Communication is your ticket to success, frustrated, leading to decreased 2.

d 2.Lack of Reviews: At the same time, channel, receiver and feedback. Other
if you pay attention and learn to do it productivity and the breakdown of communication may become confusing if elements such as the noise and the setting
effectively.” (Theo Gold) professional relationships. people don’t review the messages they put are also present in the communication in
out there. For example, an email sent in a no definite time and place. The following
Bad communication literally drains hurry may contain numerous typos and components (Dapat, Sadorra, & Lumabi,
organizations of valuable resources. Here are some of the most common
errors that would normally be found if the 2016) are essential in the communication
One survey shows that even for companies reasons lack of communication occurs:
sender simply reviewed the email before process.
with only 100 employees, poor sending it.
communication costs the business, on 1. Gossip:Rumors remain one of the  Communication is a process that
average, about $420,000 every year. Yet, most common examples of poor involves sending and receiving
profit losses are only one consequence of communication. Anyone in the company, What Causes Poor Communication?
messages through the verbal and non-
this organizational problem. Workplaces from the CEO down to newly hired The growing acceptance of remote work verbal methods.
with poor communication are difficult interns, can be the source of gossip. has led to fewer in-person interactions. It’s  Communication is a two-way means
environments to perform in. People who Gossip is often full of inaccuracies and also led to a general lack of of communicating information in the
work for companies where effective exaggerations, even if people don’t mean communication. Poor communication also form of thoughts, opinions, and ideas
communication isn’t a top priority face it that way. A co-worker spreading a sometimes results from several factors between two or more individuals
high degrees of frustration and low levels rumor about reorganization leading to including poor leadership, unclear with the purpose of building an
of job satisfaction. For example, a lack future layoffs is just one example of gossip organization, and the individual skills of understanding.
of employee recognition and appreciation growing out of control. the workers. In fact, if a workforce, in
can result in team members feeling like general, has poor communication skills,
they’re being taken for granted. When this misunderstandings may become common.
happens, businesses suffer in ways that go 2.Written Communication: At a time
beyond the bottom line. As a consequence when remote work has become the norm, Another major reason for poor
of poor communication, organizational face-to-face communication is less communication comes from a lack
leaders have difficulty with workplace common. Without the type of verbal cues of emotional intelligence in the
conflict, employee retention, associated with simply speaking to another workplace. Strong emotional intelligence
productivity, and profitability. human being, people can interpret written among workers means they build solid
communication incorrectly. For example, relationships. They work together as a
a manager’s email to an employee could team, which of course indicates they
What is Poor Communication?
be blunt and direct, but the employee may communicate well with each other. This
interpret the message as the manager being goes the same for leaders, who must work
Poor communication happens when what on improving their own emotional
angry and unsatisfied.
one person says is different from what intelligence to create a company culture
another person understands. This is often that tries to better their communication
the result of information shared in an 1.Lack of Confirmation: No email is
perfect. That’s why people must confirm practices at every turn. Emotional
improper, hasty, or overly complex intelligence helps everyone understand
manner. Messages become muddled, and the information they receive. However,
this is a step that too many people skip, each other, increasing social awareness in
assumptions run rampant. In terms of who the process.
poorly communicates in an organization, leading to further misunderstandings. For
there is no one type of person. It can example, if an employee sends an email
happen at every level of a company. For asking their coworker for help on a
example, managers may poorly project, the coworker should send an email FUNDAMENTALS OF 1. The Sender (or the speaker)- holds an
communicate with those they direct, co- back confirming their availability. COMMUNICATION idea that needs to be conveyed as a
workers might read each others’ meanings Otherwise, the first employee may assume message in oral or written from influenced
incorrectly, and employees may their coworker can immediately help out. The elements of communication constitute by experiences.
ineffectively describe situations to their the communication process. Usually, the Knowledge, skills, situation, purpose and
bosses. As a result, many people may feel process starts with sender, message, attitude toward self and the listener. The
sender’s goal is to transfer the message by b. Semantic Noise is the different A model is a visual representation of the
all means. understanding of the meaning of the  30% of what they see communication process to understand
message sent which considers language, clearly the roles of the each element.
