GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

DESIGN II

CHAPTER 1
PILE FOUNDATIONS
1. Introduction to Deep foundations
Types of Foundations
 Definition
Deep Foundations are those
ü in which the depth of the foundation is very large
in comparison to its width.
ü Which are not constructed by ordinary methods
of open pit excavations.
Some Examples of Deep Foundations
1.Pile Foundations (Mostly We focused on)
2.Pier foundations
3.Basements
4.Caissons
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 Cont.….

ü Pile foundations: are types of deep foundation used

to carry and transfer the load of the structure to the
bearing ground located at some depth below ground
surface. The main components of the foundation are
the pile cap and the piles.

ü Piles are relatively long and slender members used

to transmit foundation loads through soil strata of
low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock having a
higher bearing capacity. 4
 Load of the structure
Pile cap
Ground Surface

Soft compressible soil

Piles layer

Hard incompressible
soil layer or rock

Fig. 1.1 a Pile Foundation

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Pile foundations are used in the following conditions (When we use
pile?) or Need for deep foundations.

ü When the upper soils are highly compressible and very weak to
support the load transmitted by the structure.
ü The space is restricted to allow for spread footings
ü Pile foundations are required for the transmission of structural
loads through deep water to a firm stratum.
ü When a large lateral load capacity is required to be supported.
ü steep slopes are encountered
ü Piles are used for the foundations of some structures, such as
Bridges,transmission towers, off-shore platforms, which are
subjected to uplift forces.
ü Piles are required when the soil conditions are such that a wash
out erosion or scour of soil may occur from underneath of shallow
foundation.
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Classification of Piles:
Piles are generally classified into the following categories
according to:
ü the mode of transfer of load and functional behaviour
ü the use
ü composition or materials of construction.
ü the method of construction
Classification based on mode of transfer of load and functional
behaviour
a) End-Bearing Piles: these piles penetrate through the soft soil or
water and their bottoms rest on a hard stratum and transmits
the load to it.

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ü The pile behaves as an ordinary column and should be
designed as such. Even in weak soil a pile will not fail by
buckling and this effect needs only be considered if part of
the pile is unsupported, i.e. if it is in either air or water.
Load is transmitted to the soil through friction or cohesion.
But sometimes, the soil surrounding the pile may adhere to
the surface of the pile and causes "Negative Skin Friction"
on the pile. This, sometimes have considerable effect on the
capacity of the pile.
ü Negative skin friction is caused by the drainage of the
ground water and consolidation of the soil. The founding
depth of the pile is influenced by the results of the site
investigate on and soil test.

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b) Friction Piles (Floating Piles)
Ø Piles are driven at a site where soil is weak or soft to a considerable
depth and it is not economical or rather possible to rest the bottom
end of the pile on the hard stratum,
Ø Load is carried by the friction developed between the sides of the pile
and the surrounding ground ( skin friction).
Ø The piles are driven up to such a depth that skin friction developed at
the sides of the piles equals the load coming on the piles.
Ø Skin friction should be carefully evaluated and suitable factor of safety
applied, as it is supporting the whole of structure over its head.
Ø The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be increased by-
ü increasing diameter of the pile
ü driving the pile for larger depth
ü grouping of piles
ü making surface of the pile rough
c) Combined End-Bearing and Friction Piles:

ü These piles transfer loads by a combination of end bearing

of the pile and friction along the surface of the pile shaft.

ü An extension of the end bearing pile when the bearing

stratum is not hard, such as a firm clay. The pile is driven
far enough into the lower material to develop adequate
frictional resistance.

ü A farther variation of the end bearing pile is piles with

enlarged bearing areas. This is achieved by forcing a bulb
of concrete into the soft stratum immediately above the
firm layer to give an enlarged base. 10
Fig: 1.1b: End-bearing piles

Fig: 1.1c: Friction piles/

Cohesion piles
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Fig 1.1d: End-bearing piles

Fig 1.1e: Friction or Cohesion pile

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Classification of Piles Based on Use

ü Uplift Piles: These piles anchor down the structure subjected

to uplift or overturning movement.
ü Batter Piles: These piles are driven at an inclination to resist
inclined loads and are used to resist lateral forces in case of
retaining walls, abutments etc.
ü Compaction Piles: They are used to compact loose granular
soils in order to increase their bearing capacity.
ü Sheet Piles: These piles are used to enclose soil so as to
prevent the leakage of water and to enclose soft material.

