MODULE 2

Introduction to Turbomachinery
In this module, the fundamental principles on the application of fluid mechanics
to turbomachinery will be discussed.

At the end of the module, the students shall be able to:

1. Identify the different types of pump and turbines.

2. Understand how turbomachines work.

Introduction

Turbomachines are devices or types of machines that either add energy to

the fluid (the pump family) or extract energy from it (turbines) as a result of
dynamic interactions between the device and the fluid. The dynamic interaction
between a fluid and a solid is often based on flow and fluid/solid interaction
forces.

The prefix turbo is a Latin word meaning “spin” or “whirl”. Turbomachines

divide naturally into those which add energy (pumps) and those which extract
energy (turbines).

The pump is the oldest fluid-energy-transfer device known. At least two

designs date before Christ:

1. the undershot-bucket waterwheels, or norias, used in Asia and Africa (1000

B.C.); and

source:
https://www.machinery
lubrication.com/Read/
1294/noria-history

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 2. Archimedes’ screw pump (250 B.C.), still being manufactured today to
handle solid-liquid mixtures. Paddlewheel turbines were used by the
Romans in 70 B.C, and the Babylonian windmills date back to 700 B.C.

source:

https://www.ksb.com/centrifugal-
pump-lexicon/archimedean-screw-
pump/191708/
There are two broad categories of turbomachinery, pumps and turbines.
The word pump is a general term for any fluid machine that adds energy to a
fluid. The increase in fluid energy is usually felt as an increase in the pressure of the
fluid. Turbines, on the other hand, are energy producing devices—they extract
energy from the fluid and transfer most of that energy to some form of
mechanical energy output, typically in the form of a rotating shaft. The fluid at
the outlet of a turbine suffers an energy loss, typically in the form of a loss of
pressure.

The purpose of a pump is to add energy to a fluid, resulting in an

increase in fluid pressure, not necessarily an increase of fluid speed
across the pump.

An analogous statement is made about the purpose of a turbine:

The purpose of a turbine is to extract energy from a fluid, resulting in

a decrease of fluid pressure, not necessarily a decrease of fluid
speed across the turbine.

Fluid machines that move liquids are called pumps, but there are several
other names for machines that move gases. A fan is a gas pump with relatively
low pressure rise and high flow rate. A blower is a gas pump with relatively
moderate to high pressure rise and moderate to high flow rate. A compressor is a
gas pump designed to deliver a very high pressure rise, typically at low to
moderate flow rates.

Fluid machines may also be broadly classified as either positive-

displacement machines or dynamic machines, based on the manner in which
energy transfer occurs.

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 In positive-displacement machines, fluid is directed into a closed volume.
Energy transfer to the fluid is accomplished by movement of the boundary of the
closed volume, causing the volume to expand or contract, thereby sucking fluid
in or squeezing fluid out, respectively.

The human heart is an example of a positive

displacement pump. It is designed with one-way valves
that open to let blood in as heart chambers expand, and
other one-way valves that open as blood is pushed out of
those chambers when they contract.

The common water meter is an example of a

positive-displacement turbine, in which water forces itself
into a closed chamber of expanding volume connected
to an output shaft that turns as water enters the chamber.
The boundary of the volume then collapses, turning the
output shaft some more, and letting the water continue on
its way to your sink, shower, etc. The water meter records
each 360° rotation of the output shaft, and the meter is
precisely calibrated to the known volume of fluid in the
chamber.

In dynamic machines, there is no closed volume;

instead, rotating blades supply or extract energy to or from
the fluid. For pumps, these rotating blades are called source:
https://www.sans10400.co.za/consu
impeller blades, while for turbines, the rotating blades are mers-pay-fresh-air-water-bills/water-
called runner blades or buckets. meter-cutaway-s/

The hydroturbine, which is an enclosed turbine, that extracts energy from

water in a hydroelectric dam and the wind turbine, which is an open turbine, that
extracts energy from the wind are examples of dynamic turbines.

Hydroturbine in a dam Wind turbine

source: https://www.pinterest.ph source: https://education.lego.com/en-

/pin/84231455500355348/ us/lessons/renewable-energy/wind-
turbine#connect/

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 Many turbomachines contain some type of housing or casing that
surrounds the rotating blades or rotor, thus forming an internal flow passageway
through which the fluid flows. Others, such as a windmill or a window fan, are
unducted. Some turbomachines include stationary blades or vanes in addition to
rotor blades. These stationary vanes can be arranged to accelerate the flow and
thus serve as nozzles. Or, these vanes can be set to diffuse the flow and act as
diffusers.

