LIVING IN THE IT ERA

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO Communication

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
➢ An act of transmitting messages
TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
➢ Prehistoric days, communicated through
signs or symbols
What is Information and Communication
Technology? ➢ With technology, communication is faster,
more convenient and more efficient
➢ Information and communications
technology or ICT was defined in a study Technology
conducted By Zuppo (2012) as “related to ➢ Evolved in ways that improve people’s
technologies that facilitate the transfer of daily activities
information an various types of
electronically mediated communication.” ➢ Communication through telephones,
mobile devices and internet is faster and
➢ According to Baumeister and Leary easier.
(1995), the “belongingness hypothesis”
states that people have a basic ➢ Radio, Television, Satellites and World
psychological need to feel closely Wide Web are powerful tools
connected to others, and that caring,
affectionate bonds from close relationships
are a major part of human behavior. Evolution of Technology
➢ The concept of technology always starts
with the basic tool. In order to build a house,
one cannot simply use his or her own two
hands to cut wood and attach the wooden
piece together. A hacksaw. hammer, and a
set of nails are needed to accomplish the
task. The concept of a wheel has also made
transportation much easier, and enabled
people to move several objects from one
place to another with ease.
➢ By combining a set of tools, people have
come up with machines that can do the
tasks faster and more efficiently. A single-
wheel transportation tool has inspired the
creation of a machine capable of
transporting, not just objects, but also
passengers. Thus, vehicles have nowadays
become more of a necessity rather than a
form of luxury
➢ Another type of machine that is
Breakdown of information and
considered a necessity is the computer. A
communication technology
computer is an electronic device, operating
ICT is made up of three words, namely under the control of instructions stored in its
information, communications, and own memory, that can accept data,
technology manipulate the data according to specified
rules, produce results, and store the results
Information for future use. However, 55 technology
➢ Knowledge obtained from reading, evolves, so do machines. Computers today
investigation, and radio are longer the same computers your
parents must have first used. Most
➢ Computers normally process data that machines, including computers, have
are later understood as information evolved through the process of automation.
➢ Information is needed to make decisions ➢ Automation is defined as “the technique
and to foresee the future of making an apparatus, a process, or a
system operate automatically.” Automation
includes a broad range of technologies
normally connecting computer systems to
other systems, such as Sensors, wireless
applications, expert systems, and systems

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integration, among others. The integration is The transistor was used as the interior
made in such a way that these sections of the computer. Transistors were
interconnected systems are capable of self- much smaller, faster, and more dependable
acting or self-regulation. than the vacuum tubes of the first
generation computer. They generated less
➢ Automated systems can reduce the
heat and consumed less electricity but were
instances of errors, which are usually still very costly.
caused by human-based decision and
comprehension. Production companies ➢ Third-generation Computer (1965-
often use automated systems as part of 1971)
their business process as automation
In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated
increases productivity and lessens the time
circuit (IC) that was used instead of
to market.
transistors as the interior sections to build
➢ However, an automated system is not the the computer. A single IC has many
same as an intelligent system. Intelligent transistors, resistors, and capacitors that
systems are far more complex and are even the full circuit board of a transistor can
capable of learning. This is where the be replaced entirely with one chip. This chip
concept of artificial intelligence comes in. made the computers smaller, unfailing, and
One of the latest inventions in the effective. In this third generation, remote
automotive industry is the intelligent car processing, time-sharing, and
which is capable of driving and parking by multiprogramming operating systems were
itself. used.
History of Computer ➢ Fourth-generation Computer (1971-
1980)
➢ With the evolution of technology,
computers have taken a major role in the From 1971 to 1980, very large scale
last three decades. This is due to the fact integrated (VLSI) circuits were used to build
that people have become increasingly computers. These circuits have about 5,000
dependent on computers to do their daily transistors and other circuit elements with
tasks in school, at work, or in their routines. their connected circuits on a single chip
What started off as simply for research known as the microprocessor. These fourth-
purposes, computers are now designed to generation computers such as personal
be more compact, more mobile, and more computers become more powerful, dense,
integrated in people’s daily activities. reliable, and inexpensive. The other
application of this microprocessor
➢ Computers have evolved based on the technology can be used and applied for
type of components used in the design. At pocket calculators, television sets,
present, scientists and researchers have automotive devices, and audio and video
identified five generations based on design, appliances.
suitability and reliability. These generations
of computers are briefly defined. below ➢ Fifth-generation Computer (1980-
(Pepito, 2002). onwards)
➢ First-generation Computer (1946-1959) In this fifth generation, the VLSI technology
The first electronic computer was developed has evolved into what is called ultra large-
in 1946. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and scale integration (ULSI) technology. with the
John W. Mauchly from the University of manufacture of microprocessor chips having
Pennsylvania and financed by the United 10 electronic components. This generation
States Army, the Electronic Numeric involves computer intelligence which is
Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) is associated with artificial intelligence (AI),
considered to be the first-generation natural language, and expert systems that
computer. ENIAC was a modular computer, interpret the means and practices of
composed of several panels capable of producing computers that think like human
performing different functions. However, it beings.
could store only a limited or small amount of
information and only do arithmetic
operations such as addition and subtraction
of up to 10 digits. The computer was roughly
167 square meters in size, and weighed 27
tons.
➢ Second-generation Computer (1959- Components of Computer
1965)

