Centre for Distance and Online Education

NAME – ABHISHEK SINGH

ROLL NUMBER - 2314515260
ASSIGNMENT
SESSION FEBRUARY - MARCH 2024
PROGRAM MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
SEMESTER II
COURSE CODE & NAME DMBA204
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
CREDITS 4
NUMBER OF ASSIGNMENTS & 02
MARKS 30 Marks each

Q.No Assignment Set – 1 Marks Total Marks

Questions

1. Discuss the history of Computing. 10 10

2. What is IT interaction model? Explain. 10 10

3. How are management information systems different from transaction processing 10 10

systems?

Q.No Assignment Set – 2 Marks Total Marks

Questions
4. What are the different ways of making online payments? Explain 10 10
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5. What are the facilities an organization could have from ‘Customer Relationship 10 10
Management System’?
6. Why is vendor management important? What are the key issues to consider for 3+7 10
managing vendors carefully?

Assignment Set – 1
Questions

1. Discuss the history of Computing.

Definition of a Computer - before 1935, a computer was a person who performed arithmetic calculations. Between 1935 and 1945 the
definition referred to a machine, rather than a person. The modern machine definition is based on von Neumann's concepts: a device that
accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. We have gone from the vacuum tube to the transistor, to the microchip. Then
the microchip started talking to the modem. Now we exchange text, sound, photos and movies in a digital environment.

Computing milestones and machine evolution:

1642 - Pascaline - built mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal, 17th-century mathematician whose Pascal computer programming language was named
after him.

1804 - Jacquard loom - punch card programmed loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquar• around

1850 - separating engine, analytical engine - Charles Babbage and Ada Byron (see her picture).
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In 1837, Babbage described the Analytical Engine, a hand-cranked mechanical digital computer that anticipated almost every aspect of today's
computers. It was not until more than 100 years later that another general purpose computer was invented. Ada Byron King Engine Sketch and Notes
of Lovelace Countess.•

1939-1942 - Computer of Atanasoff Berry - prof. Built by John V. Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State. Represented several
"units" in computing, including binary arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative memory, separation of memory and computation, and more. Weight
750 kilograms. and had 3000 bits (0.4K) of memory. After that solved the problem, he recorded the numbers by writing the characters on cards. Look
at the chart.

• 1940s - Colossus - A vacuum tube computing machine that broke Hitler's codes during World War II. This helped Turing break German rules during
World War II to turn the tide of the war. In the summer of 1939, a small group of scientists became codebreakers working for the Bletchley Party in
England. That group of pioneering codebreakers helped shorten the war and changed the course of history. Check out the Bletchley Park website and
its history. For more information on World War II codes and ciphers, visit Tony's For Sale site.

• 1946 - ENIAC - The first electronic large-scale general-purpose computer in the world, built by Mauchly and Eckert and introduced at the University
of Pennsylvania in 1946. ENIAC was recreated for the modern computer circuit. See ENIAC on a Chip explained by Moore University of Pennsylvania
School of Electrical Engineering.

• 1951-1959 - technology based on a vacuum tube. Vacuum tubes are electronic devices that consist of a glass or steel vacuum shell and two or more
electrodes between which electrons can move freely. First commercial computers used vacuum tubes: Univac, IBM 701.

• 1950s-1960s - UNIVAC - "troop card technology" The first commercially successful computer introduced in 1951 by Remington Rand. More than
40 units of the system were sold. Its memory was made of mercury-filled acoustic delay lines with 1000 12-digit numbers. It used magnetic tapes that
stored 1 MB of data at 128 kpi. UNIVAC became (for a while) synonymous with the computer. Look at the picture of UNIVAC. View the UNIVAC
Flowchart
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• 1960 IBM 1620 - See images from the Museum of Computer History.

