International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,

ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

Lora=ksrj fganh miU;kldkjksa ds ys[ku esa ukjh n'kk

कुमारी कल्पना
शोधार्थी राधा गोव िंद यवू न वसिटी झारखडिं
डॉक्टर मनमीत कोर
सहायक प्राध्यापक, व श्वव द्यालय वहदिं ी व भाग, आर. जी. य.ू रामगढ़

lkj
Lora=rk ds ckn L=h vius vf/kdkjksa ds izfr vf/kd lpsr ,oa tkx:d gqbZ gSA ifjokj] lekt]
jktuhfr] vkfFkZd ,oa /kkfeZd lHkh {ks=ksa esa mldh fØ;k'khyrk c<+h gSA og vius dÙkZO;ksa ds
izfr ltx gS] ijUrq 'kksf"kr gksdj ugha] cfYd tkx:d gksdjA ftl fir`lÙkkRed lÙkk }kjk og
fu;af=r gksrh jgh gSa] mlds izfr og vf/kd lrdZ gqbZ gSA jktuhfr ,slk {ks= gS] ftlds }kjk
lcdks vius fy, la?k"kZ djus dk ,d ekxZ fey tkrk gS] L=h&oxZ bl jgL; dks Hkyh&Hkkafr
tku x;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vktknh ds ckn gh bl fn'kk es L=h dh fØ;k'khyrk vf/kd c<+
x;hA iwoZ iz/kkue=ah Jherh bafnjk xka/kh blds l'kDr mnkgj.k FkhaA tks Hkkjr gh ugha] vfirq
fo'o dh us=h cuus esa l{ke FkhaA vkt ds lanHkZ esa lksfu;k xka/kh] lq"kek Lojkt] 'khyk nhf{kr]
eerk cuthZ] izfrHkk ikfYy onk dkjkr vkfn dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA ek;korh Hkkjrh;
jktuhfr esa ,d ,slk uke gS] tks nfyr ,oa xjhc ifjokj ls gks dj Hkh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dks
izHkkfor fd;k gSA ledkyhu le; mÙkj vk/kqfudrk dk gSA blesa L=hokn ds Lo:i dks
Qyus&Qwyus dk i;kZIr volj fey jgk gSA ;gka L=h u;s&u;s :iksa esa izdV gks jgh gSA ;fn dgk
tk; fd mÙkj&vk/kqfudrk esa L=h dk ,d uohu vorkj gqvk gS rks xyr u gksxkA
mÙkj&vk/kqfudrk esa L=hokn ,d thou&n'kZu ds :i esa vk;k gS vkSj viuk&izpkj dj jgk gSA
ik'pkR; ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa bls&izQqfYyr gksus dk i;kZIr volj feyk gSA fgUnh
lkfgR; Hkh blds izHkko ls oafpr ugha gSA mÙkj&v/kqfudrk esa *L=hokn* dk Lo:i D;k gS\ bl
ij vkse izdk'k 'kekZ fy[krs gSaA

ifjp;

**mÙkj&vk/kqfudrk dh ,d izo`fÙk *L=hokn* gSA nkfjnk us ikB esa vuqifLFkfr dh ryk'k dh ckr
dgh gSA ijEijkxr lkfgR; esa L=h dk Loj nck rFkk enZ ys[ku dh LFkkiuk feyrh gSA bl fy,
L=hokn ,d u;s ikB dh odkyr djrk gSA ik'pkR; L=hokn dk fgUnh lkfgR; ij
tkus&vutkus izHkko iM+k gSA bl izdkj mÙkj&vk/kqfud fparu esa L=hoknh fopkj/kkjk dks u;s
ifjizs{; esa izLrqr fd;k gSA if'peh L=hokn le>us dh pht gS] xzg.k djus dh pht ughaA**1

lkfgR; esa mÙkj&vk/kqfudrkoknh vkykspuk ds lkFk gh fo[k.Muoknh vkykspuk Hkh vkxs c<+h gSA
blesa *L=hokn* dks dsUnz esa j[kdj L=h 'kks"k.k] L=h eqfDr] L=h vf/kdkj] L=h&iq:"k ds vkilh
Hksn] vkfn fcUnqvksa dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k tk jgk gSA viuh lS)kfUrd ekU;krkvksa ds vuq:i
fo[k.Muokn *ikB* dks dsUnz esa j[krk gSA *L=hokn* esa og L=h 'kjhj dks dsUnz esa j[kdj bl

3237 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

fo"k; ij viuh ekU;rkvksa ,oa /kkj.kkvksa dks mn~?kkfVr djrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa lR;nso feJ dk
ekuuk gS fd **fdlh Hkh ikB dks vkSjr dh rjg i<+uk] L=hokn leh{kk dk dsUnz fcUnw gSA
fo[k.Mu okn vkSjrksa ds fy, fyax Hksnh neu dks lkeus ykrk gSA vc rd leh{kk enZoknh FkkA
leh{kk esa vc rd iq:"kksa dh LFkkiuk dk iz;kl jgk Fkk vc L=h dh LFkkiuk dk iz;kl gksus
yxk gSA

fuf'pr :i ls L=h vkSj L=hoknh psruk ij vkjaHk ls ysdj vc rdA oSfnd dky ls ysdj
mÙkj&vk/kqfud dky rdA ik'pkR; ls ysdj izkP; rdA lHkh fcUnqvksa ij xguk ls v/;;u
fd;k tk;] foospu&fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk; rks vUrr% fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd L=hoknh psruk
vius vki esa ,d u;k fo"k; gSA ;fn L=h dh iwoZ ,oa orZeku fLFkfr] mRFkku&iru vkfn fo"k;ksa
dks dsUnz esa j[kdj fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tk, rks fuf'pr :i ls L=hoknh psruk vius vki esa
,d uO; foe'kZ gSA

fgUnh miU;kl esa ukjh %

os fy[krs gSa&^^eSa miU;kl dks ekuo pfj= dk fp= ekurk gw¡A pfj= ij izdk'k Mkyuk vkSj
mlds jgL;ksa dks [kksyuk gh miU;kl dk ewy rRo gSA** vkt ds miU;kl esa efgyk dh
miU;kldkjksa ds miU;kl le; dh leL;kvksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ls Hkjk gSA miU;kl ys[ku dh
vkSj efgyk ,oa iq#"k nksuksa gh vxzlj gq, gSa thou ds izR;sd {ks= esa ek=kRed gh ugha vfirq
xq.kkRed ifjorZu Hkh vk;k gSA vk/kqfud thou esa ewY; dh lokZf/kd ppkZ jgh gSA lkfgR; dh
yksdfiz; fo/kk miU;kl ds ek/;e ls orZeku esa cnyrs ewY; viuk vfLrÙo [kks, jgs gSaA

vk/kqfud ;qx esa ^miU;kl ds egRo dks izfrikfnr djrs gq, ,d fogku fy[krs gSaA ^^e/; ;qx esa
tks LFkku egkdkO; dk Fkk] mlls HkkjrsUnq ;qx esa tks LFkku ukVd dk Fkk ogh oju~ ;qx ds
vuqdwy mlls Hkh dgha vf/kd egRoiw.kZ LFkku vkt miU;kl dk gSA**

fgUnh efgyk miU;kldkjksa ds miU;klksa esa ewY; psruk ls lac) gS efgyk ysf[kdkvksa us
miU;kl ys[ku esa viuk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku fn;k gSA budk fparu ,oa budh n`f"V lekt dh
lPpkbZ o lR; ds vf/kd fudV gS] fgUnh miU;kl esa efgykvksa dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gS] nwljk
buds lkfgR; dh izk;% mis{kk gksrh jgh gSA ;fn miU;kl lkfgR; esa efgykvksa dks mtkxj fd;k
Hkh x;k rks buds n`f"Vdks.k dk O;kid fp=Qyd mHkjdj lkeus ugha vk ldk] ukjh gksus ds
ukrs budh izse leL;k iq#"k dh izse leL;k ls fHkUu gSA ukjh vius Lora= vfLrÙo dks u
dsoy igpkuus yxh gS vfirq mls LFkkfir Hkh djus yxh gSA ^^ukjh ds thou ds izse dh vuqHkwfr
mlds dsUnz esa gS vkSj bldh viuh lhek,¡ Hkh gSa ,d ukjh ds thou esa O;kIr la=kl] ?kqVu]
=klnh] izsee; Hkko vkSj O;kikj dks ukjh eu dh vis{kk dkSu vf/kd lPpkbZ ls izdV dj
ldrk gSA**

vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh us ukfj;ksa ds fo"k; pquko dks laxr crykrs gq, dgk gS&;g fofp=
ckr gS fd L=h tc lkfgR; fy[krh gS] fL=;ksa ds ckjs esa gh fy[krh gS vkSj iq#"k tc lkfgR;
fy[krk gS rc Hkh fL=;ksa ds laca/k esa gh fy[krk gSA nksuksa esa varj ;g gksrk gS fd L=h ds fy[kus