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Fig. 1.1 f: Batter piles: non-linear
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Classification of Piles According to their Composition or
Material of Construction
ü Timber Piles
ü Concrete Piles
ü Pre-Cast Concrete Piles
ü Cast-in situ Concrete Piles
ü Steel Piles
ü Composite Piles

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a)Timber Piles

ü The timber to be used for the construction should be free

from defects; decay etc. and it should be well seasoned.
ü These piles are circular or square in cross section. Top of
these piles is provided with an iron ring to prevent it
from splitting under blows of the hammer.
ü The bottom is fitted with an iron shoe to facilitate
sinking of the piles.
ü Piles entirely submerged in water last long without decay.
When a pile is subjected to alternate wetting and drying,
the useful life is relatively short.
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 Cont..,
DISADVANTAGES :
üDifficult to Splice.
üVulnerable to Damage at Head and Toe in Hard
Driving.
üVulnerable to Decay (intermittently submerged)
Unless Treated.
ADVANTAGES:
üComparatively Low Initial Cost.
üEasy to Handle.
üResistant to Decay (permanently submerged).
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 b)Concrete pile
Pre cast and Cast-in situ Concrete Piles

i. Pre cast concrete Piles

ü Usually of square, triangle, circle or octagonal section, they

are produced in short length in one meter intervals between 3
and 13 meters.
ü They are pre-cast so that they can be easily connected
together in order to reach to the required length.

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Fig 1.1g: a) Concrete Pile Connecting Detail b) Squared Pre-cast
Concert pile

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ii. Cast-in situ Concrete Piles
ü These types of piles are constructed in their locations
in the bore holes prepared for these purpose. The
operation consists of boring a hole, filling it with only
concrete or with steel reinforcement and concrete.

ü Straight bored piles or piles with one or more bulbs at

intervals may be cast at site the latter type is termed as
under-reamed pile.

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 Under-reamed pile
Plain Piles

Single bulb pile

Straight bored pile
Double bulbs pile
Fig: 1.1h: Plain piles and under-reamed piles

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Figure: Under-reamed Piles
Fig. 1.1i: Cast in place concrete piles
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Fig: 1.1j:Cast in place concrete piles
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 c) Steel piles

ü Steel piles are suitable for handling and driving in

long lengths. Their relatively small cross-sectional
area combined with their high strength makes
penetration easier in firm soil.

b) H – cross- Circular cross-

a) x- cross- section
section section
Fig. Steel piles cross-sections 29
Fig. 1.1l: H–section steel pile
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H –section steel pile
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 d) Composite piles
Ø Piles of two different materials are driven one over the
other, so as to enable them to act together to perform the
function of a single pile.
Ø This type of composite pile is used with the object of
achieving economy in the cost of piling work.

• Combination of different materials in the same pile, as

indicated earlier, part of a timber pile which is installed
above ground water could be vulnerable to insect attack
and decay.
• To avoid this, concrete or steel pile is used above the
ground water level, whilst wood pile is installed under the
ground water level.
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a) by pre-cast concrete upper section above water level.
b) by extending pile cap below water level

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Classification Based on Method of Construction
(Installation)
Driven Piles: These piles are driven into the soil by applying
blows of a heavy hammer on their tops. Driven piles are
considered to be displacement piles. In the process of
driving the pile into the ground, soil is moved radially as the
pile shaft enters the ground. There may also be a component
of movement of the soil in the vertical direction.
Bored Piles: Bored piles(Replacement piles) are generally
considered to be non-displacement piles. A void is formed
by boring or excavation before piles are introduced. Piles
can be produced by casting concrete in the void.
– Some soils such as stiff clays are particularly amenable to
the formation of piles in this way, since the bore hole walls
do not require temporary support except close to the ground
surface.
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• In unstable ground, such as gravel the ground requires
temporar y suppor t from casing or bentonite slur r y.
Alternatively the casing may be permanent, but driven into
a hole which is bored as casing is advanced.
• A different technique, which is still essentially non-
displacement, is to intrude, a grout or a concrete from an
auger which is rotated into the granular soil, and hence
produced a grouted column of soil.
• There are two types of cast-in-piles:
(a)Driven and Cast In-Situ Piles and,
(b) Bored and Cast In-Situ Piles

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• Driven and Cast In-Situ Piles: These piles are formed by
driving a casing with a closed bottom end into the soil.
The casing is later filled with concrete.

• Bored and Cast In-Situ Piles: These piles are formed by

excavating a hole into the ground and then filling it with
concrete.

• Screw Piles: The piles are screwed into the soil.

• Jacked Piles: These piles are jacked into the soils by

applying a downward force with the help of a hydraulic
jack.

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 Selection of Type of Pile
Ø The nature of the ground, where piling operation is to be
carried out, determines to a large extent the choice of type
of pile to be used.
Ø In addition, the other important factors which must be
considered in this regard are:
ü The nature of the structure.
ü Loading conditions.
ü Elevation of the ground water level with respect to the pile
cap.
ü Probable length of pile required.
ü Availability of materials and equipment.
ü Factors which may cause deterioration of pile.
ü Probable cost of pile.
 Causes of Failure of Piles
Ø Load on the pile is more than the designed load.
Ø Defective workmanship during casting of the pile.
Ø Displacement of reinforcement during casting.
Ø Bearing pile resting on a soft strata.
Ø Improper choice of the type of pile.
Ø Insufficient reinforcement in the pile.
Ø Decay of timber piles due to attack by insects.
Ø Buckling of piles due to inadequate lateral support.
Ø Defective method adopted for driving the pile.
Ø Incorrect assessment of the bearing capacity of the pile.
Ø Lateral forces not considered in the design of piles.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!!!

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