CHAPTER 7: PURE BENDING

7.0 Introduction

7.1 Bending deformation

7.2 Stress due to pure bending

7.3 Composite section

7.4 Stress concentration

7.5 Plastic analysis

7.0 INTRODUCTION

Pure Bending: Prismatic members subjected

to equal and opposite couples acting in the
same longitudinal plane
 7.0 INTRODUCTION
OTHER LOADING TYPES

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple

• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple

• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
 7.0 INTRODUCTION
SYMMETRIC MEMBERS IN PURE BENDING
• Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent
to a couple. The moment of the couple is the
section bending moment.
• From statics, a couple M consists of two equal
and opposite forces.
• The sum of the components of the forces in any
direction is zero.
• The moment is the same about any axis
perpendicular to the plane of the couple and
zero about any axis contained in the plane.

𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝑑𝐴
• These requirements may be applied to the sums
𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝐴
of the components and moments of the statically
indeterminate elementary internal forces.

z 𝑁𝑧 = න 𝜎𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = 0
x
𝑀𝑥 = න 𝑧𝜎𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑀
x
𝑀𝑦 = න 𝑥𝜎𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = 0
 7.1 BENDING DEFORMATIONS
BENDING DEFORMATIONS

Limitation: Beam with a plane of

symmetry in pure bending:
• Cross section of the member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar

z
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change
z
• stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
x
below it
 7.1 BENDNG DEFORMATIONS
STRAIN DUE TO BENDING

Consider a beam segment of length L.

After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
𝐿′ = (𝜌 − 𝑦)𝜃
𝛿 = 𝐿 − 𝐿′ = 𝜌𝜃 − 𝜌 − 𝑦 𝜃 = 𝑦𝜃

𝛿 𝑦𝜃 𝑦
𝜀𝑧 = = =
𝐿 𝜌𝜃 𝜌
z

x
 7.2 STRESS DUE TO PURE BENDING
STRESS DUE TO BENDING 𝑀

• For a linearly elastic material,

𝑦
𝜎𝑧 = 𝐸𝜀𝑧 = 𝐸 𝜌
𝜎𝑧
(stress varies linearly)
• For static equilibrium,
𝑁𝑧 = න 𝜎𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝐸𝜀𝑧 𝑑𝐴
• For static equilibrium,
𝐸
= න 𝑦𝑑𝐴 = 0 𝑀 = න 𝑦𝜎𝑧 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑦𝐸𝜀𝑧 𝑑𝐴
𝜌
First moment with respect to neutral 𝐸 1
2
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral = න 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸𝐼
𝜌 𝜌
surface must pass through the
1 𝑀
section centroid. =
𝜌 𝐸𝐼

𝑀𝑦 𝑀
𝜎𝑧 = 𝐸𝜀𝑧 = 𝐸 = 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝐼
(stress varies linearly)
 7.2 STRESS DUE TO PURE BENDING
BEAM SECTION PROPERTIES σm – maximum normal stress on the
cross section
• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m = =
I S
I = section moment of inertia
I (moment kháng uốn của mặt
S = = section modulus
c cắt ngang)
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S= = bh23/6= 16 Ah
= 16bh
c h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the greater depth
will be more effective in resisting bending.
• Structural steel beams are designed to have a
large section modulus.
 7.2 STRESS DUE TO PURE BENDING
DEFORMATIONS IN A TRANSVERSE CROSS SECTION

• Deformation due to bending moment M is

quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1   1 Mc
= m = m =
 c Ec Ec I
M 1 𝑀𝑥
= =
EI 𝜌 𝐸𝐼𝑥

• Although cross sectional planes remain planar

when subjected to bending moments, in-plane
𝑥 𝑧 deformations are nonzero,
𝜐𝑦 𝜐𝑦
𝜀𝑦 = −𝜐𝜀𝑧 = 𝜀𝑥 = −𝜐𝜀𝑧 =
𝜌 𝜌

• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1 
= = anticlasti c curvature
 
 7.2 STRESS DUE TO BENDING
PROPERTIES OF AMERICAN STANDARD SHAPES
 7.2 STRESS DUE TO PURE BENDING
EXAMPLE 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y =
 yA
A
(
I x =  I + A d 2 )
c • Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
x’ compressive stresses.
Mc
m =
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 • Calculate the curvature
GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets 1 M
=
(đường gờ cong), determine (a) the  EI
maximum tensile and compressive
stresses, (b) the radius of curvature.
 7.2 STRESS DUE TO PURE BENDING
EXAMPLE 7.01
y
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90 = 1800 50 90 103
2 40  30 = 1200 20 24 103
3
 A = 3000  yA = 114 10

