S-2 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude

8. Some properties of square and square root:

(i) Complete square of a no. is possible if its last digit is 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 & 9. If last digit of a no. is 2, 3, 7, 8 then complete square root
of this no. is not possible.
(ii) If last digit of a no. is 1, then last digit of its complete square root is either 1 or 9.
(iii) If last digit of a no. is 4, then last digit of its complete square root is either 2 or 8.
(iv) If last digit of a no. is 5 or 0, then last digit of its complete square root is either 5 or 0.
(v) If last digit of a no. is 6, then last digit of its complete square root is either 4 or 6.
(vi) If last digit of a no. is 9, then last digit of its complete square root is either 3 or 7.
9. Prime Number :
(i) Find the approx square root of given no. Divide the given no. by the prime no. less than approx square root of no. If given
no. is not divisible by any of these prime no. then the no. is prime otherwise not.
NUMBER SYSTEM For example : To check 359 is a prime number or not.
Sol. Approx sq. root = 19
1. Method to multiply 2-digit number. Prime no. < 19 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17
(i) AB × CD = AC / AD + BC / BD 359 is not divisible by any of these prime nos. So 359 is a prime no.
35 × 47 = 12 / 21 + 20 / 35 = 12 / 41 / 35 = 1645 For example: Is 25001 + 1 is prime or not?
(ii) AB × AC = A2 / A (B + C) / BC
74 × 76 = 72 / 7(4 + 6) / 4 × 6 25001 + 1
Þ Reminder = 0,
= 49 / 70 / 24 = 49 / 70 / 24 = 5624 2 +1
(iii) AB × CC = AC / (A + B)C / BC \ 2 5001 + 1 is not prime.
= 35 × 44 = 3 × 4 / (3 + 5) × 4 / 5 × 4 (ii) There are 15 prime no. from 1 to 50.
= 12 / 32 / 20 = 12 / 32 / 20 = 1540 (iii) There are 25 prime no. from 1 to 100.
2. Method to multiply 3-digit no. (iv) There are 168 prime no. from 1 to 1000.
ABC × DEF = AD / AE + BD / AF + BE + CD / BF + CE / CF 10. If a no. is in the form of xn + an, then it is divisible by (x + a); if n is odd.
456 × 234 = 4 × 2 / 4 × 3 + 5 × 2 / 4 × 4 + 5 × 3 + 6 × 2 / 5 × 4 + 6 × 3 / 6 × 4 11. If xn ¸ (x – 1), then remainder is always 1.
= 8 / 12 + 10 / 16 + 15 + 12 / 20 + 18 / 24 12. If xn ¸ (x + 1)
= 8 / 22 /43 / 38 / 24 = 106704 (i) If n is even, then remainder is 1.
3. If in a series all number contains repeating 7. To find their sum, we start from the left multiply 7 by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6. Look at the (ii) If n is odd, then remainder is x.
example below.
4P + 1 + 1
777777 + 77777 + 7777 + 777 + 77 + 7 = ? 13. (i) Value of P + P + P + ..........¥ =
=7×1/7×2/7×3/7×4/7×5/7×6 2
= 7 / 14 / 21 / 28 / 35 / 42 = 864192
4P + 1 - 1
4. 0.5555 + 0.555 + 0.55 + 0.5 = ? (ii) Value of P - P - P - ..........¥ =
To find the sum of those number in which one number is repeated after decimal, then first write the number in either increasing 2
or decreasing order. Then -find the sum by using the below method.
0.5555 + 0.555 + 0.55 + 0.5
(iii) Value of P. P. P. ..........¥ = P
=5×4/5×3/5×2/5×1
= 20 / 15 / 10 / 5 = 2.1605 (iv) Value of P P P P P =P
( 2n -1)¸2n
5 Those numbers whose all digits are 3.
(33)2 = 1089 Those number. in which all digits are number is 3 two or more than 2 times repeated, to find the square of [Where n ® no. of times P repeated].
these number, we repeat 1 and 8 by (n – 1) time. Where n ® Number of times 3 repeated.
(333)2 = 110889