3238 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

dk mn~ns'; gS vius fo"k; esa QSys gq, Hkze dk fujkdj.k vkSj iq#"k dk mn~ns'; gS fo"k; esa vkSj
Hkh Hkze iSnk djukA efgyk miU;kldkjksa dk ys[ku pquus ds ihNs ;g Hkko izeq[k :i ls jgk gSA
^^tkds ikao u QVh fookbZ oks D;k tkus ihj ijkbZA iq#"k miU;kldkjksa dh vis{kk ukjh eu ds
fp=.k esa efgykvksa dh vf/kd leFkZ flag gks ldh gSA lw;Zckyk ds vuqlkj&^^vuqHko ;gh dgrk
fd ysf[kdkvksa dk {ks= vf/kdrj ?kj vkSj ukjh eu jgk gS tcfd iq#"k dk ?kj ckgj nksuksa] ysfdu
ge bl {kfr dh iwfrZ Hkh dj ysrh gSa ukjh eu dh vFkkg xgjkb;ksa esa cSBdj vkSj bruk rks eSa
nkos ds lkFk dg ldrh gw¡ fd ukjh ds vanj brus x<+ fyfyLe xqQk,¡ vkSj izkphj gSa fd bUgsa Hksn
ikuk vklku ugha] ftruh lH;rk ls ukjh Hksn ldrh gS iq#"k ughaA**

Lora=rk ds ckn fgUnh miU;kl esa ukjh %

MkW- jktsUnz izrki dk dFku gS ^^vktknh ls iwoZ miU;kl ds ljksdkj jk"Vªh; vkSj lkekftd Fks rks
vktknh ds ckn ewY; fo?kVu] jktuhfrd iziap] loZO;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj O;oLFkkxr nckoksa esa
filrs yksx vkSj bl lcls 0ij oS;fDrd ewY;ksa dh izfr"Bk dk iz;klA bUgha lcds chp dgha VwV
jgs Fks uSfrdrk ds izfrekuA fgUnh miU;kl esa efgykvksa ds miU;klksa dk jpukRed Lrj ij
muesa vusd uohu izo`fÙk;k¡ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA ;qx laosn ,oa ckSf)d laosnuk ds dkj.k ,slh
fo'ks"krkvksa dk izHkko LokHkkfod gS D;ksafd jpukdkj dk viuk ,d n`f"Vdks.k gksrk gS ftlds
ek/;e ls og ;FkkFkZ dks vUosf"kr djrk gSA

orZeku miU;kl ys[ku n`f"V dk ifjizs{; ltZukRed :i esa lkekftd ;FkkFkZ cks/k ls mRiUu
ewY;ksa] izo`fÙk;ksa ,oa ;qxhu fLFkfr;ksa dks fu:fir fd;kA ;s izo`fÙk;k¡ vkt ds thou esa thou
ifjos'k ls vnHkqr gSaA efgyk miU;kldkjksa ds fHkUu&fHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa esa gh bl izdkj dh
oSpkfjd izfØ;k fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA buesa dqN fo'k"krk,¡ iwoZorhZ miU;klkas esa Hkh feyrh gS]
;Fkk&;FkkFkZokn] izd`frokn] vkn'kZokn vkfn ysfdu ;gk¡ dh izo`fÙk;k¡ ltZukRed /kjkry dh
vko';drk ds :i esa u vkdj ys[kdh; fparu ds :i esa eq[kfjr gqbZ gS vFkkZr~ vkt ds
jpukRed vuqHkoksa ij vkjksfir u gksdj lkekf;d 'kwU; fLFkfr ,oa oLrqijd n`f"Vdks.k ls
O;aftr gqbZ gSA thou dh tfVy fofo/k ,oa ijEijk cks/k dh :f<+;ksa ls lac) Hkko psruk ds
ifjofrZr Lo:i dks oSpkfjd /kjkry ij bu miU;kldkjksa us of.kZr fd;k gS ;qx ds ifjorZu
ds lkFk ekuo ewY;ksa vkLFkkvksa ,oa fopkjksa esa ifjofrZr /kkj.kkvksa ds izR;{k n'kZu vkBosa n'kd ds
ys[ku esa gksrk gSA

Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr esa fy[ks x, miU;klksa dh lwph cgqr yEch gS] D;ksafd vusd miU;klksa us
vyx&vyx dkj.kksa ls ikBdksa dk LFkku vkd`"V fd;k gSA Lokra«;ksÙkj miU;klksa esa ls dqN rks
dF; dh ekSfydrk ds dkj.k pfpZr jgs gSa rks dqN viuh pfj= l`f"V ds dkj.kA dqN miU;klksa esa
fd, x, Hkkf"kd iz;ksx mudh fof'k"Vrk js[kkafdr djrs gSaA

Lora=rk ds ckn fgUnh miU;klksa esa efgykvksa dk Hkh fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gS lfn;ksa ls ijEijk
vkSj :f<+;ksa dh tathjksa esa tdM+h efgykvksa dh dye ;kSu laca/kksa] dke&ps"Vkvksa vkSj jfr
fo"k;d ukjh n`f"V dks vafdr djus esa viuk;h Fkh] vkt dh efgykvksa esa d`".kk lkscrh] ve`rk

3239 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

izhre] fp=k eqn~xy] ukfljjkx] eerk dkfy;k] eUuw Hk.Mkjh vkfn efgykvksa us miU;kl
txr esa viuh ,d fof'k"V igpku cukbZ gS bUgksaus ukjh fo"k;d lE;d n`f"Vdks.kksa dks ns[krs gq,
mlds laiw.kZ thou dh O;Fkk dks viuh ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls ,d lqUnj fp= ds :i esa mdsjk gSA
bUgksaus miU;klksa esa ijEijkxr :f<+;ksa LFkkfir ekU;rkvksa ds fo:) ukjh fLFkfr dk okLrfod
fp=.k fd;k gSA izse] okRlY;] fookg okluk eerk vkfn dh l'kDr vfHkO;fDr dh gSA mUgksaus
vius ledkyhu thou dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k fd;k gSA

LokrUR;ksZÙkj fgUnh miU;kl esa tks ubZ ço`fÙk mHkj vkbZ gSa] og gS vkapfyd miu;klksa dk ços'k
A Þtc ge LokrR;ksZÙkj miU;kl dh ckr djrs gSa rks lc ls igys gekjh –f"V tkrh gS mu
miU;klksa ij ftUgksaus vk¡pfyd thou dks :ikf;r dj Hkkjrh; thou ds mHkjrs gq, vusd
vuqHkoksa] lac/kksa vkSj ewY; la?k"kZ dk laf'y"V fp=.k fd;k gSA bl miU;kl dh /kkjk esa js.kq dk
eSyk vkapy vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA blds }kjk js.kq us fgUnh lkfgR; esa ,d ubZ miU;kl 'kSyh çLrqr
djus esa lQy ç;Ru fd;kA ;|fi ukxktqZu dk miU;kl 'cypuek' blds igys çdkf'kr
gqvk Fkk rks Hkh vk¡pfyd miU;kl ds lgh vFkZ esa js.kq dk eSyk vk¡py gh gekjs lkeus vkrk gS A
;gk¡ M‚- uxsUæth dk fopkj mYys[kuh; gS lR; rks ;g gS fd eSyk vk¡py vkSj ijrh ifjdFkk esa
xzkekapy ds ftrus fo'kn vkSj lokd fp= ns[kus dks feyrs gSa mrus vU; rFkkdfFkr vk¡pfyd
miU;klksa esa ugha A bu gS ;qx ds ifjorZu ds lkFk ekuo ewY;ksa vkLFkkvksa ,oa fopkjksa esa
ifjofrZr /kkj.kkvksa ds izR;{k n'kZu vkBosa n'kd ds ys[ku esa gksrk gSA

Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr esa fy[ks x, miU;klksa dh lwph cgqr yEch gS] D;ksafd vusd miU;klksa us
vyx&vyx dkj.kksa ls ikBdksa dk LFkku vkd`"V fd;k gSA Lokra«;ksÙkj miU;klksa esa ls dqN rks
dF; dh ekSfydrk ds dkj.k pfpZr jgs gSa rks dqN viuh pfj= l`f"V ds dkj.kA dqN miU;klksa esa
fd, x, Hkkf"kd iz;ksx mudh fof'k"Vrk js[kkafdr djrs gSaA

Lora=rk ds ckn fgUnh miU;klksa esa efgykvksa dk Hkh fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gS lfn;ksa ls ijEijk
vkSj :f<+;ksa dh tathjksa esa tdM+h efgykvksa dh dye ;kSu laca/kksa] dke&ps"Vkvksa vkSj jfr
fo"k;d ukjh n`f"V dks vafdr djus esa viuk;h Fkh] vkt dh efgykvksa esa d`".kk lkscrh] ve`rk
izhre] fp=k eqn~xy] ukfljjkx] eerk dkfy;k] eUuw Hk.Mkjh vkfn efgykvksa us miU;kl
txr esa viuh ,d fof'k"V igpku cukbZ gS bUgksaus ukjh fo"k;d lE;d n`f"Vdks.kksa dks ns[krs gq,
mlds laiw.kZ thou dh O;Fkk dks viuh ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls ,d lqUnj fp= ds :i esa mdsjk gSA
bUgksaus miU;klksa esa ijEijkxr :f<+;ksa LFkkfir ekU;rkvksa ds fo:) ukjh fLFkfr dk okLrfod
fp=.k fd;k gSA izse] okRlY;] fookg okluk eerk vkfn dh l'kDr vfHkO;fDr dh gSA mUgksaus
vius ledkyhu thou dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k fd;k gSA

v/;;u dk mís';

izLrkfor v/;;u esa fuEufyf[kr mn~ns”;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gS&

1- Lora=ksrj fganh miU;kldkjksa ds ys[ku esa ukjh n'kk ,oa mlesa lq/kkj dk v/;;uA

3240 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

2- lHkh /keksaZ esa ukjh ds laca/k esa dM+s fu;e cuk, dk v/;;u
Lokra=ksÙkj miU;kl : –f"V] laosnuk] ik'pkR; n'kZu dk çHkko vkSj Hkk"kk f'kYi

LokraR;ksZÙkj miU;kl –f"V ,oa laosnuk

fganh miU;kl ekuo pfj=kadu dk lcls vPNk ek/;e jgk gSA fganh miU;kl ds fodkl esa
ifjorZu ds vusd vk;keksa dks Nqvk gS] ;g fganh miU;kl dh yksdfç;rk ,oa Js"BRo dk |ksrd
gSA O;fä] eu] lekt] ?kVuk vkSj o.kZu ds iM+koksa ls xqtjrk gqvk fganh miU;kl vius /;s; dh
vksj vxzslj gks jgk gSA

ekuo thou ges'kk la?k"kZjr jgk gSA mRFkku&iru ds fdrus nkSjksa ls xqtjrk gqvk vkt orZeku
esa viuh fLFkfr rd igq¡p ldk gSA fganh miU;kl esa ekuo thou dks dFkkud dk dsaæ cukdj
mlds fofo/k #iksa dk mn~?kkVu fd;k tk jgk gSA miU;kl fo/kk eq[;r% vk/kqfud lH;rk dh
nsu gS A miU;kl ekuo dh lexzrk dh vksj mRlqd og egkdkO; gS] ftlesa ekuo vius laiw.kZ
Lo#i esa fpf=r gksrk gSA ftlesa ekuo tkfr dk oSKkfud losZ{kd cudj mldk vuqla/kku
djrk miU;kl dk vkjafHkd vkHkkl dkO; xzaFkksa esa gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;qukuh lkfgR; esa
[kkldj ;g ns[kk x;k gSA laL—r] #ekuh] ;qukuh lkfgR; es jksekal vius fofo/k #i esa
bfrgkl] n'kZu] /keZ lHkh lkfgR; esa jksekuh lkfgR; dk lekos'k ik;k tkrk gSA miU;kl dsoy
ek= dFkkud x| ugha gS] cfYd og ekuo thou dk x| gS] tks ekuo dks ifjiw.kZ vfHkO;fä
çnku djus dk ç;kl djrk gS "fganh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa x| dk vkjaHk i| ds ckn gqvk vkSj
x| lkfgR; esa miU;kl dh ckjh nsj ls vk;hA

miU;kl Hkkjrsanq ;qx esa vuqokn ds #i esa fganh lkfgR; esa vk;k gSA 'kq# esa miU;klksa dk dsaæ
dkSrqgy ,oa euksjatu FkkA fczfV'kksa ds 'kklu esa Hkkjr esa iqutkZxj.k dky dk vkjaHk gqvk gSA
ftlls miU;kl lkekftd lac)rk xzg.k djrk x;k vkSj dFkkudksa esa lkekftd leL;kvksa dk
vadu ns[kk tk ldrk gSA miU;kl lezkV çsepan us xksnku ds ek/;e ls ubZ o`fÙk;ksa dks tUe
ysuk

vkpk;Z uannqykjs oktis;h] us vk/kqfud lkfgR; 'kq# fd;kA mUgksaus vkn'kZijd lq/kkjoknh vkJe
O;oLFkk ls viuh ys[kuh fudkydj ;FkkFkZoknh HkkoHkwfe ij pykbZ gSA çsepan ds ckn Lora=rk
rd ds dky ds lkfgR; dh ço`fr;ksa dks cka/kus ds dke Lora=rk çkfIr ds mís'k us fd;kA
Lora=rk çkIr gksrs gh Hkkjrh; lkekftd ewY;ksa esa vpkud ifjorZu vk;k vkSj lkfgfR;d
ewY;ksa esa Hkh cnyko gqvkA

Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ ns'k ds iquZfuekZ.k esa oxZfgu] 'kks"k.keqä lektoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk dk
y{; Fkk ijarq gekjs dfFkr ;kstukc) fodkls us ftl vFkZra= dks fodflr fd;k og miHkksx
ç/kku jgkA vr% equkQk rFkk miHkksx dsaæhr gq,A Qyr% equkQs ds fy, Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj miHkksx ds
fy, vuSfrd yksHk fodflr gksus gh Fks A blfy, yksHk pfj= ds çeq[k okgd cusA chp esa
lkekftd laLFkkvksa rFkk ç'kklu ef'ku dk tks Hk; Fkk og Hkh ?kql] fj'or] xqV&jktuhfr]

3241 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

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International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

laj{k.k pØ vkfn ds }kjk fuf"Ø; lk cuk fn;k x;kA vr% mPp dk;ksaZ esa rks mHkjh inyksyqirk
vkSj equkQk] rFkk O;kid turk esa QSyh Hk;kud xjhch vkSj LokFkZijrk nksuksa gh vksj
vekuoh;rk xgjh gqbZ] nksuksa gh vksj fofHkUu çdkj dk vkRe ijk;uiu utj vk;kA lekt esa
Je dk fuokZlu rFkk O;fä esa ijk;kiu A oxZ oS"kE; c<+rk x;k; vkfFkZd fo"kerk]
Hkz"Vkpkj] jktuSfrd ckSukiu] ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fu"dklu] egaxkbZ] ekuoh; fj'rksa dk
fcxM+uk] csdkjh] pfj=ghurk us O;fä dks ml lhek rd rksM+ fn;k fd mlds eu esa Hkfo"; ds
çfr vkLFkk gh ugha jgh vkS|ksfxd lH;rk O;fäRo dk uk'k djrh gSA O;fä esa vkRefu.kZ;]
foosd] fu.kZ; 'kfä dk gkl gks tkrk gS] mldk O;fäRo Hkh fo[kfM+r gks tkrk gSA

lHkh {kerkvksa ls ;qä O;fä misf{kr dj fn;k x;k vkSj {kerk jfgr oxZ laiw.kZ lekt dk
ç;ksx futh LokFkksaZ ds fy, djus yxkA O;fä 'oLrq' esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;kA Lora=rk ds
ckn le; eksg Hkax dk le; FkkA ns'k ds foHkktu ds i'pkr~ dh fLFkfr us ekuo&ewY;ksa ds
fo?kVu dks pje lhek ij igqapk fn;kA blls ns'k esa ewY;ksa] vkLFkkvksa dk [kaM.k] cqf)thfo;ksa dh
gkj ls vkReXykuh ls VwV x;k vkSj vkxtuh] cykRdkj] vigj.k ,oa gR;kvksa dk cksyckyk 'kq#
gqvkA bl fLFkfr us fo'okl dks rksM+dj O;fä dks vikfgt cuk fn;kA ftlls mls nwljs ds lgkjs
thukA