3
 yA 114 10
Y = = = 38 mm
A 3000

( ) (
I x =  I + A d 2 =  12
1 bh3 + A d 2 )
( )(
1 90  203 + 1800  122 + 1 30  403 + 1200  182
= 12 12
)
I = 868 103 mm = 868 10-9 m 4
 7.2 STRESS DUE TO PURE BENDING
EXAMPLE 7.01

• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the

maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m =
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A = +76.0 MPa
A = =
I 868 10−9 mm4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m
B = − =−  B = −131.3 MPa
I 868 10−9 mm4

• Calculate the curvature

1 M
=
 EI
σmax – maximum positive stress 3 kN  m 1
= 20.95 10−3 m -1
(165 GPa )(868 10-9 m 4 )
=

σmin – maximum negative stress  = 47.7 m
 7.2 STRESS DUE TO PURE BENDING
TECHNICAL EXPRESSION
 min

x z z

 max
y Mx > 0 z z

 max

z z

 min
z z
Mx < 0
 7.2 STRESS DUE TO PURE BENDING
TECHNICAL EXPRESSION

Mx
x = y
Ix x
tension
y max = cmax
tension

compression
y max = cmax
compression

Mx
 max = tension
Mx
  tension
c max
Ix  max = tension
c max
Ix
For safety:
Mx
 min = −  min =  compression
compression
c max
Ix
 7.3 COMPOSITE SECTION
BENDING MEMBERS MADE OF SEVERAL ATERIALS
• Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
• Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x = −

• Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
 1 = E1 x = −  2 = E2 x = −
 
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1 =  1dA = − 1 dA dF2 =  2 dA = − 2 dA
 
My
x = − • Define a transformed section such that
I
1 =  x  2 = n x dF2 = −
(nE1 ) y dA = − E1 y (n dA) E
n= 2
  E1
 7.3 COMPOSITE SECTION
EXAMPLE 7.02
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass

• Evaluate the cross sectional properties of

the transformed section

• Calculate the maximum stress in the

transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass • Determine the maximum stress in the
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the steel portion of the bar by multiplying
maximum stress in the steel and the maximum stress for the transformed
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in section by the ratio of the moduli of
is applied. elasticity.
 7.3 COMPOSITE SECTION
EXAMPLE 7.02
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n= = = 1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT = 0.4 in + 1.933  0.75 in + 0.4 in = 2.25 in

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 b h3 = 1 (2.25 in.)(3 in )3
I = 12 T 12
= 5.063 in 4

• Calculate the maximum stresses

Mc (40 kip  in )(1.5 in )
m = = 4
= 11.85 ksi
I 5.063 in

( b )max =  m ( b )max = 11.85 ksi

( s )max = n m = 1.933 11.85 ksi ( s )max = 22.9 ksi
 7.3 COMPOSITE SECTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
• Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
(bx) x − n As (d − x ) = 0
2
1 b x2 + n As x − n As d = 0
2

• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x = −
I
c =  x  s = n x
 7.3 COMPOSITE SECTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS – EXAMPLE 7.03

SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.

• Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.

• Calculate the maximum stresses

in the concrete and steel.

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.
 7.3 COMPOSITE SECTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS – EXAMPLE 7.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29 106 psi
n= = 6
= 8.06
Ec 3.6 10 psi


( )
nAs = 8.06  24 85 in  = 4.95 in 2
2


• Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
 x
12 x  − 4.95(4 − x ) = 0 x = 1.450 in
 2
( )
I = 13 (12 in )(1.45 in )3 + 4.95 in 2 (2.55 in )2 = 44.4 in 4

• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 40 kip  in 1.45 in
c = =  c = 1.306 ksi
I 44.4 in 4
Mc 40 kip  in  2.55 in  s = 18.52 ksi
 s = n 2 = 8.06
I 44.4 in 4
 7.4 STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
STRESS CONENTRATIONS

Stress concentrations may occur: Mc

m = K
I
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied

• in the vicinity of abrupt changes

in cross section
 7.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS
• For any member subjected to pure bending
y
 x = − m strain varies linearly across the section
c
• If the member is made of a linearly elastic material,
the neutral axis passes through the section centroid
My
and x = −
I

