06 m/s
Y Components
Vy=Vo SinƟ=Vo Sin 25ᴼ=4.23 m/s
Distance from the origin (d):
Along X axis; x=Vx*t= 9.06*10 = 90.6 m
Along Y axis; y=Vy*t=4.23*10= 42.3m

d = √��2 + ��2

d= 100m

viii. Golf Club exerts an average force of 800 Newton on a golf ball for 0.02 seconds if the initial velocity of
the ball is 40 m/s and its final velocity is 60 m/s what is the impulse experienced by the ball?

Solution:

The impulse experienced by an object is defined as the product of the average force applied to the object and the
time during which the force is applied. It can be calculated using the formula:

Impulse=Force x Time

In this case, the average force is 800 Newton and the time is 0.02 seconds. Plugging these values into the

formula: Impulse=800×0.02=16 Ns

Thus, the impulse experienced by the golf ball is 16 Newton-seconds

ix. The International Space Station orbits at an altitude of above the surface of the Earth. What is the
space station's orbital velocity? 400km

Data:

v = 7671.57 m/s

T = 1.55 hours

Solution:
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mass of Earth, M = 6 x 10^24 kg

Radius of earth, R = 6400 km = 6.4 x 10^6 m

height, h = 400 km

G = 6.657 x 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2

�� = √����
�� + ℎ
v = 7671.57 m/s

x. In Millikan's oil drop experiment, what is the viscous force acting on an uncharged drop of radius
2.0×10−5 m and density 1.2×103 kgm−3. Take viscosity of liquid =1.8×10−5 Pasm−2.
(Neglect buoyancy due to air).

Solution:
When the drop approaches terminal velocity, we can say that :
Viscous force= Weight of the drop
Viscous force=4πr33×ρ×g
Viscous force=4π(2×10−5)33×1.2×103×10
Viscous force=4×10−10 N

xi.a. Three resistors 1 Ω,2 Ω, and 3 Ω are combined in series. What is the total resistance of the
combination?

(b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf 12V and negligible internal resistance, obtain the
potential drop across each resistor.

Solution:

Given that:

R1 = 1Ω

R2 = 2Ω

R3 = 3Ω

Emf of the battery = 12V

a) The equivalent resistance of the combination of resistances in series is given by:

Req=R1+R2+R3........

Req=1 Ω+2 Ω+3 Ω

Req=6 Ω

b) In series combination, the current in each resistance is same whereas the potential drops across each resistance
as shown in the diagram.

Using Ohm's law

i= emf * Req (When internal resistance is zero.)

i=12*6

i=2A
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Now,

Let, V1, V2 and V3 be the potential drop across resistances R1, R2 and

R3respectively. Thus, using Ohm's law

V1=2×1

V1=2V

V2=2×2

V2=4V

V3=2×3

V3=6V

Thus,

a) The equivalent resistance of the combination is 6 Ω.

b) The potential drop across given resistances1 Ω,2 Ωand3 Ω are2V,4Vand6V respectively.

xii. A pendulum of length 75 cm and mass 2.5 kg swings with a mechanical energy of 0.015 J. what is its
amplitude?

Solution:
�� =��������������
�� �� �� ��
�� = ������( ��) ��
�� ��
�� = ��������
��

�� = √������
����

√ −��
�� = ������.�������� ������������−��
��. ��������
�� = ��. ���� ��

xiii. A source of sound and listener are moving towards each other with velocities which are 0.5 times and
0.2 times the speed of sound respectively. If the actual frequency of sound is 2000 Hz, calculate the
percentage change in the frequency with respect to the listener.

Given:
Velocity of sound, v =2000Hz
Source and observer moving towards each other
Therefore, Apparent frequency is given by
��′ = (�� + ����

�� − ����) ∗ ��

��′ = (�� + 0.2��

�� − 0.5��) ∗ 2000

��′ = (1.2��

0.5��) ∗ 2000
��′ = (2.4) ∗ 2000
 ��′ = 4800 ����

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Percentage Frequency = %�� = (����−����

��������−��������
���� ) �� ������ = (

�������� ) �� ������ = ������%

xiv. In a Newton's ring experiment the diameter of the 16th bright ring was found to be 0.653 cm. If the
radius of curvature of the lens is 10 cm, find the wavelength of light.

Data:

Diameter of the 16th dark ring.