u;s lkfgR; lk lkSan;Z'kkL= &

eqfäcks/k iM+rk FkkA og iw.kZr% u;k O;fä Fkk] tks vktknh ds ckn LokraR;ksZÙkj miU;klksa dk
uk;d cukA ftls iyk;uoknh cuk fn;kA vkS|ksfxdrk us mls ,dne 'kq"d ;k fujl dj fn;kA
LokFkhZ ço`fr;k¡ ,oa ik'pkR; laL—fr ds va/kkuqdj.k us O;fä dks grk'kk] vkrad ,oa r.kko us
og foLFkkfir gksdj uSfrdrk vkSj laL—fr ds voewY;u ds ikVksa esa viuk lkFkZd O;fäRo [kks
cSBkA fons'kh vkØe.kksa us mlds vfLrRo dks vf/kd efyu dj fn;kA mijksä lkekftd i`"BHkwfe
ij Lora=rk ds ckn tks miU;kl fy[ks x;s] mUgsa ;fn ço`fÙk;ksa dh –f"V ls nks[kk tk, rks lcls
çeq[k ço`fÙk vk/kqfudrk ds cks/k vkSj O;fä LokraR;Z dh gSA nwljh çeq[k ço`fÙk ;FkkFkZ dh
O;kid Loh—fr gSA vU; ço`fÙk;ksa esa vk¡pfydrk] varjkZ"Vªh;rk vkSj rduhdh dk eksg dh
ço`fÙk;k¡ çeq[k gSA laiw.kZ miU;kl fo/kk dks eísutj j[krs gq, vxyh ppkZ fuEukafdr ckrksa ij
djuk T;knk lkFkZd gksxhA

miU;kl fo/kk ij ik'pkR; n'kZu dk çHkko

vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr viuk Lora= vfLrRo ds iquxZBu dks ysdj fo'o eap ij [kM+k jgkA
ftlls vius Lora= varjkZ"Vªh; laca/kksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA varjkZ"Vªh; psruk rFkk la'kks/ku dh
ço`fÙk ds dkj.k miU;kldkj viuh lhekvksa dks foLr`r dj os ik'pkR; fopkj/kkjk dks Lohdkj
dj vius miU;klksa esa u;s vk;ke fuekZ.k fd;s gSaA vKs;th ds erkuqlkj miU;kl dk ;g
fodkl MkfoZu vkSj ekdZ~l ds vfoHkkZo vkSj çpkj ds lkFk&lkFk gqvkA u;s oSKkfud vuqla/kku
vkSj Kku us miU;kldkj dh –f"V cny nhA mldk fy[kuk gh cny x;k] D;ksafd mldh –f"V
cny x;hA mlds ckn ,d vkSj cgqr cM+k ifjorZu flxeaM Ýk;M+ ds lkFk vk;kA mldh

3242 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

euksfo'ys"k.k i)fr us O;fä&ekul vkSj O;fä&psruk dh xgurkvksa ij u;k vkSj fr[kk

çdk'k MkykA blls miU;kldkj dks O;fä&ekul dks le>us esa cM+h lgk;rk feyh] cfYd ,d
u;h –f"V vkSj iSB feyh] ftlds lgkjs og O;fä&fo'ks"k ds eu ds Hkhrj gksusokys la?k"kZ dks
igpku ldkA

:lh miU;kldkj VkyLVk; us Hkkjrh; miU;kldkjksa dks lokZf/kd çHkkfor fd;kA tSusaædqekj
ij VkyLVk;] jksek jksyk vkSj Mh- ,Pk y‚jsUl dk jkxs; jk?ko ij Ýkalhlh jE;kj.;kuksa dk
/keZohj Hkkjrh ij ckYtkd vkSj v‚Ldj okbZYM dk Hkxorhpj.k oekZ ij foDVj áxks vkSj
vukrksy dk rFkk M‚- ns'kjktflag HkkVh ij VkyLVk; ,oa Mh- ,P- y‚jsUl dk çHkko –f"Vxkspj
fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

dbZ miU;kldkjksa ij Ýk;M+] ,Myj vkSj ;ax ds euksfo'ys"k.kokn dk çHkko iM+kA vr% miU;klksa
esa ekuo vkarfjd ço`fÙk;ksa dks ç/kkurk feyrh x;hA /khjs&/khjs miU;kl dyk dh lajpuk us
cká ?kVuk vkSj pfj= dk vk/kkj de gksrk x;k vkSj vuqHkwfr dks vkRefu"B #i ds vk/kkj ij
gh miU;klksa dh jpuk dh tkus yxhA tSusaæ] vKs; vkSj bykpaæ tks'kh us bldk ç;ksx vius
miU;klks esa cgqr vPNh rjg ls fd;k gSaA tSusaæ vareZu ds jpukdkj gS rks vKs; vius ik=ksa dh
ekufldrk dks fo'ysf"kr djus] mudh pkfjf=d xzafFk;ksa dks [kksyus esa] vareZu dks Li"V djus
esa liy jgs gSaA bykpaæ tks'kh ds miU;klksa esa euksoSKkfud ;FkkFkZokn Js"Bre #i esa gSA

çsepan ijorhZ ;qx esa oS;fädrk ds lkFk lekt dh idM+ <hyh gqbZ vkSj O;fä çdkj ds LFkku
ij fo'ks"k cuus yxk vkSj varthZou dk egRo c<+ x;kA blds lkFk gh eu esa mM+usokys Hkkoksa]
çfrfØ;kvksa vkSj var}} dk fp=.k ç/kku gks x;kA euksoSKkfud miU;kl LoLFk O;fä ,oa
lekt ugha cuk ldsa bu ys[kdksa dh vf/kdka'k jpukvksa esa thou ds ;FkkFkZ ugha dYiuk'khy
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa vopsru eu dh fLFkfr;ksa] oklukewyd ço`fÙk;ksa vkSj vga dk gh fp=.k fd;k
x;k gSA bu jpukvksa esa tks O;fä fpf=r gqvk gS] og lsDl ds vfHk'kki ls xzLr gS vkSj mlds
thou dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku] la?k"kZ vkSj tw>us esa ugha] ukjh dh xksn esa gSA

miU;kl vkSj vk/kqfud cks/k &

Hkkjr esa ik'pkR; laL—fr ds va/kkuqdj.k dks gh vk/kqfudhdj.k le>k tkrk gSA ;g lp gS fd
ladVcks/k gh orZeku esa vk/kqfud cks/k gSA okLrfod vk/kqfudrk dk vk'k; gS laiw.kZ lR; dk
lk{kkRdkj vkSj bldk loZJs"B ek/;e miU;kl gS] D;ksafd miU;kl dk dsaæh; ç;kstu gh
thou dh O;k[;k gSA

LokraR;ksZÙkj dky ds miU;klksa esa lkekftd leL;kvksa dh iSuh fuxkgksa dk vkjaHk vkSj rdZ
laxr O;k[;k djus dh ps"Vk dh gSA bu miU;klksa us ;qx dh lPpkb;ksa dks c;ku fd;k gSaA bl
dky esa miU;kldkjksa us ekuo&ewY; vkSj e;kZnkvksa dh xgu lkekftd lac)rk] vuqHkwfr;ksa dh
çkekf.kdrk vkSj vfHkO;fä dh bekunkjh dks LFkkfir fd;k gSA buds miU;klksa ds ik=ksa esa
çpaM+ la?k"kZ gSa] foæqirk,¡] dqaBk,¡] ?kqVu] vdsykiu vkSj ijkt; ds {k.k gSA ijarq ;g fLFkfr;k¡ mUgsa