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A computer is an electronic device that  Cathode ray tube (CRT)

manipulates information or data. It contains  Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
both hardware components and software  Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
applications.
3. Speaker
Hardware
allows one to hear music, voice, and other
- It pertains to the computer’s physical sounds.
devices. It is any part of computer that can
4. System Unit
be seen and touched.
The system unit is the enclosure composed
Input Devices
of the main elements of a computer that are
- Input devices are hardware components used to administer data.
used to enter data and commands into a
5. Storage Device
computer, such as keyboards, mice, and
microphones. a piece of computer equipment on which
information can be stored.
1. Keyboard
is the most common input device
that accepts letters, numbers, and
commands from the Why computers are powerful?
user. - Computers are powerful for a variety of
2. Mouse reasons. They work with remarkable speed,
is a small device that a computer
user pushes across a desk surface reliability, consistency, and accuracy.
in order to point to a
Speed
place on a display screen.
3. Microphone - Computers are fast because they process
allows a user to speak into the data using high-speed electronic circuits
computer to input data and that perform billions of calculations per
instructions. second.
4. Scanner
converts printed materials into a Reliability and Consistency
form the computer can use. - Computers are reliable and consistent
5. Digital camera because they execute programmed
allows one to take pictures then instructions exactly as specified, without
transfer the photographed images to deviation or fatigue.
the computer or
printer. Accuracy
6. PC Video Camera
- Computers are accurate because they
With the PC Video Camera attached
follow precise algorithms and perform
to the computer, users can see each
calculations with a high degree of precision.
other as they communicate via
computer. Communication
Output Devices - Computers enable communication by
connecting people and devices through
- an output device is any hardware
various digital networks.
component that transmits information to one
or more people. The three commonly used
output devices are as follows:
The General classifications of computers
1. Printer
Classifying Computers
produces text and graphics on a physical
medium such as paper. Computers can be classified based on size
and computing power. However, as
2. Monitor technology advances, these classifications
tend to overlap as modern computers have
display text, graphics, and videos on a
become smaller, yet more powerful, and
screen. Many monitors look similar to a
relatively cheaper.
television.

The General classifications of computers

The three types of monitors available in
are as follows:
the market are the following:

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 Personal computer - is a small, browsing and searching the internet

single-user computer based on a and even playing console games.
microprocessor. In addition to the on  Wearables - include fitness trackers
microprocessor, a personal and smartwatches that can be worn
computer has a keyboard for throughout the day.
entering data, a monitor for  Smart TVs - are the latest television
displaying information, and a storage sets that include applications
device for saving data. present in computers. For example,
 Workstation - is a powerful, single- videos can be streamed from the
user computer. A workstation is like internet directly onto the TV. The rv
a personal computer, but it has a can also be used as a computer
more powerful microprocessor and a monitor and gaming monitor.
higher-quality monitor.
 Minicomputer - is a multi-user
computer capable of supporting from Digital Age, Information Age, and
10 to hundreds of users computer Age
simultaneously.
 Mainframe - is a powerful multi-user ➢ Digital age, information age, and
computer capable of supporting computer age, used interchangeably,
hundreds or thousands of users capture the ubiquitous nature of computing
simultaneously. and the prolific use of technology in almost
 Supercomputer - is an extremely all aspects of human activity such that
fast computer that can perform digital interaction is a defining characteristic
millions of instructions per of human activity.
second. ➢ It is a period in human history
This is a picture of NASA's Pleiades characterized by the shift from traditional
supercomputer that has 245,536 industry to information technology-based
CPU cores and a total memory of economy brought by industrialization during
935 TB. the Industrial Revolution.
Computers are also categorized into
several types due to the introduction ➢ The definition of what digital means (or
of mobile devices and the what information means) continues to
proliferation of internet-capable change over time as new technologies, user
devices. Specialized computers are devices, and methods of interaction with
now classified according to specific other people and devices enter the domain
uses. of research, development, and market
launch.
➢ This period is also characterized by the
The different types of computers are as
digital industry creating a knowledge-based
follows:
society surrounded by a high-tech global
 Desktop computers - are economy that exerts its influence on how
computers designed to be placed on the manufacturing process and the service
a desk, and are normally made up of sector work in an efficient and convenient
a few different parts, including the way.
computer case, central processing
unit (CPU), monitor, keyboard, and
mouse. Media in the Digital Age
 Laptop computers - are battery-
Media normally refers to the means of
powered computer mit devices
communication that use unique tools to
whose portability makes them
interconnect among people. The forms of
possible to use almost anytime,
media include television, radio, cellular
anywhere.
phones, and internet (which involves the
 Tablet computers - are hand-held
access and use of various social media
computers with touch-sensitive
sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
screen for typing and
and YouTube, among others). In the digital
navigation.
age, however, media can be considered as
the message, the medium, and the
messenger.
 Smartphones - are hand-held
telephones which can do 10 things The Message
that computers can do, including

