Üsküdar American Academy

Grade 12 Mathematics

Permutations I

Objectives:

Calculate factorial expressions and knows about counting principle.

Apply the multiplication principle.
Apply the idea of the permutation formula to given problems.
Solve permutation problems with repetition.

FACTORIAL

n!=1.2.3.4...(n-1)n
n!=n(n-1)!
0!=
1!=
5!=

8!+7!
Ex: Evaluate 2.6!+7!

𝑛(𝑛−2)!−(𝑛−1)! 1
Ex: If (𝑛−1)!−(𝑛−2)!
= 4

then find n.

Ex: Find sum of the different values of

 (𝑥−4)!+(𝑥−5)!
(𝑥−6)!+(7−𝑥)!

(𝑛+3)! (𝑛+2)!
Ex: Find the value of n if 9 (𝑛+1)!
= 8 𝑛!

Ex: Find the remainder when 0!+1!+2!+........+15! is divided by

a) 10
b) 12
c) 15

Ex: If A=3!+4!+.........+15! then find the unit digit of A.

Ex: Find the number of zeros at the end of 99!

Ex: Find the number of zeros at the end of the sum 56!+28!

𝑎
Ex: a and b are natural numbers. Find the maximum value of "a" if 8! = 2 . 𝑏

𝑎
Ex: a and b are natural numbers. Find the maximum value of "a" if 54! = 6 . 𝑏

Ex: a and b are natural numbers and a!=6.b!Find all possible ordered pairs (a,b)

𝑛
Ex: Find the maximum value of n if 1. 2. 3. 4. 5……100 = 2 . 𝐴 𝑛, 𝐴∈𝑁
 𝑛
Ex: Find the maximum value of n if 2. 4. 6. 8……100 = 2 . 𝐴 𝑛, 𝐴∈𝑁

𝑛
Ex: Find the maximum value of n if 1. 3. 5. 7…. 101 = 3 𝐴 𝑛, 𝐴∈𝑁

THE MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLE

The multiplication principle states that if an Action 1 can be performed in m different ways and if another
Action 2 can be performed in n different ways; then the number of different ways that Action 1 followed
by Action 2 can be performed is m .n ways.

Ex: If you have 4 sweaters and 2 pairs of jeans, how many different sweater-jean outfits can you make?

Ex: In how many ways can 8 people line up in a cafeteria line?

Ex: You are given a quiz made up of 5 True-False questions. In how many different ways can you answer
all the questions in the quiz?

Ex: The route from A to D passing through B and C are given.

a) In how many different ways can Ali travel from A to D?

b) Ali does not want to use the same path again on his way back home. In how many different ways can
he arrange his trip from A to D and back?

Ex: 4 letters will be delivered from 5 different post boxes. In how many ways can this be done if every
letter will be delivered from:

a) different post boxes?

b) different or same post boxes?

Ex: The digits 1,2,3,4,5,6 will be used for writing numbers. How many of them:
a) have 3 digits?

b) are 3 digit even numbers?

c) are 3 digit even numbers greater than 400?

d) are 4 digit n-numbers starting with 3 and ending with 4?

Ex: The digits 0,1,2,3,5,8 are used for writing 3 digit numbers. How many of them are odd?

Ex: Find the number of 4 digit numbers containing at least one digit of 5.

Ex: There are 11 people in a club. A president, a vice president and a secretary will be chosen. In how
many ways can this be done?

Ex: How many numbers between 100 and 1000 contain at least one 8?
Ex: How many numbers from 5000 to 6999 contain at least one 3 ?

Ex: 3 digit numbers using the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6 only once will be formed. How many:
a) numbers are there?

b) even numbers are there?

c) of them are greater than 400?

Ex: 3 digit numbers with different digits will be formed using the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6. How many numbers:
a) can be written?

b) are odd?

c) are greater than 500?

d) are even ?

e) are divisible by 5 ?
Ex: A large van is being used for a picnic. There will be 6 people riding in the van, and there are 6 seats
in the van, one of which is the driver's seat. One of the people will have to drive. Only 2 of the people are
licensed to drive the van. In how many different ways could the people seat themselves in the van so that
they have a licensed driver?

PERMUTATIONS :
Permutation is the rearrangement of objects or symbols into distinguishable sequences. Each unique
ordering is called a permutation. (For cases wherein the ordering of elements is irrelevant, compare
combination and set) For example, with the numerals one to six, each possible ordering consists of a
complete list of numerals, without repetition.There are 720 total permutations one of which is: 4,5,6,1,2,3

Ex: In how many different ways can 5 people choose to have duty in 5 different places?

