AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This is a device to control the speed of fans and coolers automatically. The device presented here makes the fan run at a full speed for a pre determined time. This speed is decreased to medium after some time and to slow then onwards after a period of 8 hours, the fan or cooler is switched off. The circuit consists of IC1 (555 Timer IC) which is used as an astable multivibrator used to generate clock pulses. These are fed to decade dividers or counters formed by IC2 and IC3 (IC CD4017B). These ICs act as divide by 10 and divide by 9 counters respectively. The values of capacitor C1 and resistor R1 and R2 are adjusted so that the final output of IC3 goes high after 8 hours. So during summer nights the temperature is quietly high but as time passes temperature starts droping. So it is required to reduce the speed of a fan or cooler after particular periods. By using this device these reducing can be done automatically. This also makes the reduced conception of power.

1.2 Scope Of The Project

The scope of this project is to replace the systematic regulating systems with automatic controllers in most of the places. This automatic speed controller acts as an aid to the most of the handicapped people in having an automatic regulator which changes its speed with the course of time saving max power wastage. During summer nights, the temperature is initially quite high. As time passes, the temperature starts dropping. Also, after a person falls asleep, the metabolic rate of body decreases. Thus, initially the fan/cooler needs to be run at full speed. As time passes, one has to get up again and again to adjust the speed of the fan or the cooler. The device presented here makes the fan run at full speed for a predetermined time. The speed is decreased to medium after some time, and to slow later on. After a period of about eight hours, the fan/cooler is switched off. The main purpose of this circuit is to decrease the speed of fan automatically without any manual work. For this circuit we dont need any software program to run system automatically. This is less expensive because it is designed by using ICs and resistors and capacitors. And also it is easy to use. Here we used one IC as Astable multivibrator and another

AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

two used as divided by-10 counter and divided by-9 counters. This circuit is then connected to the fan input by using a separate method. This circuit is used for both fans and coolers also. This circuit is mainly designed for home appliances.

AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
The general making of this project i.e., automatic speed control for fans and coolers takes three stages of time shift through which it automatically slows its speed of rotation. This was known from our survey that time shift can be adjusted manually by changing the values of C1 and resisters R1 and R2 on the basis of astable multivibrator time equation. And the relays play a major role acting as switches, as we have used four relays to have high, medium, low speed operation of fan. The complete outcomes of this project are the two decade counters. For the fine tuning of our project outcome we have made some changes apart from the actual circuit. Something like changes in the values of resistors and capacitor. Here we used a cooling fan as shown in fig 11 as fan to show the output as it is much convenient to show the output.

AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

CHAPTER 3
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Block Diagram

Fig .3.1 Block diagram representation

3.1.1 Block Diagram Description

The block diagram is shown in fig .1. The important parts consist of a 555 Timer IC and 1 divide by 9 and divide by 10 counter and relays. Each block in the block diagram is explained in detail below.

Astable Multivibrator:
In this block diagram Astable multivibrator which is used as a pulse generator circuit. Its high and low state are both unstable. It provides clock pulses for the working of the decade counter1. The output of the multivibrator toggles with the low and high continuously, infect generating a train of pulses.

Decade Counter1:
It accepts the output from the astable multivibrator as clock pulse. And the counter starts counting when there is a output at the astable output.

Decade Counter2:
It accept the output from the decade counter1 and counter start counting till there is an output from the decade counter1 and it act as a divide by 9 counter.

Relay:

AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

This device simply acts as an electronic switch. When the output from the decade counter 2 reaches the relay terminal it will control the speed of the fan or cooler by switching of relays.

3.2 Circuit Diagram

Fig .3.2

Circuit diagram for automatic speed control for fans and coolers

Fig .3.3

Existing arrangements for fan speed control

AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Fig .3.4 Modified arrangements for speed control