D=0.653 cm =0.00653 m
Radius of the 16th dark ring
R=0.003265 m

Solution:

��
�� =����
������

��
�� =��. ����������
���������� ��. ������������

��
�� =��. ����������
���������� ��. ������������

�� = ��. ��������−����

SECTION ‘C’
(DETAILED-ANSWER QUESTIONS) (32 Marks)
Y
P
NOTE: Answer any Two questions from this section. All
questions carry equal marks. Draw diagrams where necessary.



3. a) Define ‘Position Vector’. Two vectors A1 & A2 and making
A
A2 y
A2
Ay
angle Ɵ1 & Ɵ2 with the horizontal. Describe addition of these two
θ2
vectors by rectangular component method
Ans. Position  
θ1 θ A1 A2x
Vector Definition A1y
 A1y
o  M
A1x
A2x
X

“A position vector is defined as a vector that indicates either the
Ax
position or the location of any given point with respect to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
any arbitrary reference point like the origin.” COMPONENTS: and ��2

ADDITION OF VECTORS BY RECTANGULAR fig.(2)

Consider two vectors��1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
making angles ��1and ��2 with the positive x-
axis respectively, as shown in figure 1.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
parallel to itself so that its initial point lies on the terminal point of ��1
Move the vector ��2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
as shown in figure 2.
⃗
The magnitude and direction of resultant vector �� can be found with the help of following

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
steps. :

1. Rectangular component of ����

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
into its rectangular components ��1��
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
and��1��
Resolve ��1 ��1��
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ��1����̂ = (��1 sin ��1)��̂
��1�� ��1��
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (��1 Cos ��1)��̂ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
��1�� :
And ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
, these components are:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ��1����̂

2.Rectangular component of
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
���� into its
rectangular
Resolve ��2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
and��2��
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
components ��2�� = ��2����̂ = (��2 Cos ��2)��̂ ��2��
��2��
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
, these components are

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And
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ��2����̂
��2��
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (��2 sin ��2)��̂
��2��
Resultant Vector along X-
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
axis: = ��1��
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
+ ��2��
���� ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

������̂= ��1����̂+ ��2����̂

������̂= (��1�� + ��2��)��̂
Or

���� = ��1�� + ��2��

Or
���� = ��1 cos ��1 + ��2 cos ��2 … … … (1)
Resultant Vector along Y-axis:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ��⃗1�� + ��⃗2��
����
������̂= ��1����̂+ ��2����̂
������̂= (��1�� + ��2��)��̂
Or

���� = ��1�� + ��2��

Or
���� = ��1 sin ��1 + ��2 sin ��2 … … … (2)

⃗⃗
2. Magnitude of the resultant �� :
⃗
The magnitude of resultant vector �� can be
found by using Pythagoras theorem i.e.
(������)2 = (��������)2 +
(��������)2
From figure 3,
(��)2 = (����)2 + (����)2

2 2
A = √(����) + (����)
A = √(��1 cos ��1 + ��2 cos ��2)2 + (��1 sin
��1 + ��2 sin ��2)2 . . (3)

⃗⃗
3. Direction of the resultant vector �� :
The direction of resultant vector can be found by following formula,

tan �� =��������
��������

tan �� =����
����

�� = tan−1 (��1 sin ��1 + ��2 sin

��2
��1 cos ��1 + ��2 cos ��2) … … …
… . . . (4)

b) Derive Bernoulli's equation for steady, incompressible, non-viscous and irrotational flow of fluid.

Ans. Bernoulli’s Principle

Bernoulli’s principle states that
The total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy
associated with the fluid pressure and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant.

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Derivation
Consider a pipe with varying diameter and height through which an incompressible fluid is flowing. The relationship
between the areas of cross-sections A, the flow speed v, height from the ground y, and pressure p at two different
points 1 and 2 are given in the figure below.

Assumptions:

The density of the incompressible fluid remains constant at both points.

The energy of the fluid is conserved, as there are no viscous forces in the fluid.

Therefore, the work done on the fluid is given as:

dW = F1dx1 – F2dx2
dW = p1A1dx1 – p2A2dx2
dW = p1dv – p2dv = (p1 – p2) dv
We know that the work done on the fluid was due to the conservation of change in gravitational potential energy
and change in kinetic energy. The change in kinetic energy of the fluid is given as:
����=1/2��2��22−1/2��1��12=1/2������(��22−��12)
The change in potential energy is given as:
dU = m2gy2 – m1gy1 = ρdvg (y2 – y1)
Therefore, the energy equation is given as:
dW = dK + dU (��1−��2) ����=1/2������(��22−��12)
+��������(��2−��1) ��1−��2) =1/2��(��22−��12)
+����(��2−��1) Rearranging the above equation, we get,
��1+1/2����12+������1=��2+1/2����22+������2
Bernoulli’s equation!