3243 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

rksM+rh ughaA mudk fo'okl euq"; dh vnE;] vijkts;rk esa gSA vr% bu miU;klksa dk ifjos'k
'kq) Hkkjrh; gSaA

vk/kqfud fganh miU;klksa esa ekuo vkSj lekt ds laca/kksa dk iquewZY;kadu O;fä vkSj ifjos'k ds
lw=ksa dks vUosf"kr djus dh –f"V ls gqvk gSA bu miU;klksa dk O;fä vkRedsaæhr ugha] lekt ls
çfrc) gSA mlesa nkf;Ro psruk gS] tks fujarj la?k"kZ'khy gSA og tkupk gS fd ,d uSfrd ewY;
,oa ,d u;s fo'o dh jpuk ds fy, tgk¡ ,d vksj /kekaZeq[k #f<oknh ijaijk rFkk /kkfeZd
vkM+cjks dk fu"ks/k vko';d gS] ogh nwljh vkSj Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds dqN çkphu rRo Hkh
vko';d gSaA blhfy, og Hkkjr dk iw.kZr% fu"ks/k u dj if'pe dks ugha vks<+rk cfYd nksuksa esa
vko';d lketL; fuekZ.k djrk gSA

ve`ryky ukxj] o`ankouyky oekZ] Jhyky 'kqDy] fxfjjkt fd'kksj] Hkxorhpj.k oekZ]
f'koçlknflag] jkaxs; jk?ko vkfn ds miU;klksa esa cnyrs gq, ikfjokfjd laca/k] L=h&iq#"k ds
laca/k rFkk ukjh ds laca/k esa ,d u;k –f"Vdks.k fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA bl ;qx esa L=h&iq#"k ds
ikjLikfjd vkd"kZ.k dks ifo=rk&vifo=rk ls ijs lgt ekuoh; o`fÙk ds #i esa Loh—fr
feyhA dFkkoLrq ds ewY; esa eq[;r% e/;oxZ vFkok fuEu e/;ofxZ; ik= gSA fuEue/;ofxZ;
ukjh ik= vc viuh çkphu ijaijkvksa ls dVdj uohu ewY;ksa dh ryk'k dj viuh Lora=
igpku cukuk pkgrh gSA vkfFkZd fuHkZjrk] mldh nkLrk dh eqäh dk vkjafHkd pj.k gks ldrk
gSaA blds fy, la?k"kZjr ukjh ds fp= Hkh feyrs gSaA

çse dk vk/kqfud Lo#i] çse vkSj okluk] çse dk ifj.kke] u;h fi<+h dk bl lanHkZ esa foæksg
vkfn vusd ç'u mBk;s x;s gSA mldk lek/kku Hkkjrh; ifjos'k ds lekukarj djus dh dksf'k'k
dh x;h gSA çse 'kCn dh Hkh miU;klksa esa vusd O;k[;k,¡ feyhA fueZy oekZ ds os fnu esa çse
dk ,d #i nSfgd #i esa fpf=r gqvk gSA lp ;g gS fd vkt ds miU;klksa esa vk/kqfudrk ds uke
ij ftl ukjh dk fp=.k gks jgk gS og dkekrwj ukjh gSA ,slk iq#"k miU;kldkj gh ugha vfirq
Lo;a ysf[kdkvksa us Hkh fpf=r fd;k gSA –f"V dk ;g ,dkaxhiu L=h&iq#"k laca/kksa ds fp=.k dks
cgqr fodykax cuk nsrk gS A lq{e laosnu'khyrk ds /kjkry ij ukjh dk okLrfod eu iwjh
xgjkbZ ds lkFk fuf=r ugha gqvk gSA

ukjh dk euksoSKkfud fodkl

euksfoKku O;fä dh okrkoj.k ls lacaf/kr ps"Vkvksa dk oSKkfud v/;;u ekuk tkrk gSA
euksfoKku vkt ,d Lora= ,oa u;k fuKku ekuk tkrk gS çkphu dky esa ;g rdZ'kkL= vkSj
n'kZu'kkL= dk ,d vax FkkA blds ckn blus vusd #i cnys gS A igys ;g vkRefo|k] fQj
euksfo|k gqvk] mlds ckn psru fo|k vkSj fQj euksO;ogkj dh fo|kA bl cnyko ds lkFk
ekufld fo"k;ksa ds laca/k esa fufj{k.k] ifj{k.k vkSj lkekU;hdj.k dh vkxeukRed i)fr dk
ç;ksx gksus yxkA euq"; ds eu ds mijh Lrjksa ls larq"V gksdj eu ds Hkhrjh Lrjksa dk Hkh
v/;;u vkjaHk gqvk vkSj euksfoKku dks euksfo'ys"k.k dk #i çkIr gqvk O;fä dh
euksoSKkfud n'kk dk egRo nwljs O;fä;ksa ds lewgksa ,oa lekt dh xqfRFk;ksa dks lqy>kuk

3244 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

pkgrk gS Abl v/;;u dk Lo#i ik¡p i)fr;ksa }kjk fuf'pr gksrk gS varjn'kZu] fufj{k.k]
ç;ksx] rqyuk vkSj euksfo'ys"k.kA bldk {ks= thou dh os xq<+ vkSj lgL;e;h ço`fr;k¡ gS tks
ekuo lekt dh lH;rk esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA

euksfoKku dk O;kid ifjp; ;gk¡ u vfHk"V gS vkSj u mfpr gSA jpuk deZ ds fy, vkt
euksfoKku vko';d le>k tkrk gS vkSj pfj=&fp=.k ds fy, euksfoKku dk Kku mikns;
gksrk gSA çkphu lkfgR; esa Hkh euksfoKku dk fdlh u fdlh :i esa ukjh fp=.k ds lkFk Hkh
laca/k jgk gSA gekjs fo}kuksa us ukjh fp=.k esa O;kogkfjd euksfoKku dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA vr%
ge ;gk¡ mu fl)karks dh ppkZ djsaxs] tks ukjh ds euksoSKkfud fodkl esa ennxkj lkfcr gq, gSaA

ukjh dk euksoSKkfud fodkl ds v/;;u dh –f"V esa j[kdj lcls igys gekjk /;ku okRlk;u
—r dkelw= ij tkrk gSA okRlk;u ds iwoZ Hkh dbZ fo}kuksa us bl fo"k; ij fdrkcsa fy[kh gS ij
bu lcdk lefUor #i ;k lkj laxzg lu~ bZ- dh igyh ;k nwljh 'krkCnh esa okRlk;u us
viuh çfl) 'dkelw=' fy[kk dkelw=dkj us bldh ijaijk dk mYys[k Lo;a fd;k gSA blls ;g
dg ldrs gS fd ekuo thou ds xw<+ o jgL;e; O;ogkjksa] ps"Vkvksa vkSj ço`fr;ksa ds v/;;u
dk ç;Ru çkphu dky ls gh vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA yksd v/;;u ,oa fparu&euu ds ckn gh og
dqN 'kkL=h; rF;] yksdkFkZ l`tu dj ldsa gksaxsA ukjh ds lanHkZ esa mudh /kkj.kk dk lgh Lo#i
D;k Fkk \ ;g dguk vlaHko lk gks ldrk gS] ijarq bruk vo'; dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;kSu
euksfoKku dh –f"V ls ukjh muds v/;;u dk dsaæ fcanq vo'; FkhaA

;kSu euksfoKku dk lcls igyk ,oa lqO;ofLFkr Lo#i çLrqr djusokyk xzaFk dkelw= gh
ekuk tk ldrk gS dke ds Lo#i ds Li"V djus okRlk;u us vkRek ls la;qä] vareZu ls
vf/kf"Br Jksr] Ropk] p{kq vkSj çk.ksafæ;ksa dh vius&vius fo"k;ksa esa vuqdwy #i esa ço`Ùk ço`fÙk
dk dke ekuk gSA ;g ço`fÙk tc la;ksxkfn }kjk vkuan dh fo'ks"k çrhrh djkrh gS rks ç/kku
dke ekuk tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k ço`fÙk;k¡ vç/kku ekuh tkrh gS Adke dks L=h&iq#"k ds laç;ksx
dk iz;ksx gksus ds mik; dh vko';drk jgrh gS vkSj 'kjhj dh fLFkfr ds fy, dke Hkh vkgkj dh
leku/kehZ gSA vr% okRlk;u ds erkuqlkj bl mik; dk Kku dkelw= ls gksrk gSA

dke ds Lo#i ,oa ç;kstu ij fopkj djus ds ckn ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd okRlk;u us lSdM+ks o"kZ
iwoZ dke dks ,d ço`fÙk gh ekuk FkkA bl ço`fÙk }kjk vkuan dh fo'ks"k çtkfr ds gsrq gh mik;
Kku dh –f"V ls dkelw= dh jpuk dh FkhA ;g mik; Kku ekuo thou xw<+ ,oa jgL;e;
O;ogkjksa] ps"Vkvksa rFkk ço`fÙk;ksa dk gh v/;;u çLrqr djrs gq, pyk gSA dkelw= dh fo"k;
lkexzh ds vraxZr ukjh euksfoKku dk tks Lo#i –f"Vxkspj gksrk gS] og la{ksi esa fuEukafdr gS

ukjh fo"k;d rF;ksa dk tks euksoSKkfud Lo#i xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gS] og ;g gS fd ukjh dks
dke&ço`Ùk djus ds gsrq okrkoj.k ,oa ç;Ruksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks lk/kkj.k vf/kdj.k ds
varxZr vkrh gSA dU;k] iq.kHkZ ,oa os';k dh viuh viuh detksfj;k¡ gSaA dyk Kku }kjk
okrkoj.k dh l`f"V dj bu detksfj;ksa dk ifjgkj Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl detksfj;ksa ls
ykHk Hkh mBk;k tk ldrk gS euksoSKkfud –f"V ls ;g dyk&Kku ml okrkoj.k dh l`f"V djrk