Fig .3.5 Speed control arrangement for cooler with different windings for various Speeds. Fig 3.2 shows the circuit diagram of the system. IC1 (555) is used as an astable multivibrator to generate clock pulses. The pulses are fed to decade dividers/counters formed by IC2 and IC3. These ICs act as divide-by-10 and divide-by-9 counters, respectively. The values of capacitor C1 and resistors R1 and R2 are so adjusted that the final output of IC3 goes high after about eight hours. The first two outputs of IC3 (Q0 and Q1) are connected (ORed) via diodes D1 and D2 to the base of transistor T1. Initially output Q0 is high and therefore relay RL1 is energized. It remains energized when Q1 becomes high. The method of connecting the gadget to the fan/cooler is given in Figs 3.4 and 3.5. It can be seen that initially the fan shall get AC supply directly, and so it shall run at top speed. When output Q2 becomes high and Q1 becomes low, relay RL1 is turned off and relay RL2 is switched on. The fan gets AC through a resistance and its speed drops to medium value. This continues until output Q4 is high. When Q4 goes low and Q5 goes high, relay RL2 is switched off and relay RL3 is activated. The fan now runs at low speed throughout the process, pin 11 of the IC3 is low, so T4 is cut off, thus keeping T5 in saturation and RL4 on. At the end of the cycle, when pin 11 (Q9) becomes high, T4 gets saturated and T5 is cut off. RL4 is switched off, thus switching off the fan/ cooler. Using the circuit described above, the fan shall run at high speed for a comparatively lesser time when either of Q0 or Q1 output is high. At medium speed, it will run for a moderate time period when any of three outputs Q2 through Q4 is high, while at low speed, it will run for a much longer time period when any of the four outputs Q5 through Q8 is high. If one wishes, one can make the fan run at the three speeds for an equal amount of time by connecting three decimal decoded outputs of IC3 to each of the Transistors T1 to T3. One can also get more than three speeds by using an additional relay, transistor, and associated components, and connecting one or more outputs of IC3 to it. In the motors used in certain coolers there are separate windings for separate speeds. Such coolers do not use a rheostat type speed regulator. The method of connection of this device to such coolers is given in Fig 3.5. The resistors in Figs 3.3

AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

and 3.4 are the tapped resistors, similar to those used in manually controlled fan-speed regulators. Alternatively wire-wound resistors of suitable wattage and resistance can be used.

3.2.1 Circuit Design Description IC 4017 Decade Counter

The M74HC 4017 is a high speed CMOS decade counter divider fabricated with silicon gate C2 MOS Technology. The M74HC 4017 is a five stage Johnson counter with 10 decoded outputs. Each of the decoded outputs is normally low and sequentially goes high on the low to high transition of the clocked input. Each output stays high for 1 clock period of the low to high after output 10 goes slow, and can be used in conjunction with the clock enable (CKEN) to cascade several stages. The clock enabled input disables counting when in the high stage. A clear (CLR) input is also provide which when taken high sets all the decoded outputs low. All inputs are equipped with protection circuit against static discharge and transient excess voltage.

Features
Wide supply voltage range: 3V to 15V High noise immunity: 0.45V Medium speed operation: 5 MHz Low power: 10Micro W Fully static operation

Pin Connection

Fig .3.6 Pin connections of IC 4017 decade counter

AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

IC 555 Timer

Fig.3.7

IC 555 Timer

The 555 timer is an extremely versatile integrated circuit which can be used to build lots of different circuit. The simplicity of the timer in conjunction with its ability to produce long time delays in a verity of applications, has curved many designers from mechanical timers, op amp, and various discrete circuits into the ever increasing ranks of timer users.

Timer Functional Block Diagram

Fig.3.8 Timer functional diagram

AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Pin Out Of 555 IC

Fig 3.9 Pin diagram of 555 IC The 555 timer consist of two voltage comparators, a bistable flip flop, a discharge transistor, and a resister divider network. The resistive divider network is used to set the comparator levels. Since all 3 registers are of equal value, the threshold comparator is referenced internally at 2/3 of supply voltage level and trigger comparator is referenced at 1/3 of supply voltage. The outputs of comparators are tied to the bi stable flip flop. When the trigger voltage is mode below 1/3 of the supply, the comparator changes state and sets the flip flop driving the output to the high state. The Threshold pin normally monitors the capacitor voltage of the RC timing network. When the capacitor voltage exceeds 2/3 of the supply the threshold comparator resets the flip flop which in turn drives the output to a low state. When the output is in allowing state, the discharged transistor is on there by discharging the external timing capacitor. Once the capacitor is discharges, the timer will await another trigger pulse, the timing cycle have been completed. 555 timer integrated timer is used for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. This will provide time delay ranging from micro seconds to hours. Maximum operating frequency is in excess of 500KHz. Outputs is TTL compactly. The 555 timer can be used with supply voltage in range +5V to +18V and can drive load up to 200mA.

Modes
The 555 has three operating modes: Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on. Astable free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. Selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a temperature sensor: the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature. The use of a microprocessor based circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature, linearize it and even provide calibration means.

AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched switches. Apart from these three modes here we use only astable mode. Here is a circuit for 555 Astable modes which has been used in our project.

