COMM2_digital-modulation_ASK-N-FSK

EXAMPLE: ASK

Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth necessary to pass a 10-kbps binary signal using amplitude
shift keying.

ANSWER:

For an ASK, N = 1

Baud = B = fb/ N = 10 000/ 1 = 10 000

Note: the use of amplitude modulated analog carriers to transport digital information is relatively low-
quality, low-cost type of digital modulation and therefore, is seldom used except for very low speed
telemetry circuits.

EXAMPLE: FSK

Determine

(a) the peak frequency deviation

(b) minimum bandwidth and

(c) baud

for a binary FSK signal with a mark frequency of fm = 49 kHz, a space frequency of fs = 51 kHz and an
input bit rate of fb = 2 kbps.

ANSWER:

(a) Using:

f = 49 kHz – 51 kHz/2

= 1 kHz

(b) Using B = 2 (f + fb)

= 2 (1 000 + 2 000)

= 6 kHz

(c) For an FSK, N =1

Baud = fb/ N

= 2 000/ 1

= 2 000
EXAMPLE: FSK BESSEL

Using a Bessel table, determine the minimum bandwidth for a 10 kbps FSK signal.

ANSWER:

Using

h = 49 kHz – 51 kHz  / 2 kbps

h=1

From a Bessel table, 3 sets of significant side bands are produced for a modulation index of one.
Therefore, the bandwidth can be expressed as follows.

B = 2(3 X 1000)

= 6 000 Hz.

TOPIC: Digital modulation, ASK and FSK

1. Determine the bandwidth and baud for an FSK signal with a mark frequency of 32 kHz, a space
frequency of 24 kHz and a bit rate of 4 kbps.

2. Determine the maximum bit rate for an FSK signal with a mark frequency of 48 kHz a space
frequency of 52 kHz, an available bandwidth of 10 kHz.

EXAMPLE: BPSK

For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an input bit rate of 10 Mbps, determine
the maximum and minimum upper and lower side frequencies, draw the output spectrum, determine
the minimum Nyquist bandwidth, and calculate the baud.

ANSWER:

Using BPSK output = [sin(2fat) X sin(2fct)]

= [sin 2(5 MHz)t][sin2(70 MHz)t)]

= ½ cos 2(70 MHz - 5 MHz)t – ½ cos 2 (70 MHz + 5 MHz)t

lower side frequency upper side frequency

Minimum lower side frequency(LSF)

LSF = 70 MHz – 5 MHz = 65 MHz

Maximum upper side frequency(USF)

 USF = 70 MHz + 5MHz = 75 MHz

The minimum Nyquist bandwidth is B = 75 MHz – 65 MHz = 10 MHz

Baud = fb = 10 Mbaud

EXAMPLE: QPSK

For the QPSK modulator shown below, construct the truth table, phasor diagram and the constellation
diagram.

ANSWER:

For a binary data input of Q = 0 and I = 0, the two inputs to the I balanced modulator are -1 and sin ct
and the two inputs to the Q modulator are -1 and cos ct .

The outputs are:

I balanced modulator = (-1)(sin ct ) = -1 sin ct

Q balanced modulator = (-1)(cos ct ) = -1 cos ct

And the output of the linear summer is:

-1 sin ct -1 cos ct = 1.414 sin(ct -135)

 Truth Table

Constellation Diagram

Phasor Diagram

OUTPUT PHASE VERSUS TIME RELATIONSHIP FOR A QPSK MODULATOR

EXAMPLE

For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate fb equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
determine the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth fN and the baud.

ANSWER

The bit rate in both the I and Q channels is equal to ½ of the transmission bit rate, or:
The highest fundamental frequency presented to either the balanced modulator is:

The output wave from each balanced modulator is:

The minimum Nyquist bandwidth is:

The symbol rate equals the bandwidth, thus:

And the output spectrum is:

Note that B = fb/ N

= 10 Mbps/ 2

B = 5 Mbps

EXAMPLE: 8 PSK

For the tribit input of Q = 0, I = 0 and C = 0, determine the output phase for the 8 PSK modulator shown
below.

ANSWER

The inputs to the I channel 2-to-4 level converter are I = 0 and C = 0

The inputs to the Q channel 2-to-4 level converter are Q = 0 and C’ = 1

Using:
The output of the I channel 2-to-4 level converter is -0.541 V, the output of the Q channel 2-to-4 level
converter is -1.307.

Thus the input to the I channel product modulators are -0.541 and sinct and the output is - 0.541 sinct

The input to the Q channel product modulators are -1.307 and cos ct and the output is -1.307 cosct .

The outputs of t I and Q channel product modulators are combined in the linear summer and produce
the modulated output of = -0541 sin ct - 1.307 cosct = 1.41 sin (ct – 112.5)

8 PSK TRUTH TABLE, PHASE AND CONSTELATION DIAGRAM

Truth Table Phasor Diagram

 Constellation Diagram

OUTPUT PHASE VERSUS TIME RELATIONSHIP OF AN 8 PSK MODULATOR

EXAMPLE

For an 8 PSK modulator with an input data rate is equal to fb =10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of fc = 70
MHz, determine the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth fN and the baud.

Use the 8 PSK block diagram below as the modulator model.

ANSWER Given fb =10 Mbps, fc = 70 MHz, find fN and Baud

The bit rate in the I, Q, C channels is equal to 1/3 fb.

fbc = fbI = fbQ = fb/3 = 10Mbps/3 = 3.33 Mbps

The fastest rate of change and the highest fundamental frequency presented to either balanced
modulator is:

fa = fb/6 = 1.667 Mbps

The output wave from the balance modulator is

The minimum Nyquist bandwidth is:

or simply B = fb/3
The baud equals the bandwidth

The output spectrum is as follows:

EXAMPLE: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Determine if the sequence is periodic or not. If it is periodic, find the fundamental period.

1.

2.

3.

ANSWER:

Use

1. aperiodic

2. aperiodic

3. periodic, N = 16
EXAMPLE: EVEN AND ODD

Find the even and odd parts of x(n) = u(n)

ANSWER:

x(n) = u(n)

Using:

x(n) = xe(n) + xo(n)

xe(n) = ½ [x(n) + x(-n)]

xo(n) = ½ [x(n) - x(-n)]

If x(n) = u(n)

xe(n) = ½ [x(n) + x(-n)] = ½ [u(n) + u(-n)]

Note that:

xe(n) = { 1 for n=0 and ½ otherwise

xe(n) = ½ + ½ (n)

xo(n) = ½ [x(n) - x(-n)] = ½ [u(n) - u(-n)]

= { ½ for n  0, 0 for n = 0 and -1/2 for n  0

= ½ sgn(n), where sgn is the signum function

EXAMPLE: CONJUGATE SYMMMETRIC

Find the conjugate symmetric part of the sequence:

x(n) = jejn/4

ANSWER:

x(n) = jejn/4

Note: Euler’s identity,

Using: xe(n) = ½ [x(n) + x*(-n)],

xe(n) = ½ [jejn/4 - jejn/4]

=0

Thus the sequence is conjugate antisymmetric