2.The Receiver (or the listener)- decodes cultures, or hand writing.  40% of what they hear and see Basically, there are three models of the
the conveyed message. He/She filters the communication process described by the
message based on his/her frame of c. Psychological Noise depends on one’s 5 the sender’s message. Feedback can be experts. Linear, Interactive, and
reference, which includes the level of concept or mentality towards the message in the form of verbal or non verbal Transactional. They represent the
knowledge about the subject, language or the speaker such as prejudices, narrow response. simplest to the most complex perspectives
proficiency, experiences, values and mindedness, and biases. of the communication process.
attitudes. 6. The Situation- is the time and place in
BASIC RULES OF which communication occurs. Communication Models
3. The message- is any idea delivered COMMUNICATION Communication adapts to the
by the sender to the receiver. A setting. For example, the language of Shannon and Weaver were the first to
message can be in verbal form (i.e., NOTE THE FOLLOWING students in the classroom is quite different present the Linear Model of
written or spoken words, sign QUESTIONS AS GUIDE: from the language they use Communication in 1949’s The
language, e-mail, text messages, at home. Mathematical Theory of Communication
phone calls, snail-mail, sky-writing, 1. Who is your audience? (Gavi, 2013). This is tha basic concept of
etc.) with nonverbal content (e.g., 2. Why are you communicating? 7. The Feedback- is the receiver’s communication where a
body movement and gestures, eye 3. What are you communicating about? message that he or she sends to the source speaker simply transmits a message to the
contact, artifacts and clothing, vocal 4. What could be the possible in response to the sender’s listener.
variety, touch, timing, etc.) objections? message. Feedback can be in the form of
5. Have you presented a comprehensive verbal or non verbal response. Dapat, Sadorra & Lumabi (2016) have
4.The Channel- is the medium or means picture about the given the following
through which the message is transmitted. 6. situation? Interactive Communication Model characteristics of the simplest model of
The primary channels in face-to-face 7. Are you a credible source of communication:
communication are sound and sight. information? This model recognizes the involvement of
Public announcements and 8. Have you used multiple more than one participant at the same time a) It is a unindirectional model. The
advertisements are commonly sent through communication technique? using two-directional process is moving in one direction
radio, television, internet, newspapers and 9. Is the volume of information easily communication known as “feedback only, which means the speaker is
magazines. Other channels communicate manageable? loop”. Schramm (1954, as cited in Whaley sending a message to the receiver
nonverbal messages through the use of 10. What are the creative ways done to & Samter, 2013) proposed continuous with or without effect.
other human senses such as touching, present information? loop (interactive model) with
smelling, tasting. 11. Have you developed a practical, communicators simultaneously sending b) It present a simple communication
useful way to get the feedback? and receiving messages. Westley act. The Linear model does not look
5. The noise- is also known as the barrier 12. Do you have additional information Mac Lean (1957, as cited in Whaley & like a process. Instead, it is a
that affects the message from being sent, that would add depth to your Samter, 2013) produced and corrected transmission only of a cause and
received, or understood. message? version of the linear model including effect or also known as a one-way
feedback loops. Lastly, Berlo (1967, 1977 casualty.
THE GOLDEN RATIO OF EFECTIVE as cited in Whaley & Samter, 2013) finally
Noise is classified in the following forms: COMMUNICATION imposed the notion that c. It involves persuasion , not mutual
communication is dynamic interractive understanding. The Linear model
a. Physical Noise is the noise from the PEOPLE REMEMBER: process and communication cannot be promotes influence or advice rather than
environment such as isolated or separated from other cultivating a mutual understanding
beeping cars, talking people, ringing  10% of what they read events. among communicators.
phones, barking dogs, etc.
 20% of what they hear
d. It values psychological effects over effective if it receives the desired result, 4. Communication is relational – the communication are to be accepted as one’s
social effects. The linear model response or reaction (Lorente, et al., sender and the receiver in most cases are responsibility.
concentrates on the psychological effects 2017) socially and personally related.