Fig 3.10 555 Astable circuit In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. Resistor R1 is connected between VCC and the discharge pin (pin 7) and another resistor (R2) is connected between the discharge pin (pin 7), and the trigger (pin 2) and threshold (pin 6) pins that share a common node. Hence the capacitor is charged through R 1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor. In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2 and C:

(1)

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

The high time from each pulse is given by

And the low time from each pulse is given by (3) Where R1 and R2 are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of the capacitor in farads.

Specifications Of NE555 Table 3.1: Specifications Of NE 555 Timers

We have taken the values of R1, R2 and C as R1=22k R2=1M C=4.7 For the taken values the obtained time period of output signal is 90 min. this output of 555 IC is fed to CD 4017 B divided by 9 counter then the output of counter is 10 min. This output is again fed to a CD4017B decade counter. The output of decade counter is fed to relays through IN4001 diodes. The output of decade counter is 1min.

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

SPDT Relay

Fig.3.11 SPDT Relay Relay, specialized electrical switch by means of which a high power device can be controlled by a device of much lower power. It consists of an electromagnetic coil and mechanical switch contacts that are pushed and pulled by the electromagnet. The electromagnet requires a current of only a few hundred mille Amps, produced by only a few volts, where as the contacts may be subjected to hundreds of volts and tens of amps may pass through them. The switch therefore enables a small electrical current and voltage to control a much larger current and voltage. Many smart switches and electronic circuits cannot with stand large electrical current (often more than 1Amp) and would be unable to control, for example a car head lamp bulb, which requires a current of many amps. This may be archived by placing a relay between the small switch on the car dash board and high powered head lamp bulb. Relay coils are available for a wide range of voltages, and some are designed to control many different switch contacts simultaneously. A Relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. Control an electric motor is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays". Pole and throw Since relays are switches, the terminology applied to switches is also applied to relays. A relay will switch one or more poles, each of whose contacts can be thrown by energizing the coil in one of three ways: Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form A contact or "make" contact. NO contacts can also be distinguished as "early-make" or NOEM, which means that the contacts will close before then button or switch is fully engaged. Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called a Form B contact or "break" contact. NC contacts can also be distinguished as "late-break" or NCLB, which means that the contacts will stay closed until the button or switch is fully disengaged. Change-over (CO), or double-throw (DT), contacts control two circuits: one normally-open contact and one normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called a Form C contact or "transfer" contact ("break before make"). If this type of contact utilizes a "make before break" functionality, then it is called a Form D contact. SPDT Single Pole Double Throw. A common terminal connects to either of two others. Including two for the coil, such a relay has five terminals in total. When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Some automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case. Alternatively, a contact protection network consisting of a capacitor and resistor in series (snubber circuit) may absorb the surge. If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), a small copper "shading ring" can be crimped to the end of the solenoid, creating a small out-of-phase current which increases the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle. A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is made-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke.

3.3 Power Supply Description

The circuit of the power supply is shown above. The AC main stepped down by transformer to deliver the secondary input of 6 volt, 500 mA. The transformer output is rectified by a bridge rectifier comprising diode D14 to D17 filtered by capacitor C3 and Regulated by an IC to provide regulated 6 volt supply. The capacitor C4 and C5 by passes any ripples in the regulated output.

Power Supply Block Diagram

Fig. 3.12 Block diagram of power supply unit

Power Supply Circuit

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Fig.3.13 Circuit diagram of power supply unit

Transformer

Fig.3.14 transformer This is a 9-0-9 Transformer with center tap connection. It has a maximum current output of 2A.Perfect for making power supplies. Use it to step down 240 V AC to 9V or 18V AC. An ordinary transformer only have one voltage out for instance 12 Volt, where a center tap can supply two X 6V with the center tap as 0 volt and 12V it is normally called a 6-0-6 or 9-0-9 an advantage of the center tap is that you only need two diodes to get full wave rectifying where with a ordinary you will need a full bridge to get full wave rectifying. A 'step up' transformer receives a low voltage and converts into a higher voltage converts an alternating (A/C) current of a certain voltage to an alternating current of different voltage, and a 'step down' transformer does just the reverse. A transformer is a passive electronic component and consists of a pair of wire coils coupled together with an iron core. The input coil is called the primary coil and the output coil is called secondary coil.

Transformer Windings

Fig.3.15 Transformer windings

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical connection between the coils.

Rectifier With Capacitor Filter

Fig.3.16

Rectifier with capacitor filter

The analysis of full wave rectifier with resistive load RL and filter capacitor C across RL is that during positive half cycle the diode D1 is in forward bias and D2 in reverse bias. During negative half cycle D1 is in reverse bias and D2 is in forward bias. Similarly capacitor C discharges twice through RL during one full cycle. The rectifier circuit consists of a center tapped transformer to which power supply is given as input and so as the 230v AC supply is given to the primary winding it produces 24 volts dc output which is equally divided among the two windings. As the windings are connected to respective diodes D1 and D2, in the first half the diode D1 forward biases and the filter circuit connected across it gives a rectified output which is unregulated DC output. During the second half cycle the diode D2 goes on to forward

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

bias and so a complete output waveform of 12v is obtained which is regulated by a voltage regulator in the next stage connected to it.