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Media is considered to be the message video to homes and offices through

itself for those who create and own the electromagnetic spectrum or radio waves.
rights of content. The forms of content can
be user-generated or professionally-
produced. User-generated content (UGC) is Overview of Current Trends
a form of content created and owned by the
users of a system. UGC has grown Gordon Moore
exponentially especially with the wide ➢ Predicted that the computing power
internet coverage or easy WiFi access, would dramatically increase over time
increased social media participation, and
affordable smart devices. In an article from Forbes.com, DeMers
(2016) identified seven major trends in
Examples of media tools used especially by 2017.
millennials to generate content.
1. IoT and Smart home technology
1. Blog
2. Tumblr or Twitter • Internet of Things has been trending since
3. YouTube 2016
• Pervasive wireless communication
The Medium
• Wifi, Bluetooth and Cellular Network
The medium used refers to the tool or tools
used in sending a message from the source
to the destination. 2. Augmented reality and virtual Reality
The Messenger • Release of games, such as Pokemon Go
The messenger is the one who delivers the • VR Headset
message. This is why broad casters, for
example, being the messenger of news are • Oculus Rift
called “media.” In the digital space,
• Turning point for AR AND VR Technology
however, does the “media” also refers to
social network users who create content
themselves but are not professional
journalist? Hence, although the media can 3. Machine Learning
be the message, the medium, and the • Artificial Intelligence
messenger, in the digital age, the
demarcation lines between them somewhat • Would make you think of robots and
blurry. talking computers
• iOS’ Intelligent personal assistant, Siri

Evolution of Media
The media has transformed itself based on 4. Automation
two things - (1) how information is • Automate previously human-exclusive
presented; and (2) how the connection is tasks
established.
• Wearable devices
Woodcut printing on cloth or on paper was
used in the early 15th century. It was in • Information collected is automatically
1436 when Johannes Gutenberg started saved
working on a printing press which used
relief printing and molding system. Now, the
modern printing press delivers messages in 5. Big data
print, such as newspaper, textbook, and
magazines. • Term that describes large and complex
volumes of data
In the 1800s, the telegraph was develop
followed by the telephone which made the • Waze is an example of an app which uses
two-way communication possible. Message big data
sending and receiving can now be done • Social media data
both ways simultaneously.
At the beginning of the 1900s, broadcasting
and recorded media were introduced. Radio 6. Physical-digital integrations
and television were used to send sound and

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• Organizations are moving toward system COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE

automation
• Concept of having a “paperless company”
HOW COMPUTERS WORK
• Examples are Smart homes and IoT
• The basic parts of a computer are central
processing unit (CPU), memory, a keyboard
or any other input device, a screen or any
7. Everything on demand
output device. A computer does not have a
• Information on demand human brain inside but acts in many ways
as though it does have a real one.
• Music, movies, and even drivers are made
available through the apps in a
Smartphone Computer Number System