Turbomachines are classified as axial-flow, mixed-flow, or radial-flow

machines depending on the predominant direction of the fluid motion relative to
the rotor’s axis as the fluid passes the blades.

For an axial-flow machine the fluid maintains a significant axial-flow

direction component from the inlet to outlet of the rotor.

source: Cengel & Cimbala.

Fluid mechanics:
Fundamentals and
applications
For a radial-flow machine the flow across the blades involves a substantial
radial-flow component at the rotor inlet, exit, or both.

source:
https://www.sciencedirect.c
om/topics/engineering/cent
rifugal-fan

In other machines, designated as mixed-flow machines, there may be

significant radial- and axial-flow velocity components for the flow through the
rotor row. Each type of machine has advantages and disadvantages for different
applications and in terms of fluid-mechanical performance.

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 source:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/
engineering/mixed-flow-fan
Pumps

Some fundamental parameters are used to analyze the performance of a

pump. The mass flow rate of fluid through the pump, 𝑚̇, is an obvious primary
pump performance parameter. For incompressible flow, it is more common to use
volume flow rate rather than mass flow rate. In the turbomachinery industry,
volume flow rate is called capacity and is simply mass flow rate divided by fluid
density

𝒎̇
𝑽̇ =
𝝆

The performance of a pump is characterized additionally by its net head H,

defined as the change in Bernoulli head between the inlet and outlet of the pump

𝒑 𝑽𝟐 𝒑 𝑽𝟐
𝑯=( + + 𝒁) −( + + 𝒁)
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝑶𝑼𝑻
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝑰𝑵

The dimension of net head is length, and it is often listed

as an equivalent column height of water, even for a pump
that is not pumping water.

For the case in which a liquid is being pumped, the

Bernoulli head at the inlet is equivalent to the energy grade
line at the inlet, 𝐸𝐺𝐿𝑖𝑛 , obtained by aligning a Pitot probe in
the center of the flow. The energy grade line at the outlet ,
𝐸𝐺𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 , is obtained in the same manner. In the general case,
the outlet of the pump may be at a different elevation than
the inlet, and its diameter and average speed may not be
the same as those at the inlet. Regardless of these differences,
net head H is equal to the difference between 𝐸𝐺𝐿𝑜𝑢𝑡 and
𝐸𝐺𝐿𝑖𝑛

𝑯 = 𝑬𝑮𝑳𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝑬𝑮𝑳𝒊𝒏

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 Net head is proportional to the useful power actually delivered to the fluid.
It is traditional to call this power the water horsepower, even if the fluid being
pumped is not water, and even if the power is not measured in units of
horsepower.

𝑷 = 𝜸𝑸𝑯

All pumps suffer from irreversible losses due to friction, internal leakage, flow
separation on blade surfaces, turbulent dissipation, etc. Therefore, the
mechanical energy supplied to the pump must be larger than the water
horsepower.

In pump terminology, the external power supplied to the pump is called the
brake horsepower. For the typical case of a rotating shaft supplying the brake
horsepower

𝑩𝑯𝑷 = 𝑾𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 = 𝝎𝑻𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕

where:

𝜔 = rotational speed of the shaft, rad/s

𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = torque supplied to the shaft

The pump efficiency of the pump, 𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 , is the ratio of the useful power to
supplied power

𝑾𝑯𝑷 𝜸𝑸𝑯
𝜼𝒑𝒖𝒎𝒑 = =
𝑾𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 𝝎𝑻𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕

Classification of Pumps

Pumps may be classified on the basis of

 applications they serve

 materials from which they are constructed

 liquids they handle

 orientation in space

A more basic system of classification, first defines the principle by which the
energy is added to the fluid, goes on to identify the means by which this principle
is implemented, and finally delineates specific geometries commonly employed.