• 1960-1968 - Transistor based technology. Transistor invented in 1948 by Dr. John Bardeen, Dr. Walter Brattain and Dr. William Shockley. It almost
completely replaced the vacuum tube due to its lower cost, weight and power consumption and better reliability. See the explanation and diagram of
the transistor and what the first transistor looked like. The transistor is made to change its state from the initial state of conduction (on, full current) to
the final state of isolation (off, no current).

• 1969 - The Internet, originally ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency network), began as a military computer network.

• 1969-1977 - Integrated Circuit (IC) based technology. The first integrated circuit was introduced by Texas Instruments inventor Jack Kilby in 1958.
It was 7/16" wide and contained two transistors.

• 1976 - CRAY 1 - The world's first electronic digital computer developed in 1946. The 75 MHz, 64-bit machine with a maximum speed of 160
megaflops (a million floating-point operations per second) was the world's fastest processor at the time

• 1976 - Apples/MACs - Apple was designed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Apple was the first to have a "window" type graphical user interface
and a computer mouse. Like today's computers, early Apples had an attached keyboard and mouse and a floppy drive that could hold 3.5-inch disks.
Macintosh replaced Apple.

1978-1986 - Large Scale Integration (LSI); Alto - early workstation with mouse; Apple, designed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Apple was the first
to have a "window" type graphical user interface and a computer mouse. See the evolution of Apple/MAC devices over time. The market for computers
and clones is starting to expand. It launches the first mass market for desktop computers

.• From 1986 to now - the era of online computers, Internet and WWW

.• 1990 - Tim Berners-Lee invented an online hypertext system called the World Wide Web.
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• 1992 - Bill Gates' Microsoft Corporation released Windows 3.1, which made IBM and IBM-compatible computers more user-friendly by integrating
a graphical user interface into the software. However, replacing the old Windows command line system, Microsoft created a program similar to the
Macintosh operating system. Apple sued for copyright infringement, but Microsoft won. Windows 3.1 went to Win 95, then Win 98, now Windows
XP.... (There are other OSes, of course, but Windows is the dominant OS today. Apple MACs still have a loyal following. Linux has a loyal following

.• 1995 - Large commercial Internet Service Providers (ISPs) such as MCI, Sprint, AOL and UUNET began offering service to large numbers of
customers.

• 1996 - Personal digital assistants (like the Palm Pilot) can do numerical calculations, play games and music, and download information from the
Internet.

2. What is IT interaction model? Explain.

Interaction model design refers to the process of creating efficient, intuitive, and satisfying interfaces that allow users to achieve their goals in a
smooth and seamless manner. It’s a field that’s continuously evolving, presenting ever-new possibilities and challenges. Interaction models
form the foundation upon which every user interface rests, bridging human behaviours’, expectations, and emotions with technological
capabilities. They aim to translate complex processes and technologies into a language that’s understandable and accessible to every user.

Types of Interaction Models

Human-to-Computer Interaction (HCI): This model emphasizes how users engage with computers and similar devices. It often focuses on
graphical user interfaces (GUIs), where visual elements guide the interaction.

Human-to-Human Interaction (HHI) through Technology: Here, the model focuses on how technology mediates human interaction, such as
through social media platforms or collaboration tools.

Multi-Modal Interaction: This model involves multiple methods of interaction, such as voice, touch, gesture, and more, often found in modern
smartphones or virtual reality environments.
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Conversational Interaction: Seen in chatbots and voice assistants, this model focuses on interactions through natural language, providing a more
human-like experience.

3. How are management information systems different from transaction processing systems?

Management information system (MIS): Management information system provides information in the form of reports and displays to
managers and many businesses professional. For example, Sales managers may use their network computers and web browsers to get
instantaneous displace about the sales results of their products.

Transaction processing system (TPS): transaction processing system record and process data, resulting from a business transaction. The
process transaction in basic ways. In batch processing, transaction data are accumulated over a period of time and processed periodically. The
system is useful when something is sold over the internet. It allows for a time delay between when an item is being sold to when it is actually
sold.