Impact of ict on individuals, * Decimal Number System- to count,

organizations, and society measure, and compute. The decimal
number system has ten digits, such as, 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
Positive Effects * A computer on the other hand, can only
1. Improved access to Education understand two digits--- a 0 and a 1. These
two numbers play an important role in the
2. Access to Information and way computers communicate with one
Communication another. This type of number system is
called the binary number system, with the
3. Security
prefix bi, which means 2.
Negative Effects
* There are other types of number systems,
1. Reduced Personal Interaction and such as the octal number system (from the
Physical Activity prefix octa, meaning it uses 8 digits) and
hexadecimal number system (hexa means
2. Job Loss or Increase in Unemployment 6; deci means 10; meaning it uses 16digits
~Multiple Workers - being replaced and to represent its values.). However, these
reduced by smaller number of employees special number systems are merely a way
capable of doing the same volume of tasks. to bridge the computer’s binary language to
a somewhat understandable human
~Shipping or Freight Services - in which a (decimal) language since computer data
certain amount is added to the operating can be complicated.
costs for the physical process of
transporting commodities or goods.
~Automation through Robots or Equivalent Number Systems Values
Machines - replacing people in the
assembly line.
3. Security
Ethical Issues in ICT
1. Plagiarism
2. Exploitation
3. Libel
Software Piracy
- It refers to an act of installing or copying
software into the computer in the absence
of an end-user licensing agreement (EULA),
and/or producing a copy disregarding
absence the copyrights.

LESSON 2: HOW COMPUTERS INTERPRET DATA

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Majority if computer systems use American A data bus can transfer data to and from the
Standard Code for Information Interchange memory of a computer, or into or out of the
(ASCII) for converting characters into 0’s CPU.
and 1’s. The ASCII code is a 7-bit code
Examples of pieces of information that
used to represent letters, numbers, and
traverse the data bus include files
basic special characters.
transferred from a flash drive to the
The uppercase character ‘A’ as seen on the computer's hard drive and a document sent
left is represented in ASCII as 0100 0001 in to the printer for printing.
binary, 101 in octal, or 41 in hexadecimal
system.
ADDRESS BUS
The address bus is used by the CPU to
Computer Number System
specify a phytical address for instructions,
Humans use the decimal number system to files, and other devices, within the computer
count, measure, and compute. system.
A computer, on the other hand, can only For example, in a given computer unit, then
understand two digits-0 and 1. This type of are typically 6 to 8: USB ports. The address
number system is called the binary number bus is responsible for checking which of the
system, with the prefix bi, which means 2. USB ports has a printer connected to it
along with the mouse, keyboard, speakers,
How Computers Communicate with One
and, sometimes, even external drives.
Another
The computer monitor uses a wire to
connect to the computer unit while the CONTROL BUS
mouse wirelessly connects to the laptop,
a control bus is used by CPUs to
etc. Depending on the situation, computers
communicate with other devices within the
use different connection methods to do their
computer system.
tasks.
As the address bus carries the location of
the data being sent and the data bus carries
SYSTEM BUS the actual data being processed, the control
bus carries the commands or instructions
A computer system, on its own,
from the CPU. It also sends status signals
communicates through what is called a
from the devices, identifying if it is ready or
system Bus. A system bus is a pathway
not. The typical read/write commands are
composed of cables and connectors used to
identified through the control bus.
carry data from a computer's peripheral
devices, monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc to For example if one tries to save a file to a
the CPU and the main memory. flash drive that is already removed from the
computer, the computer will notify the user
There are three types of buses the data
with an error message saying that the folder
bus, address bus, and control bus Simplified
or drive where the file is intended to be
diagram of a computer system implemented
saved is no longer existing.
with a single system bus. This modular
organization was popular in the 1970s and The hardware is different from the software.
1980s. It is advised that if computer Hardware uses
a 32-en bus (hardware), use only software
For example, how does the computer know
programs running 32-bita.
that the printer needs more ink? How does
the mouse cursor move along with the This is so avoid the hardware from
actual mouse? And how does the speaker overheating. Imagine a 32-bit bus computer
produce sound in time with the video working double time to make up for the
displayed on the monitor? excess 32-him from a 64-bit application
software. A 64-bit bus, on the other hand,
can process either a 32-bu or a 64-bit
software application.

DATA BUS How Computers Connect to Other

Computers?

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-computer peripherals using wired or Wide area network (WAN) may be less
wireless connections are mentioned. It is restrictive than LAN as rules and policies
also similar when a computer wants to may differ within its coverage. A WAN may
connect to another computer with or without be made of several LANs and PAN A WAN
wires. can also be made up of several more
WANs. This is why WAN is considered
Computer Network Systems
synonymous to the internet.
Computers are able to communicate with
one another over networks. A computer
network is an interconnection of two or more METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
computers. This interconnection gives these
TYPES OF CONNECTION
computers the capability to share
information and resources. There are 1. Wired Communication
several types of networks, mostly
depending on the number of computers in it, * Computer systems have different
how they are used, and what type of connections which usually on the
technology is used in its connectivity. Below motherboard’s form factor.
are some of the computer network systems. Popular wired connections nowadays
include the following:

