12/8/24, 1:56 PM explain resolution in first order logic.

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First-Order Logic in Artificial Intelligence - Naukri Co
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In First-Order Logic (FOL), "resolution" is a powerful inference rule that
24 Aug 2024 — Steps for Resolution 1. Conversion to Clau
allows you to prove a statement by showing a contradiction arises when Form: The statements in FOL are transformed into clausal
you assume the negation of that statement, essentially by combining Naukri.com
clauses with complementary literals to derive new information and
eventually reach an empty clause, signifying a logical contradiction ; it's a
key component in automated theorem proving systems. First-order logic - Wikipedia
Resolution. ... The resolution rule is a single rule of inferen
Key points about resolution: that, together with unification, is sound and complete for fir
Wikipedia
Clausal form:
To apply resolution, all statements in FOL need to be converted into "clausal form,"
where each clause is a disjunction (OR) of literals (positive or negated atomic formulas). Resolution Method - an overview | ScienceDirect To
Resolution Method is a proof procedure in computer scienc
Complementary literals: particularly suitable for propositional and first-order logics,…
The core of resolution is finding complementary literals (a literal and its negation) within ScienceDirect.com
different clauses.

Unification:
Show all
To match complementary literals, a process called "unification" is used, where variables
in the literals are substituted with appropriate values to make them identical.

Example with steps:

Problem: Prove "Everyone who owns a dog is happy" given the following
statements:
"If someone owns a dog, then they are a pet owner" (P(x) -> O(x))
"Every pet owner is happy" (O(x) -> H(x))

Steps:
Convert to clausal form:
"P(x) -> O(x)" becomes "¬P(x) ∨ O(x)" (using implication to disjunction)
"O(x) -> H(x)" becomes "¬O(x) ∨ H(x)"

Negation of the statement to be proven:

"Everyone who owns a dog is happy" becomes "∃x (P(x) ∧ ¬H(x))" (exists someone
who owns a dog but is not happy)
In clausal form: "P(a) ∧ ¬H(a)" (where "a" is a new variable representing an
individual)

Apply resolution:
Step 1: Select clauses to resolve. Choose "¬P(x) ∨ O(x)" and "P(a) ∧ ¬H(a)".
Step 2: Unify "P(x)" and "P(a)" by substituting "x" with "a" to get "¬P(a) ∨ O(a)" and
"P(a) ∧ ¬H(a)".
Step 3: Remove the complementary literals "P(a)" and "¬P(a)" to get "O(a) ∧ ¬H(a)".
Step 4: Select "¬O(x) ∨ H(x)" and "O(a) ∧ ¬H(a)".
Step 5: Unify "O(x)" with "O(a)" (substituting "x" with "a") to get "¬O(a) ∨ H(a)" and
"O(a) ∧ ¬H(a)".
Step 6: Remove complementary literals "O(a)" and "¬O(a)" to get "¬H(a)".

Empty clause reached:

Since "¬H(a)" is a single negated literal, we have reached an empty clause,
signifying a contradiction. This means the original assumption (that there is

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12/8/24, 1:56 PM explain resolution in first order logic. explain in detail with easy example in steps - Google Search
someone who owns a dog but isn't happy) is false, therefore proving the statement
"Everyone who owns a dog is happy".

Key takeaway: Resolution is a powerful inference rule in FOL that repeatedly

combines clauses with complementary literals, using unification to match them,
until a contradiction (empty clause) is derived, thus proving the desired
statement.

Generative AI is experimental.

తెలుగు‌లో In English

The resolution rule for first-order logic is simply a lifted

version of the propositional rule. Resolution can
resolve two clauses if they contain complementary
literals, which are assumed to be standardized apart
so that they share no variables. Where li and mj are
complementary literals.

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First-order logic in Artificial Intelligence

First-order logic is also known as Predicate logic or First-order predicate logic. First-order logic
is a powerful language that develops information about the ...

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