4. a) What is an Electric dipole? Derive the expression for electric field intensity due to electric dipole at a
point which is at a perpendicular distance from the center of the dipole.

Electric Dipole

“A pair of equal and opposite electric charges are separated, especially by a small distance”

Consider an electric dipole with charges +q and -q separated by a distance d.

Along the Perpendicular Bisector (Point P)

The electric fields due to the positive and negative charges

(Coulomb’s law):

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 b) Describe the stationary waves produced in a stretched string. Derive the expression for frequencies when
string is vibrating in:
i) One loop ii) Two loops iii) Three loops iv) n loops

Ans. STANDING OR STATIONARY WAVES:

“When two exactly similar waves travel in opposite direction along the string Standing waves produced, provided if
the conditions for superposition are satisfied.”
Standing Waves in a Stretched String:
When stretched string is plucked at suitable point then two travelling waves originate which move opposite
directions. The two waves are reflected back from their respective ends and superimpose on each other As a result
a standing or stationary wave is produced.
Frequency of Harmonics:
When the string vibrates in one loop:
When the string is plucked from the midpoint it vibrates in one loop.
Suppose;
T = Tension in the string
l = Length of the string
m = Mass of the string
l
λ1
= wave length of standing wave

f1 = Frequency of wave v = Speed of wave Wavelength: plucked fromone − half

From the figure
 = λ1/ 2 NNA

λ = 2 l=
Frequency: λ2
or,

vf
λ

=
f
= 11 v
1
λ1
Put the value v λ1
f
2

=
l
1

This is the frequency of first harmonic. It’s also called

λ2 2
fundamental frequency. When Then Vibrates In Two
Loops:
The string vibrates in two loops when plucked from one fourth of its length suppose the wavelength. and is f
frequency. l
Wavelength: From the figure;
= l λ2 plucked fromone − fourth

Frequency: 2λ2
v=f
f=2
2

v
AA
N
NN l=λ
λ
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Put the value

λ2

f2 =
vl

Multiplying and dividing by ”2”.

v
⎜ ⎟
2 2v ⎝⎛ ⎠⎞

f2
= ∴f=1
21 f = f 2 2 1

When the String Vibrates In Three Loop:

The string is plucked from one sixth of its length and it vibrates in three loops.
Suppose;
Wavelength Frequency,
λ3 = f 3 =
Wavelength:
From the
figure;

=+3
l l
λ3
λ
2

+
l 2 plucked from
one−sixth
= λλ 33 2

λ=
2 l
3
3
Frequency: 3λ3 f=
v=f A
AA
v
NN
NN
l=
3
λ3 3λ 2
Put the value
λ3

f v l
=
3
2

f 3 v v
=∴=
3 , f
31
2 l 2 l

f=f
3 31
 When The String Vibrates in ‘n’
Loop: Wavelength:
As shown in above cases;
==
2
λ1 λ
l
λ2 2l =
l
3
3
We may write these
,
as; 12
lll
2 122 2
λ=λ=λ 2
3
,
Clearly for n loop we
have; Frequency:
As proved above;
f
23
v v v
1 = 2= 3= , ,

2 l f l f l
We may write the relation as;
v v v
f
2
1 = 2= 3= , 2

2 l l l
f 2 ,3f
Hence, for “n” oops we have;
v
n
fn 2
=
l

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Note that all higher frequencies are integral multiple of fundamental frequency. That is;
fn=
nf1

The higher frequencies are also called “Overtones”.

5. a) Define simple harmonic motion. A particle in its state of uniform circular motion, prove that its
projection executes simple harmonic motion on one of the diameter of the circle.