Differences between these two are as follows:

(1) TPS stands for Transaction Processing Systems and MIS stands for Management Information Systems. This article will tell the difference
between the two based on the type of users, activities, report generation and type of data.

(2) MIS provides information about internal operations to managers for decision making, planning, and analysis. The system helps to compare
this data to facilitate decision-making and answer questions. TPS, on the other hand, performs routine operations for supervisory executives
which include storing, retrieving, possessing creating and formatting data. The users of TPS come on the lowermost level in the management
hierarchy while the users of MIS are the mid-level managers.

(3) The activities performed by TPS are different from that of MIS. The input activity involves data entry, transaction processing, TPS file and
database processing, and TPS documents and report generation. The activities performed by MIS are taking high volume transact ion level data
as an input and then processing this input based on simple models. The outputs of MIS are the summary reports that are used by the middle
managers.
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(4) It must also be noted that MIS uses compressed and summarized data provided by the TPS, while TPS deals with raw data.

(5) TPS provides information to the MIS and DSS (Decision Support Systems) while MIS provides information to ESS (Executive Support
Systems) and DSS.

Assignment Set – 2 Questions

4. What are the different ways of making online payments? Explain

1. Debit Card Payments

Debit cards allow you to make transactions by deducting funds from your bank account. They allow the convenience of not carrying cash and
the ability to track your expenses. But, they also come with potential risks like card theft. To accept debit card payments, businesses need a
point-of-sale (POS) terminal for in-store transactions or an online payment gateway for digital transactions.

2. Credit Card Payments Credit cards provide a revolving line of credit, allowing you to make purchases and pay for them at a later date.
They provide benefits such as credit building. However, they can lead to interest charges and potential debt accumulation if not managed
efficiently.

3. Prepaid Cards Prepaid cards are cards with a predetermined amount of money loaded onto them. They are a secure way to make payments,
as they are not linked to your bank account and enable controlled spending. But, you need to reload them with funds, which can be
inconvenient. Accepting prepaid card payments is straightforward, as it’s similar to accepting credit card payments. Businesses need a payment
processor and may need to pay additional fees for prepaid card acceptance. It also requires the added step of verifying the card’s balance.
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4. Cash Cash remains a widely used mode of payment, particularly in small, local transactions. It is easy to use and accepted everywhere.
However, it can be lost or stolen, and it is not practical for online purchases. Accepting cash payments is straightforward but requires
businesses to manage cash handling, security and accounting properly.

5. Cheques - Cheques are a traditional payment instrument that offers a clear payment history and the benefit of delayed payment processing.
However, they come with the risk of bounced cheques and the need to write, mail and deposit them.

6. Net Banking- Online banking allows you to transfer money between bank accounts or make payments electronically. It is a convenient and
secure payment method, but it may require internet access and some knowledge of Net Banking platforms. To accept online banking payments,
businesses need to share bank account details with customers and integrate online payment gateways into their websites or systems.

7. UPI and QR Codes- Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and QR code payments have gained immense popularity in India. They allow instant
transfers and payments using UPI-enabled mobile apps. They are highly convenient, cost-effective and secure. Accepting payments through
UPI and QR codes involves generating and displaying QR codes to scan or sharing UPI IDs to transfer funds. Businesses need to ensure that
QR codes are secure from tampering

5. What are the facilities an organization could have from ‘Customer Relationship Management System’?

CRM Benefits - Collecting and organizing actionable customer data is a full-time job that doesn't forgive mistakes. As such, investing in a quality
customer relationship management (CRM) tool is essential for any business that wants to take customer satisfaction to the next level. CRM offers
many benefits to help you identify, understand and help your customers, so you never have to worry about losing revenue due to missing information.
Here are six benefits of CRM software that will help your business succeed.