(such as the individual understanding Ethical communication also assumes that
of the message) of the communicators 3. Transactional Communication Model 5. Communication involves frames – communicated information is always
rather than the social effects (like the frames are basic forms of knowledge that presented (and received by the listener)
relationships among communicators). The transaction model generates social provide a definition of a scenario, either according to one’s subjective perception,
expectancies in communal, relative, and because both people agree on the even if only in the most minimal way, and
ethnic contexts among communicators. definition of the situation because the thus the goal of ethical communication is
Here, the exchange of messages creates cultural assumption built into the to be as
relationships, form intercultural alliances, interaction. It helps people understand objective as possible when communicating
shape self-concepts, and engage with their role and what is expected of them. with others and to ensure that every
others in dialogue to create communities. recipient receives the same message.
The roles of sender and receiver in the 6. Communication is both
transaction model of communication differ presentational and representational – Openness and Transparency
significantly from the other models. Thus communication is never neutral. It always Truthfulness & honesty is the most
the transaction model conveys the perspective or worldview of core principle of ethical communication.
encourages both the sender and receiver to the person sending the message. This means that speaking 99 percent of the
communicate simultaneously.. truth in a matter - while leaving out one
7. Communication is a transaction – percent of the facts - is not ethical
7 COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES – communication is a construction of shared communication, as omitting any detail
are inherent in the communication meanings or understanding between two (intentionally) changes the way that a
process, this principles serve as the individuals. It is through listener will perceive an event. Thus, being
fundamental truth or proposition that communication that the maintenance , 100 percent open and transparent, and
serves as the foundation for effective negotiation, challenges and alterations of hiding nothing, is key in order for all
communication. relationships occur. business relationships - whether
within a business between its members, or
1. Communication involves symbols – a Fundamentals Of Ethical with business and their partners, or even
symbol is an arbitrary representation of an Communication customers - to succeed in the short term
object, place, person, relationship, word and long term.
movement, sound, etc. Verbal Perhaps the main principle of ethical
communication involves language communication is honesty, as other factors Principles of Ethical Communication
while nonverbal communication involves stem from this core value of presenting
all other symbols. information in the most reliable and There are a myriad of core principles
factual way possible. Any attempt to associated with ethical communication,
2. Communication requires meaning – mislead or present confusing information starting with the core value of honesty that
communication requires that symbols is not ethical communication. all other values are connected to.
convey meaning. What a symbol Additionally, the “honesty” principle of However, it can be said that there is a
In the more complex interactive model, the
represents is said to be its meaning. ethical communication is linked value underlying honesty (with regard to
sender channels a message to the receiver
inexorably to other core principles - ethical communication) and that is
and the receiver and the receiver then send
3. Communication is culture related – consistency and responsibility. This entails emotional intelligence/empathy as the
a feedback and channels a message to the
culture influences communication while that precursor of all soft skills, which allows
original sender. In
communication creates and reinforces information presented to different parties all personnel to be understood, and to
this context, the interactive model is like
these cultural influences. be consistent, and that short-term and effectively communicate with others.
two linear models piled on top of each
long- term consequences of honest Emotional intelligence, within the
other. Communication is considered
framework of ethical communication, communications, with judgmental, been said before constructing a reply. appropriate when it comes to honoring
allows one to understand accusatory, and overly-critical comments Reading “in between the lines” is also an client and employee confidentiality and
the needs of others, and meet those needs often being the catalyst for such important skill that allows for privacy. This can have a wide range of
in the most efficient manner possible as if breakdowns in communication. understanding what isn’t said, but was implications, including minimizing
you were in their shoes. implicitly said or implied. workplace gossip, and mitigating toxic
4. Speak From Your Own Experience conversations about the private lives of
1. Be Truthful And Honest Bringing your personal experience into a 7. Avoid A Negative Tone clients and/or personnel.
Being honest means communicating what dialogue with business listeners is Ethically communicating assumes the .