Note: If factors of P are n & (n + 1) type then value of P + P + P + ....¥ = ( n + 1) and P - P - P - ....¥ = n.
(3333)2 = 11108889 14. Number of divisors :
6. Those number whose all digits are 9. (i) If N is any no. and N = an × bm × cp × .... where a, b, c are prime no.
(99)2 = 9801 No. of divisors of N = (n + 1) (m + 1) (p + 1) ....
(999)2 = 998001 e.g. Find the no. of divisors of 90000.
(9999)2 = 99980001 N = 90000 = 22 × 32 × 52 × 102 = 22 × 32 × 52 × (2 × 5)2 = 24 × 32 × 54
(99999)2 = 9999800001 So, the no. of divisors = (4 + 1) (2 + 1) (4 + 1) = 75
7. Those number whose all digits are 1. (ii) N = an × bm × cp, where a, b, c are prime
A number whose one’s, ten’s, hundred’s digit is 1 i.e., 11, 111, 1111, .... Then set of co-prime factors of N = [(n + 1) (m + 1) (p + 1) – 1 + nm + mp + pn + 3mnp]
In this we count number of digits. We write 1, 2, 3, ..... in their square the digit in the number, then write in decreasing order up to 1.
112 = 121
(iii) If N = an × bm × cp..., where a, b & c are prime no. Then sum of the divisors =
(a n+1 -1)( bm+1 - 1)( cp+1 - 1)
1112 = 12321
( a - 1)( b - 1)( c - 1)
11112 = 1234321
101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S-3 S-4 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
15. To find the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of an. 22. Divisible by 7 : We use osculator (– 2) for divisibility test.
(i) If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is 1, 5 or 6, whatever be the value of n, it will have the same digit at unit’s place, 99995 : 9999 – 2 × 5 = 9989
i.e., 9989 : 998 – 2 × 9 = 980
980 : 98 – 2 × 0 = 98
(.....1)n = (........1) Now 98 is divisible by 7, so 99995 is also divisible by 7.
(.....5)n = (........5) 23. Divisible by 11 : In a number, if difference of sum of digit at even places and sum of digit at odd places is either 0 or multiple of
(.....6) n = (........6) 11, then no. is divisible by 11.
(ii) If the last digit or digit at the units place of a is 2, 3, 5, 7 or 8, then the last digit of a n depends upon the value of n and follows For example, 12342 ¸ 11
a repeating pattern in terms of 4 as given below : Sum of even place digit = 2 + 4 = 6
Sum of odd place digit = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6
n last digit of (....2)n last digit of (....3)n last digit of (....7)n last digit of (....8)n
Difference = 6 – 6 = 0
4x+1 2 3 7 8 \ 12342 is divisible by 11.
4x+2 4 9 9 4 24. Divisible by 13 : We use (+ 4) as osculator.
4x+3 8 7 3 2 e.g., 876538 ¸ 13
4x 6 1 1 6 876538: 8 × 4 + 3 = 35
(iii) If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is either 4 or 9, then the last digit of an depends upon the value of n and follows 5 × 4 + 3 + 5 = 28
repeating pattern in terms of 2 as given below. 8 × 4 + 2 + 6 = 40
n last digit of (....4)n last digit of (....9)n 0 × 4 + 4 + 7 = 11
2x 6 1 1 × 4 + 1 + 8 = 13
2x + 1 4 9 13 is divisible by 13.
\ 876538 is also divisible by 13.
(n) (n + 1) 25. Divisible by 17 : We use (– 5) as osculator.
16. (i) Sum of n natural number =
2 e.g., 294678: 29467 – 5 × 8 = 29427
(ii) Sum of n even number = (n) (n + 1) 27427: 2942 – 5 × 7 = 2907
(iii) Sum of n odd number = n 2 2907: 290 – 5 × 7 = 255
255: 25 – 5 × 5 = 0
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) \ 294678 is completely divisible by 17.
17. (i) Sum of sq. of first n natural no. =
6 26. Divisible by 19 : We use (+ 2) as osculator.
e.g: 149264: 4 × 2 + 6 = 14