Personal area network (PAN) ✓ USB

A personal area network (PAN) is a type of Universal Serial Bus is a connection or

connection which is often limited to an interface that allows the computer to
individual person and his or her personal communicate with system peripherals
devices. Normally, these devices must be ✓ FireWire
within a range of 10 meters from each other.
Type of connector that can transmit data to
For example, a person traveling with a and form devices which have typically high
laptop, a smartphone, and a portable printer rates, such as external hard drives. The
could interconnect the devices without transfer speed of a FireWire is faster than
having to plug anything in, using some form that of a USB.
of wireless technology.
✓ Ethernet Cable
Transmits signals between a computer and
A Local area Network (LAN) network devices such as router, switch, or
A Local Area Network (LAN) group of other computers
computers and other devices, such as ✓ HDMI
network printers, share a common
communications line within a certain area High-definition Multimedia Interface is a
such as a building or a small computer connector for transmitting audio/video data
LANs are often found in schools and offices which is compatible to computers,
to secure the organization's information. projectors, and digital televisions.

• For example, some schools me LANs Older computer units have connections
within their campuses so that students can that include the following:
connect to the internet to do online
✓ VGA
research. Students are required to login
their information (such as their student ID) Video Graphic Array connector has been
to connect to the internet. However, through provided on many video cards, computer
the school's campus server, restrictions to monitors, laptops, and projectors.
sites such as online games, pornographic
materials, and the like are implemented this ✓ Serial
means that students will not be able to An RS-232 serial connection was once a
access these websites inside the campus. standard feature of a personal computer
used for connections to modem, printer,
mouse, and other peripheral devices.

Wide area network (WAN)

✓ Parallel

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Parallel connections were used before to 2. Application Software

connect other computer peripherals such as
printers. The OS allows a person to interact with the
computer-from the hardware components
✓ PS/2 and peripherals to all the installed software
applications and files one has stored on the
The PS/2 is a 6-pin connector used to computer. The interaction can occur in two
connect the mouse and keyboard to a ways:
computer. It is color-coded to identify which 1. By using a command-line operating
peripheral will be connected to which port. system (e.g.. DOS)
Purple id for keyboard and green is for the 2. With a graphical user interface (GUI)
mouse. operating system (eg. Windows)
✓ Audio Jacks System Platforms
With today's trend leaning towards mobility,
The audio jacks are the 3.5 mm jacks used
more and more mobile devices are now
for microphones and speakers. It uses color
capable of doing things which typical
codes as well to indicate the type of input desktop computers can do. This is why
and output lines. companies that develop smartphones, for
Pink: Mic in example, have identified specific system
Blue: Line in software and application software for
Green: Front speakers out these mobile devices (Hope, 2017).
Black: Rear speakers out
Orange: Center/subwoofer out System Software
Gray: Middle speakers out - Microsoft's Windows
- Apple's macOS
2. Wireless Communication
* Wireless communication includes Different Types of Application Programs
microwave transmission, satellite
communication, cellular transmission, and
radio transmission such as WiFi
connectivity.
* Wireless technology differs hugely from
one another, but the most popular
types are Bluetooth and WiFi

✓ WiFi
Uses radio waves to wirelessly transmit
information across a network

✓ Bluetooth
Uses radio waves to connect to other
devices

How Humans Communicate with

Computers Online Applications Software
As previously discussed, application
People who invented the computer software consists of programs that are
identified two areas in computer systems; designed to perform specific tasks for users.
1. Computer hardware
2. Computer software – enable human • Specific application software products,
to"communicate" with the computer called software packages, are available
from different vendors.
2. Computer Software • Usually, these software packages cost
Most common type of programming money although a lot of application software
language is now being made available for free.
-Microsoft's C# • Often called shareware, freeware or
-Microtymn's Java public domain software this software can
-PHP be downloaded for free but usually with
fewer capabilities compared to the ones
sold.
• is now introduced with the improved
Internet speed being made available to
consumers, there are various products
Programmers have developed 2 types of available including software tools that were
computer software previously identified onlyas a computer
1. System Software application

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• Office Productivity Tools, such as more secure it manipulates the entire