3245 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

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International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

gS] tks O;fäRo fodkl esa lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA dyk&Kkuh ukjh] jktk ls lnk lEekfur]
xqf.k;ksa ls ç'kaflr] çkFkZfu;] vfHkxE; ,oa y{;Hkwrk gks tkrh gSA ifr;ksa dks o'k esa dj ldrh
gS rFkk fo;ksx dky ,oa fuosZnkoLFkk esa Hkh vkuaniwoZd jg ldrh gSA ;g okrkoj.k ukjh eu dks
fopfyr Hkh dj ldrk gSA D;ksafd dykvksa esa prqj okpky] pkVwdkjd euq"; fcuk tku&igpku
ds Hkh fL=;ksa ds fpÙk dks gj ldrk gS Abldk euksfoKkfud Hkko ;g yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd
L=h dk eu pkrqFkZ] okpky] pkVqdkfjrk dk Hkw[kk gksrk gS vkSj buds o'khHkwr gks ldrk gSA

ijL=h je.k ds dkj.kksa ls Hkh ukjh fo"k;d euksHkkoksa dk tks nqcZy vkSj çcy i{k –f"Vxkspj
gksrk gS] mlds vuqlkj leFkZ O;fä dh iRuh vius çseh ds 'k=q ls ifr dks foeq[k dj ldrh
gSA vuqjä gksdj vr`Ir jg tkus ij jgL;ksn~?kkVu }kjk gkfu igqpk ldrh gS] dyafdr dj
ldrh gS vFkok nks"kh u gksusij Hkh nks"kh fl) dj ldrh gSA vU; çsfedk çkfIr dk ek/;e
vFkok nqyZHk çsfedk çkfIr esa lgk;d fl) gks ldrh gSA jkxkRedrk ds lkFk ik;s tkusokys mä
y{k.k okRlk;u }kjk ukjh ds O;ogkjoknh euksoSKkfud Lo#i Li"V djrs gSaA

lkaçk;ksfxd vf/kdj.k ds varxZr okRlk;u us ;kSu euksfoKku dh –f"V ls ukjh dks rhu
ukf;dkvksa ds #i esa ns[kk gSa e`xh] oM+ok vkSj gfLFkuh AHkko çkfIr ds laca/k esa fL=;ksa dks Hkh
vkuan dh miyfC/k gksrh gSA mik;&Hksn çk—frd gSA iq#"k drkZ gS] ;qorh vf/kdj.kA drkZ rFkk
vk/kkj dk dk;Z&O;kikj vyx&vyx gSaA vr% çk—frd mik;Hksn ls O;kikj Hksn gks tkrk gSA
iq#"k bl O;kikj esa Lo;a dks drkZ le>dj vuqjä gksrh gSA jfr&lq[k ds fofHkUu mik;ksa vkSj
miknkuksa dh ppkZ ls ;g euksoSKkfud rF; fudyrk gS fd L=h dh jkxo`f) esa fofp=rk
lgk;d gksrh gS] D;ksafd ikjLifjd jkx&fofp=rk ls gh iSnk fd;k tkrk gSA

okRlk;u }kjk ukjh dh jkxkRed ço`fÙk dks tkx`r djusokyh oLrqvksa esa ns'kksipkj dks Hkh
egRo fn;k x;k gSA vr% ç—fr ds fo#) ns'k ds vkpkj Hkh ugha djuk pkfg,A blçdkj
okRlk;u us dkykuqlkj gksusokys euksoSKkfud cnykoksa dks Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA fL=;ksa esa
Hkkoqdrk dh Hkh ek=k vf/kd gksrh gSA blfy, fdlh laosxkRed vkosx esa 'kh?kz gh vk tkrh gS
vkSj laosxkosx ds dkj.k mudks rdZ 'kfä dk gkl gks tkrk gSA

L=h&iq#"k 'khykoLFkkiu çdj.k ds varxZr okRlk;u xksf.kdk iq= ds bl er rks m)`r djrs gq,
fd L=h fdlh Hkh mTToy iq#"k dks ns[kdj pkgrh gS vkSj iq#"k Hkh mTToyk L=h dks ns[kdj
pkgrk gS fdarq vis{kk ls #ds gq, ,d&nwljs esa ço`Ùk ugha gksrsA og ;g Li"V djrs gS fd ;g
fo'ks"krk L=h esa vf/kd gksrh gSA blls ;gh euksoSKkfud rF; le>k tk ldrk gS fd ukjh esa
laosx dk vf/kD; gksus ds ckn Hkh çkS<+rk çkIr djus ij og vius laosxksa dks fu;af=r dj
ldrh vkSj laosx fu;a=.k dk ç/kku dkj.k ukjh esa ;g O;korZu ço`fÙk tkx`r gks tkrh gSA

ukjh dk euksoSKkfud fodkl

euksfoKku O;fä dh okrkoj.k ls lacaf/kr ps"Vkvksa dk oSKkfud v/;;u ekuk tkrk gSA
euksfoKku vkt ,d Lora= ,oa u;k fuKku ekuk tkrk gS çkphu dky esa ;g rdZ'kkL= vkSj
n'kZu'kkL= dk ,d vax FkkA blds ckn blus vusd #i cnys gS A igys ;g vkRefo|k] fQj

3246 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

euksfo|k gqvk] mlds ckn psru fo|k vkSj fQj euksO;ogkj dh fo|kA bl cnyko ds lkFk
ekufld fo"k;ksa ds laca/k esa fufj{k.k] ifj{k.k vkSj lkekU;hdj.k dh vkxeukRed i)fr dk
ç;ksx gksus yxkA euq"; ds eu ds mijh Lrjksa ls larq"V gksdj eu ds Hkhrjh Lrjksa dk Hkh
v/;;u vkjaHk gqvk vkSj euksfoKku dks euksfo'ys"k.k dk #i çkIr gqvk O;fä dh
euksoSKkfud n'kk dk egRo nwljs O;fä;ksa ds lewgksa ,oa lekt dh xqfRFk;ksa dks lqy>kuk
pkgrk gS Abl v/;;u dk Lo#i ik¡p i)fr;ksa }kjk fuf'pr gksrk gS varjn'kZu] fufj{k.k]
ç;ksx] rqyuk vkSj euksfo'ys"k.kA bldk {ks= thou dh os xq<+ vkSj lgL;e;h ço`fr;k¡ gS tks
ekuo lekt dh lH;rk esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA

euksfoKku dk O;kid ifjp; ;gk¡ u vfHk"V gS vkSj u mfpr gSA jpuk deZ ds fy, vkt
euksfoKku vko';d le>k tkrk gS vkSj pfj=&fp=.k ds fy, euksfoKku dk Kku mikns;
gksrk gSA çkphu lkfgR; esa Hkh euksfoKku dk fdlh u fdlh :i esa ukjh fp=.k ds lkFk Hkh
laca/k jgk gSA gekjs fo}kuksa us ukjh fp=.k esa O;kogkfjd euksfoKku dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA vr%
ge ;gk¡ mu fl)karks dh ppkZ djsaxs] tks ukjh ds euksoSKkfud fodkl esa ennxkj lkfcr gq, gSaA

ukjh dk euksoSKkfud fodkl ds v/;;u dh –f"V esa j[kdj lcls igys gekjk /;ku okRlk;u
—r dkelw= ij tkrk gSA okRlk;u ds iwoZ Hkh dbZ fo}kuksa us bl fo"k; ij fdrkcsa fy[kh gS ij
bu lcdk lefUor #i ;k lkj laxzg lu~ bZ- dh igyh ;k nwljh 'krkCnh esa okRlk;u us
viuh çfl) 'dkelw=' fy[kk dkelw=dkj us bldh ijaijk dk mYys[k Lo;a fd;k gSA blls ;g
dg ldrs gS fd ekuo thou ds xw<+ o jgL;e; O;ogkjksa] ps"Vkvksa vkSj ço`fr;ksa ds v/;;u
dk ç;Ru çkphu dky ls gh vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA yksd v/;;u ,oa fparu&euu ds ckn gh og
dqN 'kkL=h; rF;] yksdkFkZ l`tu dj ldsa gksaxsA ukjh ds lanHkZ esa mudh /kkj.kk dk lgh Lo#i
D;k Fkk \ ;g dguk vlaHko lk gks ldrk gS] ijarq bruk vo'; dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;kSu
euksfoKku dh –f"V ls ukjh muds v/;;u dk dsaæ fcanq vo'; FkhaA