Voltage Regulator

Fig.3.17 Voltage regulator A voltage regulator is a voltage stabilizer with the additional provision to regulate or change the value of stabilized voltage at will. This voltage regulator is a more elaborate circuit than a voltage stabilizer. It serves the following two functions (i) regulating or varying the output voltages of the circuit and (ii) keeping the output voltage constant at the desired value in spite of variations in the supply voltage or in the load current. Usually the term voltage stabilizer is reserved for an electronic power supply of small power output and good stability. This is the most common voltage regulator that is still used in embedded designs. LM7806 voltage regulator is a linear regulator. With proper heat sink these LM78XX types can handle even more than 1Amp current. They also have thermal overload protection, short circuit protection. This will connect at the output of rectifier to get constant Dc supply instead of ripple voltages. It mainly consists of 3 pins 1. Input voltage 2. Output voltage 3. Ground The capacitor C2 is used to get thee ripple voltage as input to regulator instead of full positive cycles.

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Vr = I load/Xc. Where Vr = Ripple voltage Xc = Reactance

(1)

CHAPTER 4
4.1 Results With Snapshots
The circuit for the automatic speed controller for fans and coolers is shown in the figure. It has been designed to reduce the amount of electric power. In the circuit diagram IC1 (555 timer IC) act as an astable multivibrator. It is used to generate clock pulses. The pulses are fed to a decade divider counter, which is formed by IC2 and IC3. These ICs act as divide by 10 counters and divide by 9 counters respectively. The values of capacitors C1, resister R2 and R2 are so adjusted that the final output of IC3 goes high about 8hours. The first two outputs of IC3 (Q0 and Q1) are connected (0 Red) via diode D1 and D2 to the base of the transistor T1. Initially output Q0 is high and there for relay RL1 is energized. It remains energized when Q1 becomes high. The method of connecting the gadget of the fan or cooler is given in the figure. Initially the fan shall get A/C supply directly so it shall be run at high speed. When the output Q2 becomes high and Q1 becomes low, relay RL1 is turned off and relay RL2 is turned on. The fan gets A/C through a resistance and its speed drops to medium. This continues until output Q4 is high. When Q4 goes low and Q5 goes high, relay RL2 is activated thus the fan run at low speed. Throughout the process, pin 11 of the IC is low, so T4 is cut off, thus keeping T5 in saturation and relay RL4 is on. At the end of the cycle, when pin 11(Q9) becomes high T4 get saturated and T5 is cut off. Relay RL4 is switched off, thus switching of the fan or cooler. Using the given circuit the fan shall run at high speed for a comparatively lesser time when either of Q0 or Q1 output is high. At medium speed it will run for a moderate time period when any of three outputs(Q2 to Q4) is high, while at low speed it will run for a much longer time period when any of the four outputs(Q5 to Q8) is high. It is possible to make the fan run at the three speeds for an equal amount of time by connecting three terminal decoded outputs of IC3 to each of the transistors T1 to T3. One can also get more than three speeds by using an additional relay transistor and associated components and connecting one or more outputs of IC3 to it.

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Snapshots

Fig .4.1 Snapshot of power supply unit

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Fig .4.2 Snapshot of main circuit

Fig .4.3 Snapshot of application (fan)

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Fig .4.4 Snapshot of Automatic speed controller for fans and coolers

4.2 component layout

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Fig.4.5 Components layout

CHAPTER 5
APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
1. Used to control the speed of fans and coolers automatically. 2. This device can be used in bed rooms during night hours. 3. This device can be used as a power saving system for hotels and houses.

ADVANTAGES 1. No manual support is needed, it is fully automatic. 2. Electrical energy can be saved to a greater extent. 3. Only less power is needed for the operation. 4. Lifetime of fan or coolers can be increased.

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
The automatic speed controller for fans or coolers is used to control the speed automatically. We can also assign different time periods for each speed by designing the circuit to the need. By using this circuit the electric power can be saved to a greater extent and increase lifespan of fans and coolers.

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AUTOMATIC SPEED CONTROL FOR FANS AND COOLERS

Chapter7
BIBILIOGRAPHY
www.datasheetarchive.com Electronics for you Magazine www.semiconductor.com www.ecelab.com

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