Microsoft Office Suite were only available banking system as it includes 24 hour
offline but now Microsoft has developed electronic banking services. The services
Microsoft Office 365. include:
• Google introduced its online applications 1. Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
capable of doing the same thing as 2. Cheque deposit
Microsoft’s office Suite. 3. Electronic fund transfer
• Other online productivity tools are also 4. Direct deposit
available for organizations, such as data 5. Pay by phone system
collection and analysis, especially for those 6. Personal computer banking/internet
in the marketing industry. banking
• Tomsguide.com has also listed down
several popular applications available in the WORKFORCE INDUSTRY
App Store and Google Play that can
increase productivity, improve efficiency, * Workers, researchers, and administrators
and provide convenience. benefit from ICT. Computers are
used to expedite production planning and
Below are just some of the apps on their control systems, to support chain
list: management, and to facilitate product
1. Any.do design in the industrial sector.
2. Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and * Machines that are fully computer-operated
Powerpoint are now used.
3. WPS Office Adobe Acrobat Reader * Researchers use computers to gather and
4. Microsoft Outlook analyze data for hypothetical
5. Newton Mail reference while administrators use
6. Forge computers to manage the entire
operations of the plant or factory to detect or
• Lastly, people who have no IT background anticipate explicit errors or deficiencies that
can now create their own blogs and transpire in the process.
websites through online tools which provide * Some of the large industrial companies
web hosting and web content that implement ICT include Toyota
management. Philippines, Honda Philippines, and San
Miguel Corporation.
2 of the most popular website creation * However, the use of ICT can be perceived
tools available online: as a threat to assembly-line and
▪ Wix. Com factory workers as robots or machines take
▪ WordPress.com over their jobs.

Online Application Software Electronic Commerce

Both tools offer blogging and website
content management system (CMS) * Electronic commerce or simply e-
commerce helps boost the economy. With
computers, internet, and shared software as
the main tools needed, buying
and selling activities are made easier, more
efficient, and faster. Customers,
sellers, and suppliers all benefit from the
HOW COMPUTERS IMPACT EVERYDAY capabilities of ICT. Some of the
LIFE? known e-commerce markets are Zalora,
Lazada, Shopee, Metrodeal,
EDUCATION Takatack, Amazon, OLX.ph, Booking.com,
➢ today, Most elementary and secondary Agoda.com, and many others.
schools (public and private) and higher * Customers or clients use computers to
education institutions have computers in communicate with sellers. This
their classrooms. ICT and general has made method can save time and cost as
things convenient and efficient for teachers, consumers do not have to go physically to
students, researchers and school any outlets or department stores. Suppliers,
administrators. on the other hand, use the
➢ Electronic learning is the newest teaching monitoring inventories.
methodology in which students and
teachers can communicate and collaborate
with each other through online
discussion of their lessons activities and
examinations. Such examples are
Blackboard, Edmodo, Moodle, etc.
BANKING Hospitals
➢ The computer has made all the banking
transactions around the world easier and

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* Offers many benefits to both doctors and The hardware over which internet traffic
patients. flows includes the internet backbone,
* Hospitals creates Patients’ databases of routers, and the computers that requests
health records, treatment records, and serve up information and service. The
and medical records. internet backbone, the main internet
* With the help of ICT, doctors use pathways and connections is made up of
computers and various medical applications the many national and international
not only for research advancement but also communication networks that are owned by
for faster diagnosis of patients’ major telecom companies. The cables,
illnesses. switching stations, communication towers,
* Through computing and monitoring and satellites that make up these
technologies, tests administered in telecommunication networks provide the
hospitals such as blood test, urine test, hardware over which internet traffic travels.
brain testing, ultrasound,
echocardiography, complete blood count Companies that provide users with
CBC, mammography, bone density access to the internet are called internet
study, magnetic resonance imaging MRI, X- service providers (ISPs). The internet uses
rays, and body scanning, among routers to make sure that information send
others are made possible. is directed to the intended recipient.
* With the development of databases and Routers are special-purpose computing
other applications, ICTs prevent devices typically small to large units with
medical errors in particular and improve the network ports that manage network traffic by
efficiency of the health system evaluating messages and routing them over
in general. the fastest path to their destination.