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 Pumps may be divided into two major categories:

 positive displacement pumps – energy is periodically added by

application of force to one or more movable boundaries of any desired
number of enclosed, fluid-containing volumes, resulting in a direct
increase in pressure up to the value required to move the fluid through
valves or ports into the discharge line

 dynamic or momentum-change pumps – energy is continuously added

to increase the fluid velocities within the machine to values greater than
those occurring at the discharge such that the subsequent velocity
reduction within or beyond the pump produces a pressure increase

A. Positive Displacement Pumps

Positive-displacement pumps (PDPs) force the fluid along by volume

changes. A cavity opens, and the fluid is admitted through an inlet. The cavity
then closes, and the fluid is squeezed through an outlet.

A positive displacement pump is one in which a definite volume of liquid is

delivered for each cycle of pump operation. This volume is constant regardless of
the resistance to flow offered by the system the pump is in, provided the capacity
of the power unit driving the pump or pump component strength limits are not
exceeded. The positive displacement pump delivers liquid in separate volumes
with no delivery in between, although a pump having several chambers may
have an overlapping delivery among individual chambers, which minimizes this
effect. The positive displacement pump differs from centrifugal pumps, which
deliver a continuous flow for any given pump speed and discharge resistance.

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 Classification diagram of displacement pumps.

A brief classification of PDP designs is as follows:

1. Reciprocating

A reciprocating positive displacement pump is one in which a plunger or

piston displaces a given volume of fluid for each stroke. The basic principle of a
reciprocating pump is that a solid will displace an equal volume of liquid.

All reciprocating pumps have a fluid-handling portion, commonly called

the liquid end, that has

i. A displacing solid called a plunger or piston

ii. A container to hold the liquid, called the liquid cylinder

iii. A suction check valve to admit fluid from the suction pipe into the liquid
cylinder

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 iv. A discharge check valve to admit flow from the liquid cylinder into the
discharge pipe

v. Packing to seal the joint between the plunger and the liquid cylinder
tightly to prevent liquid from leaking out of the cylinder and air from
leaking into the cylinder

A reciprocating pump is not complete with a liquid end only; it

must also have a driving mechanism to provide motion and force to the
plunger or piston. The two most common driving mechanisms are a
reciprocating steam engine and a crank-and-throw device.

Those pumps using the steam engine are called direct-acting

steam pumps. Those pumps using the crank-and-throw device are
called power pumps. Power pumps must be connected to an external
rotating driving force, such as an electric motor, steam turbine, or
internal combustion engine.

DIRECT-ACTING STEAM PUMPS

Direct-acting steam pumps are mainly classified by the number of working

combinations of cylinders. A duplex pump has two steam and two liquid cylinders
mounted side by side, and a simplex pump has one steam and one liquid
cylinder.

Additionally, simplex and duplex pumps may be further defined by

1. cylinder arrangement, whether horizontal or vertical;

2. number of steam expansions in the power end;

3. liquid end arrangement, whether piston or plunger; and

4. valve arrangement, that is, cap and valve plate, side pot, turret type,
and so on.

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 a. Piston or plunger

Piston pumps are positive displacement

which, at constant speed, deliver essentially
the same capacity at any pressure within
the capability of the driver and the strength
of the pump

b. Diaphragm pumps

Diaphragm pumps are a class of

displacement pumps featuring
flexible membranes in combination
with check valves that are used to
move fluids into and out of pumping
chamber(s). These pumps are used
extensively in transfer and metering
applications requiring flows of up to
300 gallons per minute (1150 liters
per minute). They are quite versatile,
handling a wide variety of fluids
including chemicals, dry powders,
food additives, glues, paints,
pharmaceutical products, slurries, tailings, and wastewater. A distinguishing
feature of all diaphragm pumps is the absence of seals or packing,
meaning they can be used in applications requiring zero leakage.

There are three main categories of diaphragm pumps:

1. mechanically driven,

2. hydraulically driven, and

3. air-operated.

2. Rotary Pumps

Rotary pumps are displacement pumps which have rotating pumping

elements, such as gears, lobes, screws, vanes, or rollers. They do not contain inlet
and outlet check valves, as do reciprocating pumps. They are built for capacities
from a fraction of a gallon per minute (cubic meter per hour) (for domestic oil
burners) to about 15,000 gal/min (3,000 m3/h) (for marine cargo service). Though
used for pressures up to 20,000 lb/in2 (140 MPa), their particular field is for pressures
of 25 to 500 lb/in2 (170 to 3,500 kPa).