• Better information management. The more you know about your customers, the better you can provide them with a positive experience that pays
off. Everything they do and every interaction with your organization must be identified, documented and recorded. To do this, you need to move
beyond sticky notes and unorganized files and start using advanced organizational technology that can not only accurately quantify and categorize
data for future use, but also make that data available across departments.•
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CRM for Improved Communication As mentioned above, CRM allows every employee to provide the same high level of service using the same
customer data. After all, even if your customers have one primary point of contact, there is a good chance that at some point that point of contact
may become unavailable and the customer will be forced to work with someone new. When this happens, many clients face the unfortunate prospect
of having to start over with someone who doesn't understand their unique preferences and issues. CRM eliminates this problem by delivering
detailed customer information to those who need it. As such, it doesn't matter who is helping the client at the time because they are working on the
same data. And because CRM is cloud-based and accessible from any Internet-enabled device, the benefits of mobile CRM communications aren't
limited to the office.

• CRM improves your customer service Your time is valuable, but so is your customers' time. And when your customers encounter a problem that
needs a solution, they'll be unhappy if the problem can't be addressed quickly. With CRM, as soon as a customer contacts your business, your reps
can retrieve all existing activity on past purchases, preferences, and anything else that might help them find a solution. In many cases, your more
experienced agents, armed with past and history, will find a solution in the first minutes thanks to the existing database of potential problems. And
if the solution isn't immediately obvious, it's easy to involve other representatives or even add answers through customer portals. With CRM,
customer support becomes a walk in the park.

• Advanced Analytics Data and Reporting Miscalculated data should not be the cause of failure as this is no longer possible with CRM. CRM
systems store data in one place, which improves data analysis overall. Easily integrated with various tools or plugins, you can generate automated
reports to maximize your time. Customize your dashboard views to quickly find the information you need, such as customer data, sales goals and
performance reports, to unlock untapped opportunities. With better reporting information, you can make insightful and effective decisions to achieve
customer loyalty and long-term profitability..

6. Why is vendor management important? What are the key issues to consider for managing vendors carefully?

Importance of Vendor Management

There are several reasons why vendor management is important in a business. Vendor management services enable businesses to identify the
right vendor for specific business needs. More importantly, companies can use vendor management to reduce the risk of supply chain
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disruption and ensure that goods and services are delivered on time and to the expected standard. Vendor management services can be used to
achieve business goals by harnessing cost-saving opportunities and accelerating the vendor onboarding process. An effective supplier
relationship management strategy aids companies in building good vendor relationships and creating better opportunities to negotiate better
rates.

Challenges in Manual Vendor Management

Managing a handful of vendors may entail minimal effort in terms of contract and payment management. Vendor management for small
businesses may seem like a straightforward process that can be executed through manual efforts by the procurement team. Sourcing and vetting
new vendors, negotiating terms and drafting a contract, contract approval, subsequent payment of invoices, etc. are some of the tasks in vendor
management. As the scope of a business expands, vendor risk management requirements expand proportionally. Problems with manual vendor
management like inaccurate results, delays in purchase order and invoice approval, and data errors, can cost a business dearly.
A vendor management system helps overcome the vendor management issues mentioned above and also strengthens vendor relationships that
provide long-term business benefits.

1. Organizing all vendors into one centralized view

You work with dozens of vendors – from coffee capsule suppliers to employee engagement software providers. Organizing and managing them
effectively is impossible without suitable processes and tools.

2. Personalizing vendor onboarding and continuous support

You can’t standardize the entire onboarding process when you deal with vendors in completely different sectors. You must find a way to
personalize onboarding while delivering a consistent experience.

3. Relying too heavily on certain vendors

With strong buyer-vendor relationships comes the danger of supplier overreliance. What if you lose them? Your business operations will
inevitably be disrupted unless you have a supply chain backup plan.

4. Keeping your vendor data clean and compliant

With a vendor management system, your employees that are vendor and supplier-facing will be required to update order and vendor forms.
However, companies will have various processes for different vendors and unique workflows for contextual situations.