Accessing the Internet

Business, organizations, and individuals
LESSON 3 purchase access to the internet from ISPs.
There are several options for connecting to
THE INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB the internet including a dial-up connection,
cable, DSL (digital subscriber line), and
The Internet digital satellite service.
• defined as of worldwide network
connecting to a million of computers via Dial-up connection is a low-speed internet
dedicated routers & servers. service that utilizes the customer’s phone
• When computers are connected to the line for data transfer rates as high as 56
internet, end-users could starts sending & kilobits per second, provided by any one of
receiving different types of information. hundreds of internet service providers.
Cable modem connection is a high-speed
Brief History of Internet internet service, with data transfer rates as
 The internet is the largest publicly high as 8mbps, provided by cable television
owned network of networks. service providers.
 It was established in 1969 as the DSL (digital subscriber line) connection
ARPANET under a US government uses the customer’s phone line, but there is
project name ARPA(Advanced no dialling up and users can use the internet
Research Projects Agency) with a and talk on the phone simultaneously
goal of connecting the computer Digital satellite service (DSS) connection
networks of four universities is a wireless high-speed internet service,
(University of California, Los with data transfer rates of up to 1mbps,
Angeles; University of California, provided to your home by companies.
Stanford; University of California,
Santa Barbara; and University of Communication Protocols
Utah). Protocol a common set of procedures or
 In 1990, it was turned over to the rules that allows the different components of
public to be managed by the Internet a telecommunications system to
Society. communicate with one another.
 The birth of the Web in 1993 led to
an explosion in the internet growth Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
rate to the point that it connects Protocol – a communications protocol used
millions of computers today. to establish a connection with the internet.

Internet hardware Function of Protocol

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 Data sequencing a long message to  Online service a service that

be transmitted is broken into smaller provides information delivery,
packets of fixed size for error free information retrieval, internet access,
data transmission. and other services via modem
 A data packets is a small  Electronic-bulletin board an on-line
group of bytes that includes service that allows people to
the data being sent and a communicate with others on topics
header containing of common interest.
information about the data,  Videoconferencing – a method of
such as its destination, origin, teleconferencing in which people at
size, and identification different locations can see and hear
number. one another, as well as
 The internet is a packet- communicate
switching network. Internet
applications, such as e-mail, Internet service providers
divide up information, such • PLDT, Inc. (Philippine Long Distance
as an e-mail message, into Telephone company)
small packets in order to • Smart Communications, Inc.
make efficient use of the • Digited mobile philippine, Inc. (I'm cellular)
network. • Globe Telecom
 Data routing is the process • According to the 2018 Global digital suite
of finding the most efficient of reports from We Are Social Hootsuite,
route between source and there are more than 4 billion people
destination before sending anywhere in the world connecting to the
the data internet for various reasons.
 Flow control regulates the
The Internet: Then & Now
process of sending data
THEN
between fast sender and
• The Internet started from the Advanced
slow receiver research projects Agency's Wide Area
 Error control – error detecting Network
and recovering is the one of which is called the ARPANET
the main function of • Established by the US. Department of
communication software. It Defense in the 1960's.
ensures that data are
transmitted without any error. NOW
• Other universities & US institutions were
3 Types of Communication connected to ARPANET
1. Simplex - the communication can • ARPANET then attained the name of
takes place in one direction. "Internet"
2. Half-duplex - the communication • Advancement of hypertext-based
channel is used in both direction, but technology also known as worldwide web
only in one direction at a time. (www) provides channels for displaying text,
3. Full-duplex - the communication graphics, animation & etc.
channel is used in both directions at
the same time The Internet2 Environment: Future
Empowerment
Types of Transmision Signals INTERNET 2 NETWORK
• a next-generation optical and internet
1. Analog signal the transmission protocol network that is capable of
power varies over a continuous delivering enhanced network services and is
wave within a given frequency range better, faster, and more efficient than the
typical internet or broadband connections.
2. Digital signal a signal that uses
separate, on-off electrical pulses INTERNET 2 DCN
rather than a continuous wave to • an advanced technology that allows user-
transmit data. based allocation of data circuits over the
fiber- optic network.
Capabilities of Internet
• As of May 2016, 317 U.S. higher education
 Email systems allows a user to
institutions, 81 corporations, 64 affiliates
send letters, memos, and other
members, 43 regional and state education
messages directly from one
networks, 65 national research and
computer to another
education networking partners
 Usenet newsgroups a worldwide
on-line electronics discussion group
that can be accessed via the Internet