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 Most rotary pumps rely on close running clearances to prevent the
pumpage from leaking from the discharge side back to the suction side of the
pump. Because of the close clearances, the pumpage must be clean. Most
rotary pumps are noted for their ability to handle viscous liquids, and many
actually require a viscous liquid to achieve peak performance. Viscosity affects
the mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, and NPSHR of a rotary pump.

The rotor is the pumping element of the rotary pump, and is usually the
feature by which the pump is classified.

a. Screw Pump

The single-screw or progressive cavity pump (see Figure 2) has a

rotor thread that is eccentric to the axis of rotation and meshes with
internal threads of the stator (rotor housing or body). Alternatively, the
stator is made to wobble along the pump centerline.

As with every pump type, certain advantages and disadvantages

can be found in a screw pump design. These should be recognized
when selecting the best pump for a particular application. The
advantages of a screw pump design are as follows:

 A wide range of flows and pressures

 A wide range of liquids and viscosities

 High speed capability, allowing the freedom of driver selection

 Low internal velocities

 Self-priming, with good suction characteristics

 A high tolerance for entrained air and other gases

 Low velocities for minimum churning or foaming

 Low mechanical vibration, pulsation-free flow, and quiet operation

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  A rugged, compact design that is easy to install and maintain

 High tolerance to contamination in comparison with other rotary

pumps

The disadvantages are as follows:

 A relatively high cost because of close tolerances and running

clearances

 Performance characteristics sensitive to viscosity changes

 High pressure capability requires long pumping elements

b. Vane Pumps

Two basic types of vane

pumps exist. The most common
is the rigid sliding metal vane
type, and the other is the
flexible or elastomeric vane
used for dirty or chemically
aggressive fluids. Both are
based around external sliding
vanes rotating about a non-
concentric cam.

All rigid vane pumps have moveable sealing elements in the form
of non-flexing blades, rollers, buckets, scoops, and so on. These elements
move radially inward and outward by cam surfaces to maintain a fluid
seal between the open-to-inlet and open-to-outlet sectors during pump
operation. When the cam surface is internal to the pump body and the
vanes are mounted in or on the rotor, the pump is called an internal
vane pump.

The open-to-inlet volume is defined by the body walls, the rotor

walls, the fluid seal contact between the vanes, and the body. The body
wall surface, the rotor surfaces, and the vane-to-rotor and vane-to-body
fluid seal points define the CTIO volume. The body surface, the rotor
surface, the vane-to-body fluid seal points, and the vane-to-rotor fluid
seal points define the open-to-outlet volume.

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 c. Gear Pumps

Evidenced by drawings dating back to

the 16th century, the gear pump is one of the
oldest pumps of any type. It is also the most
common of all rotary pumps due to the wide
variety of applications it can be used in.

Gear pumps have two gears that mesh

to provide its pumping action, with one gear
driving the other. The physical contact
between the gears forms a part of the moving fluid seal between the
inlet and outlet ports. The outer radial tips of the gears and the sides of
the gears form part of the moving fluid seal between the inlet and outlet
ports. The gear contact locus moves along the tooth surfaces and jumps
discontinuously from tooth to tooth as the gears mesh and unmesh
during rotation. These two characteristics distinguish gear pumps from
lobe pumps where the rotors (lobes) are incapable of driving each other
and the fluid seal contact locus between lobes moves continuously
across all the radial surfaces of the lobes.

Gear pumps are classified as external or internal and external

gear pumps can be either timed or untimed. External gear pumps have
their gear teeth cut on their external or outside diameter and mesh
about their outside diameters. Bearings support the shafts at both ends
with the gears located between the bearings. This resists shaft deflection
and contact between the gears and casing wall, enabling the pump to
operate at higher pressures and with less overall wear over time than
would otherwise be possible.

Internal gear pumps, on the other hand, have one larger gear
(rotor) with gear teeth cut internally on the major diameter meshing with
and driving a smaller externally cut gear (idler).

d. Lobe Pumps

The lobe pump receives its name from

the rounded shape of the rotor radial
surfaces that permits the rotors to be
continuously in contact with each other as
they rotate. Lobe pumps can be either
single- or multiple-lobe pumps and carry fluid
between their rotor lobes much in the same
way a gear pump does. Unlike gear pumps,
however, neither the number of lobes nor

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 their shape permits one rotor to drive the other, and so all true lobe
pumps require timing gears

All PDPs deliver a pulsating or periodic flow as the cavity opens, traps, and
squeezes the liquid. Their great advantage is the delivery of any fluid regardless
of its viscosity.