• For a material with a nonlinear stress-strain curve,

the neutral axis location is found by satisfying
Fx =   x dA = 0 M =  − y x dA

• For a member with vertical and horizontal planes of

symmetry and a material with the same tensile and
compressive stress-strain relationship, the neutral
axis is located at the section centroid and the stress-
strain relationship may be used to map the strain
distribution from the stress distribution.
 7.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS

• When the maximum stress is equal to the ultimate

strength of the material, failure occurs and the
corresponding moment MU is referred to as the
ultimate bending moment.

• The modulus of rupture in bending, RB, is found

from an experimentally determined value of MU
and a fictitious linear stress distribution.
MU c
RB =
I

• RB may be used to determine MU of any

member made of the same material and with the
same cross sectional shape but different
dimensions.
 7.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
MEMBERS MADE OF AN ELASTOPLASTIC MATERIAL
• Rectangular beam made of an elastoplastic material
Mc
 x  Y m =
I
I
 m = Y M Y =  Y = maximum elastic moment
c
• If the moment is increased beyond the maximum
elastic moment, plastic zones develop around an
elastic core.
 2
3 M 1 − 1 yY

M =  yY = elastic core half - thickness
2 Y
 c 
3 2

• In the limit as the moment is increased further, the

elastic core thickness goes to zero, corresponding to a
fully plastic deformation.
M p = 32 M Y = plastic moment
Mp
k= = shape factor (depends only on cross section shape)
MY
 7.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS OF MEMBERS WITH A SINGLE PLANE OF
SYMMETRY
• Fully plastic deformation of a beam with only a
vertical plane of symmetry.

• The neutral axis cannot be assumed to pass

through the section centroid.

• Resultants R1 and R2 of the elementary

compressive and tensile forces form a couple.
R1 = R2
A1 Y = A2 Y
The neutral axis divides the section into equal
areas.

• The plastic moment for the member,

(
M p = 12 A Y d )
 7.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
RESIDUAL STRESSES

• Plastic zones develop in a member made of an

elastoplastic material if the bending moment is
large enough.

• Since the linear relation between normal stress

and strain applies at all points during the
unloading phase, it may be handled by assuming
the member to be fully elastic.

• Residual stresses are obtained by applying the

principle of superposition to combine the stresses
due to loading with a moment M (elastoplastic
deformation) and unloading with a moment -M
(elastic deformation).

• The final value of stress at a point will not, in

general, be zero.
 7.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 7.04, 7.05

A member of uniform rectangular cross section is

subjected to a bending moment M = 36.8 kN-m.
The member is made of an elastoplastic material
with a yield strength of 240 MPa and a modulus
of elasticity of 200 GPa.
Determine (a) the thickness of the elastic core, (b)
the radius of curvature of the neutral surface.
After the loading has been reduced back to zero,
determine (c) the distribution of residual stresses,
(d) radius of curvature.
 7.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 7.04, 7.05
• Thickness of elastic core:
 2
3 M 1 − 1 yY

M = 
2 Y 3 2
 c 
 
2
3 (28.8 kN  m )1 − 1 yY
36.8 kN  m = 
2  3 2 c 

yY yY
= = 0.666 2 yY = 80 mm
c 60 mm

• Radius of curvature:
• Maximum elastic moment: Y 240 106 Pa
Y = =
( )( ) 200 109 Pa
E
I 2 2 2 −3 −3 2
= bc = 3 50 10 m 60 10 m
c 3 = 1.2 10−3
= 120 10− 6 m3 y
Y = Y
I
( )
M Y =  Y = 120 10− 6 m3 (240 MPa )

c yY 40 10−3 m
= 28.8 kN  m = =  = 33.3 m
Y 1.2 10−3
 7.5 PLASTIC ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 7.04, 7.05

• M = 36.8 kN-m • M = -36.8 kN-m • M=0

yY = 40 mm Mc 36.8 kN  m At the edge of the elastic core,
 =
m =
 Y = 240 MPa I 120 106 m3 x − 35.5 106 Pa
= 306.7 MPa  2 Y x = =
E 200 109 Pa
= −177.5 10− 6
yY 40 10−3 m
 =− =
x 177.5 10− 6

 = 225 m