Run it as follows:

Your first name please: vivek

Hello vivek, Lets be friend!
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Exit Status Up Wild cards (Filename Shorthand or meta
Characters)
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Wild cards (Filename Shorthand or meta
Characters)
Wild card
/Shorthand
Meaning Examples
*
Matches any string or group of
characters.
$ ls * will show all files
$ ls a*
will show all files whose first
name is starting with letter 'a'
$ ls *.c
will show all files having
extension .c
$ ls ut*.c
will show all files having
extension .c but file name must
begin with 'ut'.
? Matches any single character.
$ ls ?
will show all files whose names
are 1 character long
$ ls fo?
will show all files whose names
are 3 character long and file name
begin with fo
[...]
Matches any one of the
enclosed characters
$ ls [abc]*
will show all files beginning with
letters a,b,c
Note:
[..-..] A pair of characters separated by a minus sign denotes a range.
Example:
$ ls /bin/[a-c]*
Will show all files name beginning with letter a,b or c like
/bin/arch /bin/awk /bin/bsh /bin/chmod /bin/cp
/bin/ash /bin/basename /bin/cat /bin/chown /bin/cpio
/bin/ash.static /bin/bash /bin/chgrp /bin/consolechars /bin/csh
But
$ ls /bin/[!a-o]
$ ls /bin/[^a-o]
If the first character following the [ is a ! or a ^ ,then any character not
enclosed is matched i.e. do not
show us file name that beginning with a,b,c,e...o, like
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/bin/ps /bin/rvi /bin/sleep /bin/touch /bin/view
/bin/pwd /bin/rview /bin/sort /bin/true /bin/wcomp
/bin/red /bin/sayHello /bin/stty /bin/umount /bin/xconf
/bin/remadmin /bin/sed /bin/su /bin/uname /bin/ypdomainname
/bin/rm /bin/setserial /bin/sync /bin/userconf /bin/zcat
/bin/rmdir /bin/sfxload /bin/tar /bin/usleep
/bin/rpm /bin/sh /bin/tcsh /bin/vi
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The read Statement Up More command on one command line
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More command on one command line
Syntax:
command1;command2
To run two command with one command line.
Examples:
$ date;who
Will print today's date followed by users who are currently login. Note that You
can't use
$ date who
for same purpose, you must put semicolon in between date and who command.
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Wild cards (Filename Shorthand or meta
Characters)
Up Command Line Processing
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Command Line Processing
Try the following command (assumes that the file "grate_stories_of" is not exist on
your system)
$ ls grate_stories_of
It will print message something like - grate_stories_of: No such file or directory.
ls is the name of an actual command and shell executed this command when you type
command at shell
prompt. Now it creates one more question What are commands? What happened when you
type $ ls
grate_stories_of ?
The first word on command line is, ls - is name of the command to be executed.
Everything else on command line is taken as arguments to this command. For e.g.
$ tail +10 myf
Name of command is tail, and the arguments are +10 and myf.
Exercise
Try to determine command and arguments from following commands
Answer:
Command
No. of argument to this command
(i.e $#)
Actual Argument
ls 1 foo
cp 2 y and y.bak
mv 2 y.bak and y.okay
tail 2 -10 and myf
mail 1 raj
sort 3 -r, -n, and myf
date 0
clear 0
NOTE:
$# holds number of arguments specified on command line. And $* or $@ refer to all
arguments passed to
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script.
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More commands on one command line Up Why Command Line arguments required
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Why Command Line arguments required
Telling the command/utility which 1. option to use.
2. Informing the utility/command which file or group of files to process
(reading/writing of files).
Let's take rm command, which is used to remove file, but which file you want to
remove and how you
will tell this to rm command (even rm command don't ask you name of file that you
would like to
remove). So what we do is we write command as follows:
$ rm {file-name}
Here rm is command and filename is file which you would like to remove. This way
you tail rm
command which file you would like to remove. So we are doing one way communication
with our
command by specifying filename. Also you can pass command line arguments to your
script to make it
more users friendly. But how we access command line argument in our script.