Since PDPs compress mechanically against a cavity filled with liquid, a

common feature is that they develop immense pressures if the outlet is shut down
for any reason. Sturdy construction is required, and complete shutoff would cause
damage if pressure-relief valves were not used.

B. Dynamic or Momentum - change pumps

Dynamic pumps simply add momentum to the fluid by means of fast-

moving blades or vanes. There is no closed volume: the fluid increases momentum
while moving through open passages and then converts its high velocity to a
pressure increases by exiting into a diffuser section.

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 Dynamic pumps can be classified as follows:

1. Rotary

a. Centrifugal or radial–flow

b. Axial flow

c. Mixed flow

2. Special Designs

a. Jet or ejector

b. Electromagnetic pumps for liquid metals

c. Fluid-actuated: gas-lift or hydraulic ram

Dynamic pumps generally provide a higher flow rate than PDPs and a
much steadier discharge but are ineffective in handling high-viscosity fluids.
Dynamic pumps also generally need priming; i.e., if they are filled with gas, they

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 cannot suck up a liquid from below into their inlet the PDPs, on the other hand,
are self-priming for most applications. Dynamic pumps can provide very high flow
rates (up to 300,000 gal/min) but with usually with moderate pressure rises (a few
atmospheres) in contrast, PDPs can operate up to very high pressures (300 atm)
but typically produces low flow rates (100 gal/min).

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN PUMP SELECTION

The judicious selection of pumping appliance best adapted to any certain set of
conditions require the knowledge of:

A. THE ESSENTIAL DEMANDS OF THE SERVICE TO BE RENDERED

1. The nature of the liquid to be moved. Its specific gravity and weight per
unit. Its vapor pressure, its viscosity, its chemical reactions relative to its
effect on the metals with which it comes in contact.

2. The nature of operation – whether continuous or intermittent.

3. The nature of the source and location from which the liquid is to be taken
(intake, reservoir, open well, shaft, underground tank, or tube well, etc.).

4. Elevations of which surface of supply will stand when not pumping and
when pumping at a given rate on actual test.

5. Quantity to be pumped and necessary rate of pumping.

6. Load factor or ratio of average capacity to maximum capacity to consider

as to rate and pressure at various times and seasons.

7. Point of delivery as to elevation above source of supply and the required

pressure therein.

8. Distance of location of pump relative to the source of supply.

9. Suction and discharge heads and gross heads, including hydraulic

resistance (total dynamic head, TDH).

10. Nature, form, and costs of energy available to operate the proposed pump
installation and type of drive.

B. THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE VARIOUS FACTORS OF SERVICE

1. Of the various forms of pumps available for the purpose.

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 2. Of the simplicity of design, accessibility for repairs, and adjustments, and
the availability of repair parts.

3. Of the character of the foundation required and ease of installation.

4. Of the principles governing their operation and application under

particular condition of use.

5. Of their dependability under various conditions of use.

6. Of their readiness to serve or ease of starting from no-operating conditions.

7. Of their first costs and relative costs.

8. Of the actual and relative depreciation, maintenance, and labor costs.

9. Of the cost of energy and the relative efficiency of the apparatus

considered.

10. Of the commercial efficiency and ultimate economy.

In any particular pumping service, certain attributes of service may be

dominating or controlling:

1. Appliance to be used by unskilled operators must be simple, readily

understood, and easily operated and maintained.

2. Appliances for temporary services must be easily installed and easily

transported from place to place.

3. Where the amount of water is small and service is seldom and intermittent,
cheapness in first cost may be of great importance.

4. Where skilled labor is difficult to obtain or highly expensive, the requirements

as to character and cost of labor may be controlling factor.

5. In remote regions and where repair are expensive and difficult to obtain,
durability and consequent low maintenance costs are highly desirable.

6. With high energy costs and constant service requirements, efficiency may
be of much greater importance than first cost.

7. When the dependability and continuity of service to be furnished is vital or

highly important, the best design, workmanship and materials are
necessary, or duplicate set should be installed.

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 8. For fire service and under other emergency requirements where time is of
importance, promptness of service may be essential requirement.