;kSu euksfoKku dk lcls igyk ,oa lqO;ofLFkr Lo#i çLrqr djusokyk xzaFk dkelw= gh
ekuk tk ldrk gS dke ds Lo#i ds Li"V djus okRlk;u us vkRek ls la;qä] vareZu ls
vf/kf"Br Jksr] Ropk] p{kq vkSj çk.ksafæ;ksa dh vius&vius fo"k;ksa esa vuqdwy #i esa ço`Ùk ço`fÙk
dk dke ekuk gSA ;g ço`fÙk tc la;ksxkfn }kjk vkuan dh fo'ks"k çrhrh djkrh gS rks ç/kku
dke ekuk tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k ço`fÙk;k¡ vç/kku ekuh tkrh gS Adke dks L=h&iq#"k ds laç;ksx
dk iz;ksx gksus ds mik; dh vko';drk jgrh gS vkSj 'kjhj dh fLFkfr ds fy, dke Hkh vkgkj dh
leku/kehZ gSA vr% okRlk;u ds erkuqlkj bl mik; dk Kku dkelw= ls gksrk gSA

dke ds Lo#i ,oa ç;kstu ij fopkj djus ds ckn ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd okRlk;u us lSdM+ks o"kZ
iwoZ dke dks ,d ço`fÙk gh ekuk FkkA bl ço`fÙk }kjk vkuan dh fo'ks"k çtkfr ds gsrq gh mik;
Kku dh –f"V ls dkelw= dh jpuk dh FkhA ;g mik; Kku ekuo thou xw<+ ,oa jgL;e;
O;ogkjksa] ps"Vkvksa rFkk ço`fÙk;ksa dk gh v/;;u çLrqr djrs gq, pyk gSA dkelw= dh fo"k;
lkexzh ds vraxZr ukjh euksfoKku dk tks Lo#i –f"Vxkspj gksrk gS] og la{ksi esa fuEukafdr gS

3247 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

ukjh fo"k;d rF;ksa dk tks euksoSKkfud Lo#i xzg.k fd;k tk ldrk gS] og ;g gS fd ukjh dks
dke&ço`Ùk djus ds gsrq okrkoj.k ,oa ç;Ruksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks lk/kkj.k vf/kdj.k ds
varxZr vkrh gSA dU;k] iq.kHkZ ,oa os';k dh viuh viuh detksfj;k¡ gSaA dyk Kku }kjk
okrkoj.k dh l`f"V dj bu detksfj;ksa dk ifjgkj Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl detksfj;ksa ls
ykHk Hkh mBk;k tk ldrk gS euksoSKkfud –f"V ls ;g dyk&Kku ml okrkoj.k dh l`f"V djrk
gS] tks O;fäRo fodkl esa lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA dyk&Kkuh ukjh] jktk ls lnk lEekfur]
xqf.k;ksa ls ç'kaflr] çkFkZfu;] vfHkxE; ,oa y{;Hkwrk gks tkrh gSA ifr;ksa dks o'k esa dj ldrh
gS rFkk fo;ksx dky ,oa fuosZnkoLFkk esa Hkh vkuaniwoZd jg ldrh gSA ;g okrkoj.k ukjh eu dks
fopfyr Hkh dj ldrk gSA D;ksafd dykvksa esa prqj okpky] pkVwdkjd euq"; fcuk tku&igpku
ds Hkh fL=;ksa ds fpÙk dks gj ldrk gS Abldk euksfoKkfud Hkko ;g yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd
L=h dk eu pkrqFkZ] okpky] pkVqdkfjrk dk Hkw[kk gksrk gS vkSj buds o'khHkwr gks ldrk gSA

ijL=h je.k ds dkj.kksa ls Hkh ukjh fo"k;d euksHkkoksa dk tks nqcZy vkSj çcy i{k –f"Vxkspj
gksrk gS] mlds vuqlkj leFkZ O;fä dh iRuh vius çseh ds 'k=q ls ifr dks foeq[k dj ldrh
gSA vuqjä gksdj vr`Ir jg tkus ij jgL;ksn~?kkVu }kjk gkfu igqpk ldrh gS] dyafdr dj
ldrh gS vFkok nks"kh u gksusij Hkh nks"kh fl) dj ldrh gSA vU; çsfedk çkfIr dk ek/;e
vFkok nqyZHk çsfedk çkfIr esa lgk;d fl) gks ldrh gSA jkxkRedrk ds lkFk ik;s tkusokys mä
y{k.k okRlk;u }kjk ukjh ds O;ogkjoknh euksoSKkfud Lo#i Li"V djrs gSaA

lkaçk;ksfxd vf/kdj.k ds varxZr okRlk;u us ;kSu euksfoKku dh –f"V ls ukjh dks rhu
ukf;dkvksa ds #i esa ns[kk gSa e`xh] oM+ok vkSj gfLFkuh AHkko çkfIr ds laca/k esa fL=;ksa dks Hkh
vkuan dh miyfC/k gksrh gSA mik;&Hksn çk—frd gSA iq#"k drkZ gS] ;qorh vf/kdj.kA drkZ rFkk
vk/kkj dk dk;Z&O;kikj vyx&vyx gSaA vr% çk—frd mik;Hksn ls O;kikj Hksn gks tkrk gSA
iq#"k bl O;kikj esa Lo;a dks drkZ le>dj vuqjä gksrh gSA jfr&lq[k ds fofHkUu mik;ksa vkSj
miknkuksa dh ppkZ ls ;g euksoSKkfud rF; fudyrk gS fd L=h dh jkxo`f) esa fofp=rk
lgk;d gksrh gS] D;ksafd ikjLifjd jkx&fofp=rk ls gh iSnk fd;k tkrk gSA

okRlk;u }kjk ukjh dh jkxkRed ço`fÙk dks tkx`r djusokyh oLrqvksa esa ns'kksipkj dks Hkh
egRo fn;k x;k gSA vr% ç—fr ds fo#) ns'k ds vkpkj Hkh ugha djuk pkfg,A blçdkj
okRlk;u us dkykuqlkj gksusokys euksoSKkfud cnykoksa dks Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA fL=;ksa esa
Hkkoqdrk dh Hkh ek=k vf/kd gksrh gSA blfy, fdlh laosxkRed vkosx esa 'kh?kz gh vk tkrh gS
vkSj laosxkosx ds dkj.k mudks rdZ 'kfä dk gkl gks tkrk gSA

L=h&iq#"k 'khykoLFkkiu çdj.k ds varxZr okRlk;u xksf.kdk iq= ds bl er rks m)`r djrs gq,
fd L=h fdlh Hkh mTToy iq#"k dks ns[kdj pkgrh gS vkSj iq#"k Hkh mTToyk L=h dks ns[kdj
pkgrk gS fdarq vis{kk ls #ds gq, ,d&nwljs esa ço`Ùk ugha gksrsA og ;g Li"V djrs gS fd ;g
fo'ks"krk L=h esa vf/kd gksrh gSA blls ;gh euksoSKkfud rF; le>k tk ldrk gS fd ukjh esa
laosx dk vf/kD; gksus ds ckn Hkh çkS<+rk çkIr djus ij og vius laosxksa dks fu;af=r dj
ldrh vkSj laosx fu;a=.k dk ç/kku dkj.k ukjh esa ;g O;korZu ço`fÙk tkx`r gks tkrh gSA