Lets take ls command
$ Ls -a /*
This command has 2 command line argument -a and /* is another. For shell script,
$ myshell foo bar
Shell Script name i.e. myshell
First command line argument passed to myshell i.e. foo
Second command line argument passed to myshell i.e. bar
In shell if we wish to refer this command line argument we refer above as follows
myshell it is $0
foo it is $1
bar it is $2
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Here $# (built in shell variable ) will be 2 (Since foo and bar only two
Arguments), Please note at a time
such 9 arguments can be used from $1..$9, You can also refer all of them by using
$* (which expand to
`$1,$2...$9`). Note that $1..$9 i.e command line arguments to shell script is know
as "positional
parameters".
Exercise
Try to write following for commands
Shell Script Name ($0),
No. of Arguments (i.e. $#),
And actual argument (i.e. $1,$2 etc)
Answer
Shell Script Name No. Of Arguments to script Actual Argument ($1,..$9)
$0 $# $1 $2 $3 $4 $5
sum 2 11 20
math 3 4 - 7
d 0
bp 3 -5 myf +20
Ls 1 *
cal 0
findBS 4 4 8 24 BIG
Following script is used to print command ling argument and will show you how to
access them:
Run it as follows
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Set execute permission as follows:
$ chmod 755 demo
Run it & test it as follows:
$ ./demo Hello World
If test successful, copy script to your own bin directory (Install script for
private use)
$ cp demo ~/bin
Check whether it is working or not (?)
$ demo
$ demo Hello World
NOTE: After this, for any script you have to used above command, in sequence, I am
not going to show
you all of the above command(s) for rest of Tutorial.
Also note that you can't assigne the new value to command line arguments i.e
positional parameters.
So following all statements in shell script are invalid:
$1 = 5
$2 = "My Name"
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Command Line Processing Up Redirection of Standard output/input
i.e.Input - Output redirection
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Redirection of Standard output/input i.e.
Input - Output redirection
Mostly all commands give output on screen or take input from keyboard, but in Linux
(and in other OSs
also) it's possible to send output to file or to read input from file.
For e.g.
$ ls command gives output to screen; to send output to file of ls command give
command
$ ls > filename
It means put output of ls command to filename.
There are three main redirection symbols >,>>,<
(1) > Redirector Symbol
Syntax:
Linux-command > filename
To output Linux-commands result (output of command or shell script) to file. Note
that if file already
exist, it will be overwritten else new file is created. For e.g. To send output of
ls command give
$ ls > myfiles
Now if 'myfiles' file exist in your current directory it will be overwritten
without any type of warning.
(2) >> Redirector Symbol
Syntax:
Linux-command >> filename
To output Linux-commands result (output of command or shell script) to END of file.
Note that if file
exist , it will be opened and new information/data will be written to END of file,
without losing previous
information/data, And if file is not exist, then new file is created. For e.g. To
send output of date
command to already exist file give command
$ date >> myfiles
(3) < Redirector Symbol
Syntax:
Linux-command < filename
To take input to Linux-command from file instead of key-board. For e.g. To take
input for cat command
give
$ cat < myfiles
Click here to learn more about I/O Redirection
You can also use above redirectors simultaneously as follows
Create text file sname as follows
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$cat > sname
vivek
ashish
zebra
babu
Press CTRL + D to save.
Now issue following command.
$ sort < sname > sorted_names
$ cat sorted_names
ashish
babu
vivek
zebra
In above example sort ($ sort < sname > sorted_names) command takes input from
sname file and
output of sort command (i.e. sorted names) is redirected to sorted_names file.
Try one more example to clear your idea:
$ tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]" < sname > cap_names
$ cat cap_names
VIVEK
ASHISH
ZEBRA
BABU
tr command is used to translate all lower case characters to upper-case letters. It
take input from sname
file, and tr's output is redirected to cap_names file.
Future Point : Try following command and find out most important point:
$ sort > new_sorted_names < sname
$ cat new_sorted_names
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Why Command Line arguments required Up Pipe
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redirection
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Pipes
A pipe is a way to connect the output of one program to the input of another
program without any
temporary file.
Pipe Defined as:
"A pipe is nothing but a temporary storage place where the output of one command is
stored and then
passed as the input for second command. Pipes are used to run more than two
commands ( Multiple
commands) from same command line."
Syntax:
command1 | command2
Examles:
Command using Pipes Meaning or Use of Pipes
$ ls | more
Output of ls command is given as input to more
command So that output is printed one screen full
page at a time.
