Dynamic Web Application Development using ASP.

NET
by Andy Gravell and David Parsons

Chapter 1 Introduction to Web Applications

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Learning Objectives

Look at what web applications do Look at the evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web Explain important Internet and Web technologies Look at web application architectures Introduce the concepts of the Web 2.0 and AJAX
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Where We Are Now

Web based companies like Yahoo and Google are as famous as Coca Cola and Virgin We expect all the organisations that we deal with to have a web presence We expect to be able to manage our money, book travel and purchase goods and services without having to step away from the computer
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What a Web Application Does

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E-Everything The Internet and the World Wide Web

Web applications rely on both the Internet and the World Wide Web

They are not the same thing The Internet predates the web by more than 10 years

In the late 1970s the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) built the ARPAnet:

Originally linked a small number of research sites Same core technologies as the much bigger Internet that followed

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The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW or W3) dates from the 1990s A hypertext based collection of multimedia information accessible via the Internet

The traffic on the information highway

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Evolution of the Web

The web began largely as an academic tool

Its main aim was to assist research

It soon became popular for leisure applications. It has since become a key element in business, not only for .COMs but as part of the IT strategy of a wide range of organisations.

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World Wide Web Timeline

Invented by Tim Berners Lee at CERN (European organisation for nuclear research) in 1990

A distributed hypertext system for managing information at CERN (based on previous hypertext research)

1991-3: web servers begin to come online outside of CERN. WWW technology made free by CERN 1993: First publicly available graphical browser NCSA Mosaic Commercial browsers followed (Navigator, Explorer, Opera, Firefox etc)

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Internet Technologies

There are some core technologies that enable the Internet to work

TCP/IP IP Addresses The Domain Name System (DNS)

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TCP / IP

The Internet uses a communications protocol known as TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

Actually a whole set of related protocols and tools

Related protocols include SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Related tools include FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

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IP Addresses

Computers are identified by their IP address Hardware devices known as routers glue all the different networks together

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IP Addresses

Every machine on the internet has a unique IP address

A 32 bit binary number (billions of combinations, though IPv6 will have many more) The format is nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn Each of these numbers falls in the range 0 255. e.g. 127.0.0.1

These are expressed as four sets of dotted decimal numbers

Given an IP address, one machine can connect to another as if they were on the same physical network Some machines have fixed IP addresses, others are temporarily allocated an IP address from a pool when they connect
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Domain Names

Most web site hosts use domain names rather than actual IP addresses The Domain Name System (DNS) enables domain names to be converted into the correct IP address

resolver programs query name servers for IP addresses

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DNS Zones

The DNS consists of a number of dedicated servers (a distributed database) that maintain naming information for different zones These zones relate to type of site or country of origin

Several name servers may be involved in resolving a single name request

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DNS Zones

A zone is a set of related domain names, e.g .com, .edu, etc. organised in a tree

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Advantages of Domain Names

Domain names are better than just using IP addresses because

Domain names are easier to remember Names reflect the identity of the owner The mapping between a domain name and an IP address can change, so the same name can migrate between different host systems
Email addresses use domain names e.g. [email protected]
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They are also important for email

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Important World Wide Web Technologies

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) HTML (HyperText Markup Language) URLs, URIs and URNs

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HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

HTTP is a request-response protocol

Clients (usually browser software) send a request to a web server

The server handles the request and provides a response, usually in the form of an HTML page

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HTTP Request Types

HTTP Requests can be:

GET, POST, HEAD, PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, OPTIONS or TRACE A GET request is used to retrieve information from the server (often contains a search query or other parameter data) A POST request is used to send data to the server (typically from an HTML form)

Usually GET or POST

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Clients and Web Servers

Clients

(browsers) send HTTP requests and web servers send HTTP responses
Provide HTML pages to the client

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HTML
The

information on the web is mainly in the form of HTML (HyperText Markup Language) pages

HTML pages are text documents that contain special mark-up tags telling the browser what type of information they contain
<html> <head> <title>My Page</title> </head> <body>

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HTML

It is up to the browser to format the page and manage its content

The same page can look different in different browsers

As well as text, these pages can contain images, sound, animation and other programs (e.g. Flash, Real Player, Adobe Acrobat etc) Browsers can use plugins to handle these special types of content

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URLs

A URL is the complete location of an Internet resource, comprising:

The protocol of the request (usually http://) The servers domain name or IP address The port number (http is usually 80, https 443) The subdirectory path (if applicable) The name of the resource (though there may be a default) e.g. 404 file not found

Failed requests have specific HTTP responses

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Example URL

http://www.webhomecover.com:80/help/callcentres.html
protocol domain port path filename

Can be the name of a resource that generates dynamic content

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URNs and URIs

A URL is a specific kind of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) that identifies a web resource that can be downloaded Another type of URI is a URN (Uniform Resource Name), which looks like a URL but does not necessarily relate to a web resource Only used to provide a globally unique name for something
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Intranets

As well as having a public presence on the internet, many companies maintain a private intranet behind a security firewall

Pages that are only available inside the company Low cost of ownership by using the standard technologies of the internet Paperless internal communication Information from corporate databases in accessible formats
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Extranets

An extranet falls somewhere between the internet and an organisations intranet

Only selected outsiders, such as customers, suppliers or trading partners, are allowed access

Extranets can range from highly secure business to business (B2B) systems to selfregistration systems

Can be used, for example, to allow customers of courier companies to track their deliveries
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Portals

Gateways into other applications A collection of portlets Personalised / customisable Used in the mobile internet (e.g. Vodafone Live!) See Yahoo!, iGoogle etc

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Layers

Conceptual layering of system components

May or may not be deployed on separate physical nodes Presentation

Business Logic
Data Management

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Layers in a Word Processing System

Desktop Word Processor Editing view, print preview

Single computer

Presentation Layer
Spell checking, formatting, paginating, editing Business Logic Layer Data Management Layer Documents paragraphs, words, letters, diagrams
concepts

processes

Save to file, load from file

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Tiers

Physical Deployment onto distributed nodes

Presentation
Application Database DB

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Web applications are multi tier

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Tiers in a Web Based Banking System

Multiple computers (many client browsers) Presentation Tier Web based banking system Web browser view processes Multiple computers Business Logic Tier Checking accounts, transferring funds, ordering cheque books Accounts, customers, transactions, statements..

Multiple computers
Data Management Tier

concepts Create, read, update and delete information in a database

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The Web 2.0

First Web 2.0 Conference 2004 The web as a software platform

Software above the level of a single device

XML, mashups, RSS Wikis, blogs, reviews

Service oriented architectures

User and contributor communities

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AJAX

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

JavaScript is a programming language that can run inside a browser We can update parts of the page dynamically by connecting to the server without replacing the current page

Rich user experience

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Chapter Summary

Principal features, technologies and uses of web applications The Internet and the World Wide Web Distributed architectures that web applications use Some special types of web application Web 2.0 and AJAX
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