3248 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

lacafnr lkfgR; esa L=h foe'kZ% ifjHkk"kk] Lo#i ,oa foospu

lekurk] LokraR;Z vkSj yksd'kkgh ;g rhu ladYiukvksa dk çeq[k mís'; ;g gS fd gj ,d ekuo

tkfr dks viuk thou l`tu'khyrk ls thukA vxj gesa iqjkuh ewY;koLFkk ls ijs gVuk gS rks
gekjh vU;k;nk;h ijEijkvksa dk fu"ks/k lcls t#jh gSA oxZ] o.kZ] tkrh] oa'k buds lkFk lkFk
fyaxHksn] iq#"k tkfr dk opZLo gekjh iqjkuh ijEijkvksa dk lcls vge Hkkx FkkA blh dk
Qk;nk ysdj L=h dk 'kks"k.k pyrk jgk vkSj iq#"k tkfr dk fodkl gksrk jgk] laifÙk] f'k{k.k]
jktdkj.k] /keZdkj.k] ;g lc phts iq#"kksa ds gkFk esa jgh vkSj drZO;] R;kx] ekr`Ro] çse buds
rys L=h viuk nq¸;e LFkku Lohdkjrh pyh x;h] mlh esa viuh lkFkZdrk ekurh pyh x;hA

vkfndky esa Hkkjrh; lekt O;oLFkk esa L=h dk LFkku vkSj ntkZ 0¡pk jgk gSA oSfnd dky esa L=h
dks iq#"kksa ls mPp ntsZ dk LFkku FkkA ml le; L=h ds fodkl esa ck/kk Mkyus okyh dqçFkkvksa dh
'kq#vkr ugha gqvk FkhA oSfnd le; esa L=h dks iq#"kksa ds cjkcj ;k mlls T;knk vf/kdkj fn,
tkrs FksA dyk] laL—fr vkSj fo|k tSls gj {ks= esa mls iq#"kksa ds leku vf/kdkj FksA ijUrq
mÙkjoSfnd dky ls L=h dh fLFkfr esa fxjkoV gksrh jghA fL=;ksa ds in esa ºzkl gksus yxkA L=h ds
laca/k esa oSfnd dky esa ftruh mnkÙk O;oLFkk Fkh mruh iqjk.k dky esa ugha FkhA iqjk.k dky esa
fir`lÙkkd lekt dk egÙo c<+us yxkA L=h dk thou ladqfpr ifjf/k esa gh jg x;kA iqjk.k
lkfgR; esa L=h dk thou n;uh; n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fo/kokvksa ds çfr misf{kr Hkko] lrh çFkk dks
çksRlkgu ls L=h dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh n;uh; gksus yxhA egkHkkjr dky ds ckn L=h ds fLFkfr esa
/khjs&/khjs mrkj vkrk pyk x;kA L=h f'k{kk dh lqfo/kk,¡ dke gksrh pyh x;h] mldh
lkoZtfud thou esa Hkkx ysus dh lqfo/kk,¡ de gksrh pyh x;h rFkk mlds 'kks"k.k dh 'kq#okr
gksus yxhA

çhre vkSj —".kk lkscrh ds miU;klksa esa ukjh vfLerk : vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lanHkZ

lekt esa fdlh Hkh oxZ esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku ,d ukjh gh fuHkk ldrh gSA ukjh viuh vfLerk dks
cpkus ds fy, gj dne ij ,d u;k ,glkl çkIr djrh gSA ukjh dks lekt esa lEeku ml
lhek rd feyrk gS] ftl lhek rd lekt dh mRiknu çfØ;k esa egRoiw.kZ lgk;rk djus esa
feyrk gS] ekuo bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS] ftu {ks=ksa vkSj ;qxksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls vkfn —f"k
ds ;qx esa mRiknu ds eq[; lk/ku esa mUufr djds ukjh us lekt ds mRiknu dks ,d ubZ eafty
ij igq¡pk;k rks cM+s iSekus esa ekr`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk vius laiw.kZ /kkfeZd] lkaL—frd]
fØ;kdykiksa n'kZu vkfn ds lkFk ukjh dh egÙkk dk xq.kxku xkus yxhA

;fn ge efgykvksa dks lekt esa lEekfur ,oa lEeku LFkku fnykuk pkgrs gSa] rks mUgsa viuh
vfLerk dk gd mls ns rkfd os iw.kZ :i ls vkRefuHkZj ,oa vkRefo'okl ds lkFk bfPNr fn'kk
dh vksj dne mBkdj ns'k ds fgr esa viuk ;Fkk'kfä ;ksxnku ns ldsa D;ksafd vkRefuHkZjrk ds
vHkko esa vusdksa ;ksX; dq'ky ,oa egRokdka{kh efgyk,¡ ijkoyEch gks] dksbZ vU; fodYi u ik
ldus ds dkj.k ?kj dh pkjnhokjh ds vanj gh dlelkrh jgrh gSA okLro esa vkfFkZd
vkRefuHkZjrk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fodkl dh voLFkk ds lwpd ds :i esa ekuh tkrh gS] Bhd blh

3249 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

çdkj ls ukjh dk lokaZxh.k fodkl Hkh rHkh laHko gS tc os /kuksiktZu ds dk;ksaZ esa leku :i
ls Hkkx ysaA

dkyZ ekdZ~l ,oa ,afxYl us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd "fL=;ksa dk m)kj vkSj mudh iq#"kksa ls
lekurk rc rd vlaHko gS] tc rd fd mUgsa lekt esa mRikndh; dk;ksaZ ls oafpr djds ?kjsyw
dkeksa rd lhfer j[kk tkrk gSA

milagkj

miU;kl vk/kqfud ;qx dh nsu gSA Hkkjr esa gh ugha vfirq fo'olkfgR; esa Hkh miU;kl dk tUe
,d çdkj ls vk/kqfud ;qx esa gh gqvkA ;g oLrqr% dgkuh dk gh ,d vk/kqfud :i gSA lkfgR;
dh vU; lHkh fo/kk,¡ tSls dfork] ukVd dgkuh] fucU/k vkfn dh vis{kk miU;kl esa thou dh
vfHkO;fä vkSj çHkko vf/kd gksrk gSA fgUnh dk lcls igyk miU;kl HkkjrsUnqgfj'pUæ ds ;qx
esa çdkf'kr gqvk gSA blfy, bl ;qx ls ysdj miU;kl dk vkjaHk ekuk tkrk gSA f}osnh ;qx esa
lkekftd miU;klksa dk vkjaHk gqvk vkSj ;g çsepUn ;qx dsfy, i`"BHkwfe cu x;hA fgUnh
miU;kl dh fodkl;k=k çsepUn ds vkxeu ds lkFk 'kq: gksrk gSA lkekftd ;kFkk;ksaZ ij
vk/kkfjr miU;kl&f'kYi dks :ikf;r djus okys çFke miU;kldkj çsepUnth gSA çsepUn ;qx
esa çsepUn rFkk vU; vusd miU;kldkjksa us fgUnh miU;kl dks fodkl ds iFk ij [kMk dj
fn;kA ;|fi çsepUn dk ;qx 1936 esa mudh e`R;q ds lkFk lekIr gksrk gS rks Hkh mudh
miU;kl 'kSyh dk vuqlj.k vkSj vuqxeu f}rh; egk;q) rd cjkcj gksrk jgkA muds ;qx ds
miU;kldkjksa us lkekftd leL;kvksa dk foLrkj ds lkFk çfrikfnr djus dk ç;Ru fd;kA
vUgksaus vius igys miU;kl 'lsoklnu' esa vusd lkekftd leL;kvksa dks mn~?kkfVr fd;kA
mudk ;g ç;Ry muds vafre miU;kl 'xksnku' rd tkjh jgkA

3250 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
International Journal of Research in Social Sciences
Vol. 9 Issue 5, May 2019,
ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081
Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed &
Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A

lanHkZ
1. lk/kuk vxzoky] orZeku fgUnh dFkk&ys[ku vkSj nkEiR; thou] i`-la- &158
2. ve`rk çhre] /kjrh lkxj vkSj lhfi;k¡] i`-la-&16
3. çHkk [ksrku] L=h foe'kZ¼O;fäRo dk lkekftd gksuk½] i`-la-&96
4. —".kk lkscrh ds dFkk&lkfgR; esa L=h vfLerk ds u;s lanHkZ] i`-la-&85
5. ve`rk çhre] dksjs dkxt] i`-la-&85
6. ogh] i`-la-&85
7. ve`rk çhre] fe=ks ejtkuh] i`-la-&73
8. L=h vfLerk vkSj —".kk lkscrh] i`-la-&142
9. M‚- xhrk lksyadh] ukjh psruk vkSj —".kk lkscrh ds miU;kl] i`-la-
10. —".kk lkscrh] fe=ks ejtkuh] i`-la-&19

3251 International Journal of Research in Social Sciences

http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected]