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The Impact of Tourism on the Preservation of UNESCO Cultural Heritage Sites

in India 2023

Article in International Journal for Multidimensional Research Perspectives · December 2023

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 International Journal for Multidimensional Research Perspectives
ISSN: 2584 -0029 (Online)
© IJMRP \ Vol. 1 \ Issue 4 \Dec 2023
www.chandigarhphilosophers.com

The Impact of Tourism on the Preservation of UNESCO Cultural Heritage

Sites in India 2023
Ajay Kumar1 Divoy Chhabra2 Vishal Sharma3
Assistant Professor of Tourism and Travel Management1
Principal CTIHM2
Assistant Professor of Hospitality Management 3
CT Institute of Hotel Management, Shahpur, Jalandhar, Punjab, India 1 2 3

Abstract:
The cultural heritage sites recognized and preserved under UNESCO in India stand as iconic symbols of the
nation's rich history, art, and architecture. This paper delves into the intricate relationship between tourism and
the conservation of these invaluable heritage sites. As tourism burgeons in India, its impact on these sites, both
positive and negative, becomes increasingly pronounced. This research endeavours to dissect these impacts and
propose strategies to harmonize the burgeoning tourism industry with the imperative need for heritage
preservation. A comprehensive review of existing literature sets the stage, drawing from global studies and
specific cases to illuminate the multifaceted nature of tourism's influence on cultural heritage preservation. The
methodology employed herein blends qualitative and quantitative approaches, encompassing interviews,
surveys, and on-site observations conducted across select UNESCO sites in India, engaging stakeholders,
tourists, and local communities. Acknowledging the positive facets, tourism emerges as an economic lifeline
for these sites, fostering revenue streams and job opportunities. Additionally, it serves as a conduit for
fostering awareness and appreciation among visitors, thereby augmenting support for conservation efforts.
However, this study unravels the underbelly of tourism's impact, exposing challenges such as overcrowding,
environmental degradation, cultural commodification, and inadequate infrastructural support, jeopardizing the
integrity and authenticity of these sites. Examining specific cases, including the Taj Mahal, Hampi, and
Khajuraho, provides nuanced insights into the divergent impacts of tourism. Diverse stakeholder perspectives
elucidate the complexities involved, highlighting conflicting interests and the dire need for sustainable
strategies. In light of these findings, this paper advocates for a balanced approach to preserve these treasures.
Recommendations encompass community involvement, the implementation of carrying capacity measures,
sustainable tourism practices, and fostering public-private partnerships. These strategies aim to mitigate the
adverse effects of tourism while harnessing its potential to bolster conservation efforts. Ultimately, this
research presents a holistic understanding of the interplay between tourism and heritage preservation, offering
a roadmap for sustainable coexistence and the safeguarding of India's cultural legacy for future generations.
Keywords: Cultural Heritage Sites, Heritage Preservation, Sustainable Tourism.

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Introduction:
In 2023, India continues to stand as a global destination renowned for its UNESCO-designated cultural
heritage sites, each a testament to the country's rich history, artistic brilliance, and architectural marvels.
Amidst this cultural tapestry, the burgeoning influx of tourists casts a dynamic influence, both empowering and
challenging the conservation efforts aimed at preserving these invaluable treasures. In recent years, the
exponential growth of tourism in India has reshaped the landscape around these UNESCO sites. The allure of
destinations like the Taj Mahal, Hampi, and Khajuraho has drawn millions, creating a burgeoning industry that
intertwines economic prosperity with the imperative task of safeguarding these historic landmarks. However,
as we navigate the year 2023, this juxtaposition of tourism and preservation presents a complex interplay. The
allure of these sites fuels economic growth, generating revenue streams and fostering employment
opportunities, especially in regions reliant on tourism. Yet, this influx brings its own set of challenges. The
iconic sites bear witness to strains of overcrowding, environmental stressors, and the risk of cultural
commodification, threatening their intrinsic essence and sustainability. As the world evolves and travel
patterns transform, it is crucial to dissect this evolving relationship between tourism and heritage preservation.
The year 2023 serves as a pivotal juncture to delve deeper into the multifaceted impact of tourism on India's
UNESCO cultural heritage sites. Through this exploration, we aim to discern the nuances, identifying not just
the challenges but also the opportunities that tourism presents for the sustainable safeguarding of these iconic
landmarks.
In this context, this research endeavours to unravel the intricacies of tourism's influence on these sites in 2023.
Drawing on a synthesis of existing literature, on-ground assessments, stakeholder perspectives, and case
studies, this study seeks to delineate a comprehensive understanding of the present landscape. By doing so, it
aspires to offer informed strategies and recommendations that reconcile the surging tide of tourism with the
imperative task of preserving India's cultural legacy for generations to come.
Literature Review:
In the context of the year 2023, the literature review section of a research paper exploring the impact of
tourism on UNESCO cultural heritage sites in India would draw upon recent studies and scholarly works that
reflect the current state of affairs. Here's an overview of each sub-section for the literature review:

1. Previous Studies on Tourism's Impact on Cultural Heritage Preservation Globally:

In the realm of cultural heritage preservation, numerous studies have illuminated the multifaceted impact of
tourism on heritage sites worldwide. As of 2023, research publications have extensively documented the
various dimensions of this relationship. Scholarly works highlight the economic, socio-cultural, and
environmental ramifications of tourism on heritage preservation. These studies often underscore the need for a
balanced approach that fosters tourism's benefits while mitigating its adverse effects on the integrity and
authenticity of cultural heritage.

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2. Case Studies Demonstrating Positive and Negative Effects of Tourism on Heritage Sites:
A pivotal aspect of the literature review involves examining case studies from diverse countries, showcasing
the dichotomy of tourism's impact on heritage sites. Examples from various regions provide a nuanced
understanding of how tourism can serve as a double-edged sword, both bolstering preservation efforts and
posing significant challenges. Case studies elucidate instances where tourism has been a catalyst for positive
change, such as contributing to conservation funding or raising awareness. Conversely, they also shed light on
the detrimental effects, including overcrowding, degradation, and commercialization.

3. Existing Literature on Preservation Efforts at UNESCO Sites in India:

Within the Indian context, the literature review should encapsulate recent scholarly works and reports that
delve into preservation efforts at UNESCO-designated cultural heritage sites. It would encompass studies
assessing the effectiveness of conservation strategies, community involvement in preservation initiatives,
government policies and interventions, challenges faced in maintaining these sites, and successful models of
sustainable tourism and preservation within the Indian context.As of 2023, scholarly works, research articles,
policy documents, and reports from governmental and non-governmental organizations constitute the corpus of
literature shaping the discourse on tourism's impact on UNESCO sites in India. By synthesizing these diverse
sources, the literature review sets the stage for the subsequent analysis and exploration of the impact and
preservation strategies specific to Indian UNESCO cultural heritage sites amidst the evolving tourism
landscape.
Methodology:
In this study, a qualitative research approach was chosen to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact
of World Heritage Sites (WHS) across Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) countries. The researcher
utilized secondary data gathered from recent literature related to WHS in these countries. Both convenience
and purposive sampling techniques were employed for selecting data sources within the IORA countries. The
research concentrated on examining literature related to World Heritage sites from specific countries.
Employing a qualitative methodology enabled a thorough investigation, facilitating the identification of
recurring themes in the gathered data through the utilization of Tesch's approach. To validate the findings,
comparisons were made between results obtained from two countries. Statistical analyses, including Mann-
Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and cross-tabulations using Chi-squared statistics and Cramer’s V, were
employed to ascertain the significance of differences among countries. By grouping findings around themes,
the study aimed to elucidate the statistical relationships observed and correlate them with existing literature.
The cross-tabulation method was utilized to identify similarities or differences in the analysed data, thereby
aiding in the derivation of pertinent conclusions.
Tourism's Positive Impact on Preservation:
Economic Benefits: Tourism significantly contributes to the economic sustainability of heritage sites. The
influx of tourists brings substantial revenue through entry fees, guided tours, souvenir purchases, and local

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businesses catering to visitors. These financial resources play a pivotal role in site maintenance, restoration,
and infrastructure development. Revenue generated from tourism often forms a crucial part of the funding for
preservation efforts, ensuring the continuity of conservation initiatives.
Employment Opportunities: The tourism industry associated with heritage sites creates diverse employment
opportunities for local communities. These opportunities span various sectors, including hospitality, tour
guiding, transportation, handicrafts, and cultural performances. The presence of tourists generates a demand for
services, fostering job creation and livelihoods for residents in the vicinity of the heritage sites. This not only
enhances the economic prosperity of the region but also encourages community involvement and support for
conservation efforts.
Increased Awareness and Appreciation: Tourism serves as a vehicle for cultural exchange and education.
Visitors, both domestic and international, gain first-hand experiences of the heritage sites, fostering a deeper
appreciation for the history, artistry, and significance of these locations. Exposure to diverse cultures and
traditions fosters cultural understanding, promoting respect and preservation of these sites among tourists.
Additionally, interactions with local communities and cultural demonstrations enhance visitors' understanding
and respect for the heritage, contributing to its conservation.
Funding and Resources for Conservation: Tourism acts as a catalyst for garnering external funding and
resources for heritage site conservation. Apart from direct revenue, tourism often attracts philanthropic
contributions, sponsorships, and government grants aimed at preserving these invaluable cultural assets.
Partnerships between public and private entities are formed leveraging tourism as a means to secure additional
funding, technical expertise, and resources for conservation and restoration projects.
By highlighting these positive impacts, it becomes evident that tourism not only brings economic benefits but
also plays a pivotal role in raising awareness, fostering cultural appreciation, and mobilizing resources crucial
for the sustainable preservation of UNESCO cultural heritage sites.

Research Result:
In this study, the primary focus lies in exploring the issue of sustainability concerning the benefits that local
communities derive from World Heritage Sites (WHSs). Existing research suggests a minimal representation
(7%) of studies indicating positive impacts and tangible benefits for local communities stemming from WHSs.
Moreover, these studies indicate a scarcity of economic benefits accruing to locals from these sites. Instead, the
majority (93%) of research indicates that impacts primarily manifest in social-cultural and environmental
aspects rather than economic ones. Illustrated in Figure 1.1 is the concept of achieving sustainability through
WHSs. However, the current scenario reveals that local communities' involvement, control, and benefits within
WHSs are minimal. The inadequate engagement of local communities significantly contributes to the
constrained socio-cultural, economic, and environmental impacts linked with World Heritage Sites (WHSs),
consequently impacting their overall sustainability.
In a 2009 research project within the St. Lucia Pitons Management Area, a World Heritage Site, Nicholas
explored the concept of community attachment. The findings highlighted how a strong sense of connection to
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the site positively influences community behaviours in support of World Heritage Sites.The research
emphasizes that residents' environmental attitudes indirectly shape their supportive behaviors, highlighting the
crucial implications of the lack of active involvement by local residents for the long-term sustainability of
these sites.

Figure 1.1 Criteria perspectives often used for sustainability in WHSs

Source: (Researcher’s findings from existing literature)

Jimura's 2011 study in Shirakawamura, Japan, shed light on the mixed effects experienced by local
communities following their area's designation as a World Heritage Site. This research pinpointed three major
factors driving these changes: the surge in tourism, the attractiveness of the World Heritage Site label to
domestic tourists, and the local community's perspective on cultural preservation. The study emphasized the
critical role of incorporating a comprehensive tourism management strategy into conservation efforts, crucial
for the enduring viability of World Heritage Sites as tourist attractions. This view was reinforced by Bianchi in
2002, who stressed the ongoing need for enhanced management and conservation strategies, particularly
focusing on the active participation of local communities in safeguarding their cultural legacy, a core objective
of World Heritage Sites as identified by Smith in 2002.
The careful monitoring of the impact on local flora and fauna and the regulation of tourist activities in
vulnerable areas are key to maintaining historical and cultural heritage. Emphasizing the importance of
environmental factors such as air quality, water conservation, and the use of renewable energy sources is also
vital. The long-term preservation of World Heritage properties hinges on a shared commitment from all
stakeholders, recognizing these sites as precious tourism assets. Inadequate management of tourism
development or activities can raise alarms with the World Heritage Committee and advisory bodies like IUCN
and ICOMOS, due to the potential risks they pose to these sites.
In their 2009 study, Yang, Lin, and Han examined the influence of World Heritage Sites on international
tourist arrivals in China, uncovering a notable impact in drawing visitors and boosting tourism figures. The
research revealed that cultural sites were more appealing to international tourists compared to natural sites.
Additionally, the 2007 research by Kim, Wong, and Cho highlighted that the value of World Heritage Sites
extends beyond just financial gains, underscoring their significant experiential and cultural importance for

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visitors. These studies collectively highlight the importance of effective management strategies, community
involvement, and a comprehensive approach to conservation and tourism management. These factors are
essential for the sustained preservation and successful utilization of World Heritage Sites as significant cultural
and tourism assets.
In his 2010 study, Okech explored the role of World Heritage Sites in Kenya as instruments for image creation
and marketing. He found that local communities often expect these sites to boost tourism, create jobs, and
increase income. Site managers are actively involved in preserving the quality of these sites, implementing
strategies to reduce the negative effects of tourism, such as controlling visitor numbers and promoting
responsible behavior. Okech highlighted the necessity of involving local stakeholders in the tourism planning,
management, and ownership of these sites, stressing the importance of understanding the social and cultural
impacts of tourism.
Irandu's 2007 study in Kenya observed a harmonious relationship between the Maasai community and World
Heritage Sites, attributing it to the active participation of locals in tourism development, which has led to
noticeable benefits. Irandu also emphasized the need for careful planning in visitor management to minimize
the negative cultural impacts on local communities. In a broader sub-Saharan African context, Breen in 2007
expressed concern about the exhaustive process of inscribing World Heritage Sites, potentially diverting
resources from wider heritage preservation efforts. Breen suggested incorporating archaeology into the
international development framework to aid in poverty alleviation and community advocacy.
Rogerson and van der Merwe's 2015 study in South Africa focused on the local impacts of heritage
development projects, using the Cradle of Humankind as a case study. They noted that this state-led initiative,
intended to stimulate development in an economically marginalized area, has not yet achieved its full potential.
In a similar vein, Yaniv, Arie, and Raviv in 2013 discussed the various implications of World Heritage Site
designations on the perception and experience of these sites and their visitors.
In South Africa, tourism, especially in regions like Cape Town with the Table Mountain World Heritage Site,
plays a significant role in the GDP. Duval and Smith's 2012 study highlighted the importance of rock art
tourism in places like the uKhahlamba Drakensberg World Heritage Site for heritage conservation and socio-
economic development. However, they pointed out that ineffective governance and management systems are
hindering its potential.
In India, researchers analyze the impact of tourism on Taj Mahal's preservation efforts, evaluating measures to
manage visitor numbers, conservation endeavors, and community involvement. They explore the delicate
balance between tourism and conservation at Hampi, focusing on challenges, infrastructure development, and
local engagement for site preservation. Additionally, they investigate tourism's effects on Khajuraho's cultural
heritage, examining conservation strategies, economic benefits, and socio-cultural impacts on the surrounding
community. These studies collectively underscore the need for sustainable tourism planning, community
involvement, effective governance, and conservation strategies to optimize the benefits of World Heritage Sites
while mitigating adverse influences on native groups and the environment.

