Scribd
Upload
9 views30 pages

Unit 6 L3 Model Human Processor - II

Uploaded by

k35973916
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views30 pages

Unit 6 L3 Model Human Processor - II

Uploaded by

k35973916
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

NPTEL Course on

Human Computer Interaction


- An Introduction
Dr. Pradeep Yammiyavar Dr. Samit Bhattacharya
Professor, Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Design, Dept. of Computer Science
IIT Guwahati, and Engineering,
Assam, India IIT Guwahati, Assam, India

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati


Module 8:
Cognitive Architecture

Lecture 3:
Model Human Processor - II

Dr. Samit Bhattacharya


Objective

• In the previous lecture, we learned about the


basics of MHP

• We have discussed about the components of the


perceptual subsystem of MHP
• In this lecture, we shall finish the discussion on
the perceptual subsystem and learn about the
other subsystems of MHP
Recap

• In the previous lecture, we mentioned that the


encoding by the perceptual processor is
governed by the Gestalt laws of perception

• Let us discuss these laws


Gestalt Laws of Perception

• The organizing principles, which enables us to


perceive the patterns of stimuli as meaningful
wholes, are defined as
– Proximity
– Similarity
– Closure
– Continuity
– Symmetry
Proximity

• Elements close together tend to organize into


units

Here, the dots appear as groups rather than a


random cluster of elements
Similarity

• Objects that are look-alike tend to be grouped


together

There is a tendency for elements of the same shape


or color to be seen as belonging together
Closure

• We prefer to see regular shapes, inferring occlusion


to do so

Missing parts of the figure are filled in to complete it,


so that it appear as a whole circle
Continuity

• Human sees lines as being continuous

The stimulus appears to be made of two lines of dots,


traversing each other, rather than a random set of
dots
Symmetry

• Region bounded by symmetrical borders tend


to be perceived as coherent figures
Principles of Perceptual System

• There are two principles governing the working


of the perceptual system
– Variable processor rate principle - processor cycle
time varies inversely with stimulus intensity (brighter
screens need faster refresh rates)

– Encoding specificity principle - encoding at the time


of perception impacts (a) what and how information is
stored and (b) what retrieval cues are effective at
retrieving the stored information
Cognitive System

• The cognitive system in MHP is responsible for


decision making
• It is a production system comprising of
– A set of production (IF-THEN) rules (stored in the
memory; working memory (WM) + long term
memory (LTM))

– A rule interpretation engine (cognitive processor)


Cognitive System

• It uses the contents of WM and LTM to make


decisions and schedule actions with motor
system
• Composed of a processor and the two memories
(WM and LTM)
Long Term Memory

Visual Auditory Working Memory


Store Store

Eyes Perceptual Cognitive Motor


Ears Processor Processor Processor
Working Memory

• Holds intermediate products of thinking and


representations produced by perceptual system
• Comprised of activated sections of LTM called
“chunks”
– A chunk is a hierarchical symbol structure
– 7 ± 2 chunks active at any given time (known as the the 7
± 2 principle)
Working Memory

• The memory content gets decayed


• The decay is caused by:
– Time: about 7s for three chunks, but high variance
– Interference: more difficult to recall an item if there are
other similar items (activated chunks) in memory

• Discrimination principle
– Difficulty of retrieval determined by candidates that
exist in memory relative to retrieval cues
Long-Term Memory

• Holds mass of knowledge; facts, procedures, history


• Two types
– Procedural – IF-THEN rules
– Declarative – facts

• Declarative memory consists of a network of related


chunks where edge in the network is an association
(semantic network)
LTM - Semantic Network
Example
Long-Term Memory

• Fast read, slow write


• Infinite storage capacity, but you may forget
because:
– Cannot find effective retrieval cues
– Similar associations to other chunks interfere with
retrieval of the target chunk (discrimination principle)
Cognitive Processor

• Implements “cognition”
• Operation called cognitive/production/decision
cycles - A pattern matching process
– IF side tests for a particular pattern in declarative
memory

– When IF side matches, THEN side is executed (called


rule firing)
Cognitive Processor

• A cycle completes when no more firing is possible


• A firing can
– Activate motor component (ACT)
– Fire another rule
– Change WM/declarative memory (thus helping in other
cycles)
Cognitive Processor Principle

• Principle of recognize-act cycle


– Recognize: activate associatively-linked chunks in
LTM

– Act: modify contents of WM

• Cycle time = ~70ms


Cognitive System Principles

• Uncertainty principle
Decision time increases with the uncertainty about the
judgment to be made, requires more cognitive cycles

• Variable rate principle


Cycle time is shorter when greater effort is induced by
increased task demands or information loads; it also
diminishes with practice
Cognitive System Principles

• Power law of practice

−α
Tn = T 1 * n
Here, Tn is the task completion time at the n-th trial, T1
is the task completion time in the first attempt and α is
learning constant (usually taken as 0.4)
Motor System

• Translates thoughts into actions


– Head-neck and arm-hand-finger actions

Long Term Memory

Visual Auditory Working Memory


Store Store

Eyes Perceptual Cognitive Motor


Ears Processor Processor Processor

Arms, hands, fingers


Motor Processor

• Controls movements of body


– Movement composed of discrete micro-movements

– Micro-movement lasts about 70ms

– Cycle time of motor processor is about 70ms

• Principle: Fitts’ law (we already encountered)


Putting It All Together

Long Term Memory

Working Memory
Visual Auditory
Store Store

Eyes Perceptual Cognitive Motor


Ears Processor Processor Processor

Cycle Times 100 ms 70 ms 70 ms

Perceive-Recognize-Act cycle ~= 240 ms


Principles - Summary

• Basis of the model


– P0: Recognize-Act cycle of the cognitive processor

– P8: Rationality principle

– P9: Problem space principle


Principles - Summary

• Other 7 principles tend to describe ways of


estimating duration of operators;
– P1 -- Variable perceptual processor rate
– P2 -- Encoding specificity principle
– P3 -- Discrimination principle
– P4 -- Variable cognitive processor rate principle
– P5 -- Fitts’s law
– P6 -- Power law of practice
– P7 -- Uncertainty principle
Example 1
• A user sits before a computer terminal. Whenever
a symbol appears, s/he must press the space bar.
What is the time between stimulus and response?

Tp (perceive the symbol) + Tc (recognize the


symbol) + Tm (press key) = 240 ms

Tp = perceptual cycle time


Tc = cognitive cycle time
Tm = motor cycle time
Example 2

• Two symbols appear on the computer terminal. If


the second symbol matches the first, the user
presses “Y” and presses “N” otherwise. What is the
time between the second signal and response?

Tp + 2Tc (compare + decide) + Tm = 310 ms

You might also like