Ex: Solve for n: P(n,4) = 30P(n,2)

Ex: Solve for n: 2P(n,2) + 50 = P(2n,2)

Ex: Solve for n: P(n,3)+P(n,1)+3P(n,2) = 64

Ex: 5 people must sit next to each other on a bench. In how many ways can this be done if:
a) there is no condition?

b) two particular people will sit next to each other?

Ex: If two particular people won’t sit next to each other, in how many ways can 6 people sit on a bench?

Ex: There are 7 empty rooms each with 1 bed in a hotel. In how many different ways can 4 friends choose
their rooms?

Ex: 4 math, 5 physics and 3 chemistry books will be placed on a shelf. In how many ways can this be
done if:

a) there is no condition?

b) Math books are together?

c) Books of the same subject are together?

Ex: 4 girls and 4 boys will be lined up. If two people of the same sex do not stand next to each other, in
how many ways can they be lined up?

Ex: 4 girls and 3 boys will have their photographs taken. In how many ways can this be done if the girls
will be in front and the boys at the back?

Ex: A certain chain of ice cream stores sells 28 different flavors, and a customer can order a single-,
double-, or triple-scoop cone. Suppose on a multiple-scoop cone that the order of the flavors is important
and that the flavors cannot be repeated. How many possible cones are there?

Ex: A number is called as Palindrom Number if its digits from left to right and from right to left is ordered
in the same way.
For example; 1 6 3 6 1 is a Palindrom Number.
How many 5-digit Palindrom Number are there?

Ex: In how many different ways can a child give his 3 different toys to his 4 friends?

Ex: A building has 8 floors and each floor will be painted with one of 4 different colors.
In how many different ways can the building be painted ıf the color of two floors which are at the top of
each other will not be the same?

Ex: In how many different ways can 5 students be seated in a row of 8 chairs if there must be no empty
chairs between them?

Ex:A meeting room has 5 seats in the front row and 4 seats in the back row. In how many ways can 3
friends be seated in the rows if they must all sit together?

Ex: If the permutations of 5 letters of the word

"N E H İ R" are ordered alphabetically, what is the 74th word from the beginning?

Ex: D

E E

M M M

İ İ İ İ

R R R R R
By following the neighborhood letters from top to bottom, how many different ways can the word "DEMİR"
be read?

Ex: The following are the information about the books on the the shelf.
1. There are mathematics, chemistry and physics books on the shelf.

2. All books are different from each other.

3. There are 3 mathematics books.

4. Mathematics books are placed next to each other.

If all books are placed on the shelf in 6.6! different ways, how many books are there on the shelf in total?

Ex: Ahmet has 4 sons and each son has 3 kids.

Ahmet will put the pictures of his grandchildren in a frame such that
pictures of siblings will be put next to each other horizontally. In how
many different ways can Ahmet put the pictures of his grandchildren in
the frame?
Ex: In a trial examination session a candidate at a school has to take 18 examination papers including the
physics, chemistry and biology paper. No two of these three papers may be taken consecutively. There is
no restriction on the order in which the other examination papers may be taken.
Find the number of different orders in which these 18 examination papers may be taken.

Ex: In a doctor waiting room, there are 14 seats in a row. 8 people are waiting to be seen.
a) In how many ways can they be seated?

b) 3 of the people are all in the same family and they want to sit together. How many ways can this
happen?

c) The family no longer must sit together, but there is someone with a very bad cough who must sit at
least one seat away from anyone else. How many ways can this happen

Ex:A farmer has 6 sheep pens, arranged in a grid with 3 rows

and 2 columns as shown in the figure.
Five sheep called A,B,C,D and E are to be placed in the pens.
Each pen is large enough to hold all of the sheep. A and B are
known to fight.
Find the number of ways of placing the sheep in the pens in each cases:

a) Each pen is large enough to contain 5 sheep. A and B must not be placed in the same pen

b) Each pen may only contain one sheep. A and B must not be placed in pens which share a boundary
Ex: Ten students are to be arranged in a new chemistry lab. The chemistry lab is set out in two rows of
five desks as shown.
Desk1 Desk2 Desk3 Desk4 Desk5
Desk6 Desk7 Desk8 Desk9 Desk10

a) Find the number of ways the ten students may be arranged in the lab.

Two of the students, Hugo and Leo, were noticed to talk to each other during previous lab sessions.
b) Find the number of ways the students may be arranged if Hugo and Leo must sit so that one is directly
behind the other. For example, Desk1 and Desk6

c) Find the number of ways the students may be arranged if Hugo and Leo must NOT sit next to each
other in the same row.