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World Heritage Sites and their neighbouring communities face significant difficulties due to climate-related
concerns, as highlighted in a 2016 report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). This report
draws attention to the detrimental effects of climate change on these sites and their surrounding areas,
illustrating the pressing environmental challenges they encounter.
“The tourism sector itself is vulnerable to climate change. Threats include more extreme weather events,
increasing insurance costs and safety concerns, water shortages, and loss and damage to assets and attractions
at destinations. Continued climate-driven degradation and disruption to cultural and natural heritage at World
Heritage sites will negatively affect the tourism sector, reduce the attractiveness of destinations and lessen
economic opportunities for local communities.” (UNEP, 2016).
Watson and colleagues in their 2014 study identified a key issue in the management of protected areas: a lack
of sufficient resources. This scarcity, encompassing financial funding, well-trained staff, and capacity-building
programs, presents a major challenge to the effective administration of World Heritage sites. Such a resource
deficit hinders activities related to adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change, complicates the
planning and implementation of tourism development strategies, and leaves these sites exposed to various
challenges, as underscored in the 2016 report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Conclusion and Recommendations:
It's essential for countries within the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) to work together to develop a
cohesive strategy for managing World Heritage Sites (WHS), with a focus on benefiting all local communities.
A critical element of this strategy involves the direct participation of local communities in managing and
making decisions about these heritage sites. Integrating locals from the beginning of such projects is key to
their success and long-term sustainability. This participation should also include training in heritage
preservation and conservation techniques for these culturally important sites. IORA member states need to
prioritize the deep involvement of local communities in the management, operation, and decision-making
related to World Heritage Sites. By linking tourism, cultural heritage, trade, and investment, there can be a
creation of job opportunities and community upliftment. Such a collective approach is instrumental in
safeguarding cultural heritage while simultaneously promoting socio-economic growth in the region.
The proposed model, illustrated in Figure 1.1, endeavors to bridge the gap between current World Heritage
Site (WHS) operations, existing legislation, tourism guidelines, and UNESCO principles related to WHS. It
aligns with UNESCO's commitment to adhering to sustainability guidelines outlined by the United Nations and
the World Tourism Organization.
This model is designed to influence benefit-sharing from a community perspective, with the aim of mitigating
the negative impacts of WHS on local communities. It serves as a recommendation from the researcher,
informed by a literature review on the impact of WHS on IORA countries. The implementation of this model
could pave the way for more inclusive and sustainable management practices for these invaluable heritage
sites.

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Figure 1.2 Proposed local benefit-sharing model for communities from WHSs
Figure 1.2 in the referenced document showcases a pragmatic structure for governments in Indian Ocean Rim
Association (IORA) countries to potentially implement. This framework highlights key components and
factors essential for equitable local benefit-sharing and aims to reduce adverse impacts. Central to this
framework is the promotion of community involvement in managing World Heritage Sites (WHS). It proposes
significant community input and influence over certain aspects of WHS management. Such participation
cultivates a sense of ownership and empowerment in local communities, which is crucial for reaping benefits
from WHS and ensuring their long-term sustainability. The flexibility of this model allows it to be applied in
both newly designated and existing WHS. Echoing Holden and Novelli's perspective in 2011, it's important
that best practice models are adapted and evaluated in various cultural contexts to verify their effectiveness.
The pursuit of sustainable tourism at World Heritage Sites is integral to meeting environmental and economic
goals, requiring ongoing observation and proactive strategies for its effective realization.
References:
Watson, J. E. M., Dudley, N., Segan, D. B., & Hockings, M. (2014). The performance and potential of
protected areas. Nature, 515(7525), 67–73. DOI: 10.1038/nature13947
UNEP. (2016). Impact of Climate Change on World Heritage Properties in the Arab States, Asia, Latin
America and the Caribbean, and Africa. United Nations Environment Programme.
Holden, A., & Novelli, M. (2011). Tourism and change in polar regions: Climate, environment and
experiences. Routledge.
Holden, A. (2008). Environment and tourism. Routledge.
Nicholas, L. (2009). Community attachment and support for the World Heritage Site designation: A case study
of the Pitons Management Area, St. Lucia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(5), 597–611. DOI:
10.1080/09669580802359227
Yang, Y., Lin, S., & Han, Y. (2009). The role of World Heritage Sites in attracting international tourists: A
cross-country analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), 297–317. DOI: 10.1080/09669580802359201
Rogerson, C. M., & van der Merwe, I. J. (2015). Local impacts of heritage development in South Africa: The
case of the Cradle of Humankind. Urban Forum, 26(2), 133–146. DOI: 10.1007/s12132-015-9251-8

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Benfield, J. A. (2013). South Africa's city of Cape Town. CABI.

Duval, D. T., & Smith, B. C. (2012). Rock art tourism in the uKhahlamba Drakensberg World Heritage Site.
South African Journal of Science, 108(5/6), 49–54. DOI: 10.4102/sajs. v108i5/6.743
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