Simple Harmonic Motion:

The periodic motion of a body is said to be simple harmonic motion if the acceleration possessed by the body is
directly proportional to the displacement and directed towards the mean position. Simple harmonic motion is
mathematically expressed as;
aα − x
Simple Harmonic Motion Connected with Circular Motion:
Consider a point “P” moving along a circular path of radius(r=x o) with a constant angular velocity"ω". Its
projection along the diameter “AB” of the circle is point “Q”. As “P” moves along the circular path, its projection
moves back and forth motion along the diameter of the circle. Hence, motion of the particle “P” is angular
whereas motion of the projection “Q” is vibratory.
 Let “θ ”be the angular displacement of point “P” at any instant as measured from point “B”. Acceleration of
projection “Q” is the component of acceleration of particle “P” parallel to diameter of the circle. Acceleration
of particle “P is directed towards the center of the circle, it known as centripetal acceleration and is given by:

ap= xoω [ ]2 ac= rω

2

Where “p a ”is centripetal acceleration of point “P”. On resolving “P,” into components we get:
Component of a parallel to the diameter = ap Cosθ
Component of a perpendicular to the diameter =
ap Sinθ
but acceleration of “Q” Component of parallel to the diameter
pa

∴aQ= −apCosθ
The negative sign shows that acceleration of “Q”is always directed towards the mean position.
2

= − ( )2

aQxoω Cosθ 2 aQ= −ω xoCosθ

ap= xoω
()
a x Q2
= −ω (x x Cosθ) =o

ω
Since “ ” is constant, therefore,
a x Qα −
The above relation shows that the acceleration of “Q” is directly proportional to its displacement and negative
sign shows that it is always directed towards the mean position. Hence, the projection point “Q” executes simple
harmonic motion.

b) Describe Young’s double slit experiment and derive the expressions for position of dark and bright
fringes. Also derive expression for fringe spacing.

Ans. The first successful attempt was made by Thomas Young in 1801 for producing the interference of light.
Thomas Young selected a of light. For this, he took Difference between the two P
single light source instead of Double Slits arrangement in
two sources and the beam ofwhich each slit behaves like ap //
light coming out of a source a phase coherent source’ ap⊥
is further sub-divided into separation between the two ap
two phase-coherent beams slits produces a suitable Path B
beam emerging out of the slits. These beams of light fall B
on a screen placed at a distinct distance from the slits and C P
produce interference
C
Q
C
fringes due to constructive and destructive interference. Each bright
fringe will be appeared on the screen due to constructive interference and
each dark fringe will represent the destructive interference. The distance
between two consecutive bright or two consecutive dark fringes remains
constant, is known as “Fringe Spacing”.
Derivation for Fringe Spacing:
Consider Young’s double slits arrangement in two dimensions.
In this arrangement, suppose that;
The separation between the two slits = d
The distance between the slits and the screen = L
The path difference between two rays = d sinθ

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 The distance of point “p” on the screen from the central point = y
As, d<<L therefore, limit
( In Fig; θ →0 and thus, Sin θ ≈Tan θ

YL
sinθ =

Multiplying by “d” on both sides,

dd
θ
y
=
sin LY
θ
dd
sin
θ
LL
yd
=

= − − − − sin ( )

d
i
Positions for Bright Fringes Or
Maxima:
A bright fringe appears when the constructive interference takes place.
In case of constructive interference,d sinθ = mλ

ym=
yd Ld
= sin Eq(i)

θ λ Ld

Where m = 0,1,2,3 λ

λλ

0, ,
dL
=
y L d Ld 3 ,.............
,
2
Position for Dark Fringes or Minima:
A dark fringe appears when the destructive interference takes place.

=+
21

⎜ ⎞
⎝⎛

θ ⎟λ
In case of destructive interference, ,d sin m
⎠

yd= θ ym=+( λ
Ld L
sin Eq(i) ) d
21
where m=0,1,2,3……
λλλ

=
y L 3 L 5 L ,........
, ,
2d
d 2 d 2
Fringe Spacing:
 Distance between two consecutive bright or dark fringes is called fringe
spacing. 1. For 1st and 2nd bright fringes, m=1 and m=2.
2
λλλ
y y mm L L L
−=−=
21
d d d

2. For 1st and 2nd dark fringes, m=0 and m=1. λ

λλ
y y dd 3 L L L
−=−=
21
22d d d
The above analysis clearly explains that the fringe spacing between two consecutive bright or dark fringes remain constant i.e.

= λL

Fringe Spacing =Δyd

This spacing also suggest that, if the values of “L”, “d” and fringe spacing is measured from the experimental arrangement,
the wavelength of incident light can be determined.

λ= Δy×d L

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