9. Where the quantities of water to be moved are large or the head high and
where pumping is constant, as in water works service, the ultimate
economy of operation may control.

10. The character of the liquid to be pumped when corrosive, when entrained
materials are carried in suspension or when special attention to clogging or
cleanliness are essential, may require special materials to withstand
corrosion or erosion, or special design to admit proper care, repair, or
renewals.

The selection of the best apparatus for any particular pumping service must
require a careful balance of the various factors of the problem, and the more
justly and equitably these factors are understood, properly weighted, and
economically justified by the apparatus selected, the better the solution to the
problem.

FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS NEEDED FOR HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS

Power Required by Pumps

As indicated in preceding sections, pumps are mechanical devices used

to add energy to the liquid. Adding these energies at some rate defines the
power of the pump, generally expressed in either horsepower or watts. The power
delivered to the pump shaft is always greater than the power delivered to the
liquid. The power delivered to the pump shaft may come from any one of a
number of sources; the most common is the electric motor.

The power required to drive the pump is very much affected by the total
dynamic head. This head must be given special considerations in the
computations.

Total Dynamic Head, TDH

𝑃𝐷 − 𝑃𝑆 𝑉𝐷2 − 𝑉𝑆2
𝑇𝐷𝐻 = + + (𝑍𝐷 − 𝑍𝑆 ) + 𝐻𝐹 , 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝛾 2𝑔

Power Delivered by the Pump

English Units:

(head, ft)(w, lb/min)(sg)

WHP= , HP
33,000

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 (Q, gpm)(TDH, ft)(sg)
WHP= , HP
3960
SI Units

Power, kW= (, kN/m3 )(Q, m3 /s)(H, m)

Power Required to Drive the Pump

output power WHP

efficiency,  = =
input power BHP

Definition of Terms

Pump Capacity – refers to the volume delivered by the pump per unit time.

Static Head – the height of the surface of the liquid above the gauge point.

Pressure Head – the static head plus gauge pressure n the liquid surface plus the
friction loss.

Velocity Head – the head required to produce the flow of the liquid.

Dynamic Head – the pressure head plus the velocity head.

Total Suction Head – the sum of all the heads at the suction of the pump. It is the
sum of the pressure head, velocity head, elevation head, and friction head.

Total Discharge Head – the sum of all heads at the discharge point of the pump.

Suction Lift – when the source of the supply is below the pump centerline.

Suction Head – when the source of the supply is above the pump centreline

Total Dynamic Head (TDH) – the difference between the total discharge head
and the total suction head.

pD and ps – pressures at the discharge and the suction sides of the pump.

VD and Vs – velocity at the discharge and suction pipes.

Hfd and hfs – friction head at the discharge and suction pipes.

For the pressure (head equation)

(+) when the suction pressure is vacuum

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 (–) when the suction pressure is above atmospheric

For the elevation head (head equation)

(+) when there is a suction lift

(–) when there is suction head

The pump centerline is the reference or datum line.

References and Textbooks:

Avallone, E.A. (editor), Baumeister III, T. (editor) & Sadegh, A.M. (editor). (2007).
Marks' standard handbook for mechanical engineers, 11th Edition. New
York: McGraw-Hill.

Bachus, L. & Custodio, A. (2003). Know and understand centrifugal pumps. New
York: Elsevier, Inc.

Cengel, Y.A. & Cimbala, J.M. (2006). Fluid mechanics: Fundamentals and
applications. New York: McGraw – Hill.

Church, A.H. (1972). Centrifugal pumps and blowers. Huntington, New York:
Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company.

Dixon, S.L. (1998). Fluid mechanics, thermodynamics of turbomachinery, 5th

Edition. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth–Heinemann.

Karassik, I.J., Messina, J.P., Cooper, P. & Heald C.C. (2008). Pump handbook, 4th
Edition.

Korpela, S.A. (2011). Principles of turbomachinery. Hoboken, New Jersey: John

Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Lobanoff, V.S. & Ross, R.R. (1992). Centrifugal Pumps: design & applications, 2nd
Edition. Woburn, MA: Butterworth–Heinemann.

Turton, R.K. (1995). Principles of turbomachinery. London: Chapman & Hall.

White, F.M. (2011). Fluid mechanics, 7th Edition. New York: McGraw – Hill.

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
20
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.