FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

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 Flow of Information and Energy –

Sensor
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Sensor – It is a device which will understand some change

taking place in the surrounding and will create a response
signal for the same.
For e.g. – Eye of a human body – senses the light rays
coming from a surface.

Thermometer – Mercury in the thermometer senses the

temperature of a body.
 Flow of Information and Energy –

Sensor Transducer
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Transducer – It is a device which will collects the findings

from a sensor and converts it proportionately into some
other suitable quantity. (generally electrical)
For e.g. – A a microphone senses sound waves and
converts to electrical signal. On the contrary a loudspeaker
senses the electrical signal and converts it into sound
waves.
In some cases the sensing and transducing job is done in
one single device.
 Flow of Information and Energy –

Sensor Transducer Controller

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Controller – This is the Brain of the system which makes

decisions and sends orders to the actuator to work as per
the signals received.
 Flow of Information and Energy –

Sensor Transducer Controller Actuator

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Actuator – It is the Linear or Rotational motion creating

device of the system.
Types of Actuators –
1) Pneumatic (Air pressured)
2) Hydraulic (Oil or Water pressured)
3) Electric (Motors or Solenoids)
 Pneumatic Actuators :
Useful Features :-
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

• Fast process.
• Can be used in areas of extreme temperatures.
Disadvantages :-
• Limited stroke length.
• Loss of Air Pressure is always a problem.
• Entry of a moisture in the system, drops the air pressure.
• Air may be contaminated by moisture, oil or lubrication,
leading to downtime and maintenance.
• Low pressure system as compared to hydraulic system.
• Noisy operation.
 Pneumatic Actuator – Air pressure is used
Pneumatic Actuators – 1) Linear type
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
 Pneumatic Actuator – Air pressure is used
Pneumatic Actuators – 1) Linear type
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
 Pneumatic Actuator – Air pressure is used
Pneumatic Actuators – 1) Linear type
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
 Pneumatic Actuator – Air pressure is used
Pneumatic Actuators – 1) Linear type
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
 Pneumatic Actuator – Air pressure is used
Pneumatic Actuators – 1) Linear type
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
 Pneumatic Actuator – Air pressure is used
Pneumatic Actuators – 1) Linear type
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
 Pneumatic Actuator – Air pressure is used
Pneumatic Actuators – 1) Linear type
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
 Pneumatic Actuator – Air pressure is used
Pneumatic Actuators – 1) Linear type 2) Rotary type
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

Inlet and Outlet for air from

compressor
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Pneumatic Actuator used to convert Linear to Rotary Motion

Air pressure inlet and outlet

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Pneumatic Linear actuator in packaging industry -

Co-ordinated sequencing of both the pneumatic cylinders.

 Hydraulic Actuators :
Useful Features :
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

• Hydraulic actuators are rugged and robust.

• Best suited for high force / power applications.
• A hydraulic actuator can hold force and torque constant without the
pump supplying more fluid.
• Hydraulic actuators can have their pumps and motors located a
considerable distance away with minimal loss of power.

Disadvantages :
• Leakage of fluid is a common issue in Hydraulic system. The efficiency
drops.
• Hydraulic actuators require many spares parts.
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Hydraulic Linear Actuators – Basic Working Principle –

Relation between Volume and Stroke Length

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Hydraulic Linear Actuators – Simple Hand Pump –
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Hydraulic Linear Actuators – Simple Hand Pump –

Delivery

Suction
 Pneumatic Actuator – Air pressure is used
Pneumatic Actuators – 1) Linear type
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Hydraulic Linear Actuators – Application Prototype
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Hydraulic Linear Actuators – Car washing system
 Electric Actuators :
Useful Features :
• Electrical actuators offer the highest precision and control.
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

• Overall Efficiency is very high.

• Electric actuators can be networked and programmed.
• In terms of noise, they are quieter than pneumatic and hydraulic
actuators.
• Because there are no fluids leaks, environmental hazards are
eliminated. Clean system.
Disadvantages :
• The initial unit cost of an electrical actuator is higher than that of
pneumatic and hydraulic actuators.
• A continuously running motor will overheat, increasing wear and
tear on the Mechanical parts.
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Electric Actuators : Solenoid Coil –

Solenoid Coil - Attraction and Repulsion Principle -

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Electric Actuators – DC Motor with sensor –
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Electric Actuators – DC Motor with Commutator and Brushes –
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Electric Actuators – Brushless DC Motor – Internal view
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Electric Actuators – Brushless DC Motor –
FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Electric Actuators – AC Motor –

AC Motor – Stator and Rotor –

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Electric Actuators – Stepper Motor –

Stepper Motor rotates in steps (not continuously)

FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities
Electric Actuators – Servo Motor –

Servo Motor rotates through specific degrees

 FY - Department of Engineering, Sciences and Humanities

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