$ who | sort
Output of who command is given as input to sort
command So that it will print sorted list of users
$ who | sort > user_list
Same as above except output of sort is send to
(redirected) user_list file
$ who | wc -l
Output of who command is given as input to wc
command So that it will print number of user who
logon to system
$ ls -l | wc -l
Output of ls command is given as input to wc
command So that it will print number of files in
current directory.
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$ who | grep raju
Output of who command is given as input to grep
command So that it will print if particular user
name if he is logon or nothing is printed (To see
particular user is logon or not)
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Redirection of Standard output/input
i.e.Input - Output redirection
Up Filter
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Filter
If a Linux command accepts its input from the standard input and produces its
output on standard output
is know as a filter. A filter performs some kind of process on the input and gives
output. For e.g..
Suppose you have file called 'hotel.txt' with 100 lines data, And from 'hotel.txt'
you would like to print
contains from line number 20 to line number 30 and store this result to file called
'hlist' then give
command:
$ tail +20 < hotel.txt | head -n30 >hlist
Here head command is filter which takes its input from tail command (tail command
start selecting from
line number 20 of given file i.e. hotel.txt) and passes this lines as input to
head, whose output is
redirected to 'hlist' file.
Consider one more following example
$ sort < sname | uniq > u_sname
Here uniq is filter which takes its input from sort command and passes this lines
as input to uniq; Then
uniqs output is redirected to "u_sname" file.
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Pipes Up What is Processes
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What is Processes
Process is kind of program or task carried out by your PC. For e.g.
$ ls -lR
ls command or a request to list files in a directory and all subdirectory in your
current directory - It is a
process.
Process defined as:
"A process is program (command given by user) to perform specific Job. In Linux
when you start
process, it gives a number to process (called PID or process-id), PID starts from 0
to 65535."
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Filter Up Why Process required
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Why Process required
As You know Linux is multi-user, multitasking Os. It means you can run more than
two process
simultaneously if you wish. For e.g. To find how many files do you have on your
system you may give
command like:
$ ls / -R | wc -l
This command will take lot of time to search all files on your system. So you can
run such command in
Background or simultaneously by giving command like
$ ls / -R | wc -l &
The ampersand (&) at the end of command tells shells start process (ls / -R | wc -
l) and run it in
background takes next command immediately.
Process & PID defined as:
"An instance of running command is called process and the number printed by shell
is called process-id
(PID), this PID can be use to refer specific running process."
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What is Processes Up Linux Command(s) Related with Process
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Linux Command Related with Process
Following tables most commonly used command(s) with process:
For this purpose Use this Command Examples*
To see currently running process ps $ ps
To stop any process by PID i.e. to
kill process
kill {PID} $ kill 1012
To stop processes by name i.e. to kill
process
killall {Process-name} $ killall httpd
To get information about all running
process
ps -ag $ ps -ag
To stop all process except your shell kill 0 $ kill 0
For background processing (With &,
use to put particular command and
program in background)
linux-command & $ ls / -R | wc -l &
To display the owner of the
processes along with the processes
ps aux $ ps aux
To see if a particular process is
running or not. For this purpose you
have to use ps command in
combination with the grep command
ps ax | grep process-U-want-to see
For e.g. you want to see
whether Apache web server
process is running or not
then give command
$ ps ax | grep httpd
To see currently running processes
and other information like memory
and CPU usage with real time
updates.
top
See the output of top command.
$ top
Note that to exit from top
command press q.
To display a tree of processes pstree $ pstree
* To run some of this command you need to be root or equivalnt user.
NOTE that you can only kill process which are created by yourself. A Administrator
can almost kill
95-98% process. But some process can not be killed, such as VDU Process.
Exercise:
You are working on your Linux workstation (might be learning LSST or some other
work like sending
mails, typing letter), while doing this work you have started to play MP3 files on
your workstation.
Regarding this situation, answer the following question:
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1) Is it example of Multitasking?
2) How you will you find out the both running process (MP3 Playing & Letter
typing)?
3) "Currently only two Process are running in your Linux/PC environment", Is it
True or False?, And
how you will verify this?
4) You don't want to listen music (MP3 Files) but want to continue with other work
on PC, you will take
any of the following action:
1. Turn off Speakers
2. Turn off Computer / Shutdown Linux Os
3. Kill the MP3 playing process
4. None of the above