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Philippine Research, Education and • A computer that holds the user accounts,
Government Information Network computer accounts, organizational units,
(PREGINET) and application services is called the Active
• is among the international peers reachable Directory Domain Services (AD DS).
via Trans-Eurasia Information Network Another machine that helps the Dynamic
(TEIN) Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
is a server that configures IPv4 and IPv6
Internet Today:Still Growing addresses specifically in giving names to
• The number of internet users as of each IP address up to its root recognition
January 2018 is 4.021 billion. which is called domain name system (DNS)
• 5.45 billion people use the internet server. Another machine that holds and
worldwide as of 2024. manages documents is known as the file
• The internet is open to anyone who can server while the other one that holds
access it. users' mail services and Web services is
• The internet continues to grow both in user referred to as Web Server II. A device that
base and technological innovation connects printers to client computers
• What could be next? through the internet is called a print server.
It accepts print jobs from the computers,
Jobs the Internet can Do queues these jobs, and sends them to the
• Global Communication appropriate printers.
• Business and E-Commerce
• Data Sharing and Collaboration The World Wide Web
• News and Current Events • The World Wide Web (WWW) is referred
• Advocacy and Social Movements to as the collection of public websites that
areconnected to the internet worldwide,
How data travels the internet together with the client computers which
• Data and information are transferred include personal computers, laptops, iPads,
around the world through wired or wireless and cellular phones that access its content.
transmission media. In the Philippines, the
transmission media that make up the Web Basics
internet backbone allow information or data The cornerstone of Tim Berners-Lee World
exchanges between networks at several Wide Web is the hyperlinks. A hyperlinks is
locations across the country, such as La an element in an electronic document—a
Union in the northern part, and Batangas, word, phrase, or image—that, when clicked,
Cavite, and Davao down south. The high- opens a related document.
speed equipment in these sites functions
similarly to a highway interchange. Data is The protocol of the Web is called
transferred from one network to another HTTP. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol
until it reaches its final destination. (HTTP) controls communication between
Web and clients and servers. A Web client,
Much of internet runs on the ordinary public usually called a Web browser, takes the
telephone network. However, there is a big form of software such as Internet Explorer,
difference between how a telephone call Safari, Firefox, etc., and it is used to request
works and how the internet carries data. For Web pages from Web servers. A Web
example, friend A gives friend B a telephone servers stores the delivers Web pages and
call; the telephone then opens a direct other Web resources such as interactive
connection (also known as the circuit) Web content.
between friend A’s home and friend B’s
home. In this scenario, a direct line can be Internet and Web applications
pictured out, running along miles of cable,
from friend A's telephone to friend B's The Web exists as an application on
telephone. the Internet and supports many internet
services. The Web is the ideal tools for
What computers do on the Internet sharing and organizing information for the
• Computers do different jobs on the general public. The Web contains millions
internet. Some computer work like of Web sites. Each Web sites is unique,
electronic filing cabinets that store and most can be classified under of the
information and send it when clients request following categories.
so. These are called servers.
• A server is a computer that is designed to  Search engines, subject directories,
process any requests for data and delivers and portals
data to other client computers over a local  Communication, collaboration, and
network or the internet. A client is a social networking
computer or device that gets information  News
from a server. Any computer running with  Education and training
special software can function as a server,  E-commerce
and servers have different roles to play.  Travel
 Employment and careers

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 Multimedia and entertainment • Using specific words and placing the most
 Information important terms first in the search text or
phrase
Web Technologies • Using quotation marks to create exact
• The WWW is considered to be one of the phrases this helps the search engine find
applications in the internet and computer what its looking using the exact sequence of
networks. This is based on three words
fundamental technologies that are said to • Listing all possible spellings, for example,
be part of the WWW development: organization.

1. Hypertext markup language Google Search Tips and Tricks

(HTML) is a standard markup 1. Use quotes to search for exact phrases.
language used for creating web (“)
pages. HTML is classified as the set 2. Use an asterisk (*) for missing words
of markup symbols or codes 3. Use the minus sign (-) to exclude terms
appended in a file intended for 4. Search for specific file types (e.g. PDF)
presentation on a World Wide Web 5. Use “vs” to compare topics
browser page. 6. Use “DEFINE” , for word definitions
7. Use Google Images to search with an
2. Hypertext transfer protocol image.
(HTTP) - is classified as the set of
standards allowing users of the
World Wide Web to interchange
information seen on web pages.

3. Web servers and web browsers is a

software application for recovering,
presenting, and navigating
information resources on the World
Wide Web.

The World Wide Web Today

• One of the most important terms to know
is the uniform resource locators (URLs)
which is sorted as the internet address.

4 Parts:
1. Protocol
2. domain name
3. path
4. file name

According to W3Counter
CHROME (60.6%) as of March 2018
Safari (15.4%)
Internet Explorer and Edge (7.6%)
Firefox (7.2%)
Opera (2.9%)

Searching For Information On The Web

• A website is maintained by its owner,
called a Web Administrator.
• There is no single organization controlling
all website content.
• Search tools help organize and locate
information on the web

Search Tools
• Subject Directories- are developed and
maintained by human editors
• Search Engines- uses a small program
(spiderslbots) to index web content (Ex.,
Google, Yahoo).

Effective Search Techniques

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