is known to be true (only 100 percent the important, providing backup for your speaker will avoid rudeness, be polite and 10. Accept Responsibility
facts) to a listener, with no intent to arguments with something more tangible. professional, and have tact. The ethical As noted before, a core tenant within any
deceive or present only parts of the truth. Such a communication method communicator knows that it’s not only ethical communication framework is
It also means being as objective as (experiential communication) paints a important what you say, but how you say taking responsibility for the actions that
possible, that is, not tailoring the story complete picture for your audience and it. Tone is one of the most critical facets of result from one’s words, whether it be
based on what the helps to prove your points so that the communication. A listener may miss the good or bad. This includes both short term
speaker wants the listener to believe. listeners have a better understanding of meaning altogether if the tone is wrong, and long term consequences of one’s
Letting the listener take the data that is what is being said. which can lead to unnecessary communications. Owning one’s words
objectively presented and believe what confrontations that decrease business reinforces the importance of being
they choose to believe is a core goal of 5. Consider the Receiver’s Preferred productivity. Controlling one’s tone goes conscientious about ethical
ethical communication. Ethical Communication Channel along with self-control, a soft skill that communication.
communication should be based on You risk losing an audience if you use a allows one to know how they wish to reply
accurate information and facts - in a communication channel that is not to a terse business message (for instance) MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
word, do not lie. preferred by your intended receiver. To versus the most effective manner for
effectively communicate with your replying. Essentially, keeping the tone Linear Model – explains the process of
2. Active Listening listeners, use the most preferred positive or neutral is best, as the tone of a one-way communication, whereby sender
Hearing someone and listening to them are communication channel, whether that be written message - or of one’s voice - is transmits a message and a receiver absorbs
two different things. In order for ethical face-to-face, email, conference call, always picked up by the receiver, it. It’s a straightforward communication
communication to be effective, it is phone call, messenger app, etc. Also, and can alter how the message is received model.
necessary for the recipient to pro-actively when presenting data to a business and/or understood.
listen to the speaker, and to not just hear audience, be aware of the preferred 1. Aristotle Model of Communication
what they want to hear, or to hear only method of presentation for that business, 8. Do Not Interrupt Others ● The Aristotle’s communication model
parts of the conversation. This also means whether it be graphs,slides, PowerPoint Allowing others to speak is important for is a speaker centered model as the speaker
asking questions when any point is not presentations, etc. Additionally, since the creation of a civil, effective working has the most important role in it and is the
completely body language is very important, it is often environment. Interrupting others results in only one active.It is the speaker’s role to
understood, for the sake of clarification. preferred to meet business clients face-to- misunderstandings and unnecessary deliver a speech to the audience. The role
face. conflict and a breakdown in workplace of the audience is passive, influenced by
communications, which only hinders the speech. This makes the communication
3. Speak Non-Judgmentally corporate progress and creates problems. process one way, from speaker to receiver.
Ethically and concisely communicating 6. Strive To Understand Interrupting others not only shows a lack The speaker must be very careful about his
means speaking in a non-judgmental While it is important to be proactive in of respect, but does not selection of words and content in this
mannerwith every recipient, negating listening, it is important for listeners to allow the listener to fully grasp what is model of communication. He should
unnecessary conflict, which typically also strive to fully understand what is being said, which often results in incorrect understand his target audience and then
creates a breakdown in communication being said before responding. While assumptions being made. prepare his speech.
and causes misunderstandings. asking for clarification or confirmation of
Unnecessary conflict is never good a point is fine, many times questions that 9. Respect Privacy And Confidentiality
for any business, and such conflicts listeners pose have already been answered. Most businesses should include a clause in
usually result from unethical Listeners should think about what has their code of ethics defining what is
2. Berlo’s Model of Communication
● Berlo’s SMCR Model of
Communication represents the process of
communication.The sender- message-
channel-receiver (SMCR) model of
communication, sometimes called the
Berlo model, is the most basic form of
communication we engage in today.
● The model focuses on encoding and
decoding which happens before sender
sends the message and before receiver
receives the message respectively
●Berlo’s communication process is a
simple application for person-to-person
communication, which includes
communication source, encoder, message,
channel, decoder, and communication
receiver. In addition, David Berlo
presented some factors that influence the
communication process between two
people. The factors include
communication skills, awareness level,
social system, cultural system, and
attitude.