(ii) Sum of sq. of first n odd natural no. =

(
n 4n 2 - 1 ) 4 × 2 + 1 + 2 = 11
3 1 × 2 + 1 + 9 = 12
2×2+1+4=9
2n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 9 × 2 + 1 = 19
(iii) Sum of sq. of first n even natural no. = 19 is divisible by 19
3
\ 149264 is divisible by 19.
n 2 ( n + 1) é n ( n + 1) ù
2 2 27. HCF (Highest Common factor)
18. (i) Sum of cube of first n natural no. = =ê ú There are two methods to find the HCF–
4 ë 2 û (a) Factor method (b) Division method
(ii) Sum of cube of first n even natural no. = 2n 2 (n + 1)2 (i) For two no. a and b if a < b, then HCF of a and b is always less than or equal to a .
(iii) Sum of cube of first n odd natural no. = n 2 (2n2 – 1) (ii) The greatest number by which x, y and z completely divisible is the HCF of x, y and z.
19. (i) xn – yn is divisible by (x + y) (iii) The greatest number by which x, y, z divisible and gives the remainder a, b and c is the HCF of (x –a), (y–b) and (z–c).
When n is even (iv) The greatest number by which x, y and z divisible and gives same remainder in each case, that number is HCF of (x–y),
(y–z) and (z–x).
(ii) xn – yn is divisible by (x – y)
When n is either odd or even. a c e H.C.M. of (a, c, e)
(v) H.C.F. of , and =
20. For any integer n, n3 – n is divisible by 3, n 5 – n is divisible by 5, n11 – n is divisible by 11, n 13 – n is divisible by 13. b d f L.C.M. of (b, d, f)
21. Some articles related to Divisibility : 28. LCM (Least Common Multiple)
(i) A no. of 3-digits which is formed by repeating a digit 3-times, then this no. is divisible by 3 and 37. There are two methods to find the LCM–
e.g., 111, 222, 333, ....... (a) Factor method (b) Division method
(ii) A no. of 6-digit which is formed by repeating a digit 6-times then this no. is divisible by 3, 7, 11, 13 and 37. (i) For two numbers a and b if a < b, then L.C.M. of a and b is more than or equal to b.
e.g., 111111, 222222, 333333, 444444, ............. (ii) If ratio between two numbers is a : b and their H.C.F. is x, then their L.C.M. = abx.
101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S-5 S-6 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
33. Arithmetic Progression:
x
(iii) If ratio between two numbers is a : b and their L.C.M. is x, then their H.C.F. = (i) If a, a + d, a + 2d, ..... are in A.P., then, nth term of A.P. an = a + (n – 1)d
ab
n n
(iv) The smallest number which is divisible by x, y and z is L.C.M. of x, y and z. Sum of n terms of this A.P. = Sn = é 2a + ( n - 1) d ûù = [a + l] wherel = last term
(v) The smallest number which is divided by x, y and z give remainder a, b and c, but (x – a) = (y – b) = (z – c) = k, then number 2ë 2
is (L.C.M. of (x, y and z) – k). a = first term
(vi) The smallest number which is divided by x, y and z give remainder k in each case, then number is (L.C.M. of x, y and z) + k. d = common difference
a c e L.C.M. of (a, c, e) a+b
(vii) L.C.M. of , and = (ii) A.M. = [Q A.M. = Arithmetic mean]
b d f H.C.F. of (b, d, f) 2
(viii) For two numbers a and b – 34. Geometric Progression:
LCM × HCF = a × b (i) G.P. ® a, ar, ar2,.........
(ix) If a is the H.C.F. of each pair from n numbers and L is L.C.M., then product of n numbers = a n–1.L Then, nth term of G.P. an = arn–1

ALGEBRA
Sn =
(
a r n -1 ) ,r > 1
29. Algebra Identities: ( r - 1)
(i) (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2) (ii) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
(iii) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) (iv) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) a(1 - r n )
(v) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + a + 1) (a2 – a + 1) (vi) If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3=3abc = , r <1
(1 - r)
( a + b ) 2 - ( a - b )2 ( a + b )2 + ( a - b )2 S¥ = 1 - r
(vii) =4 (viii) =2 [where r = common ratio, a = first term]
ab a 2 + b2
(ii) G.M. = ab
b e h k æb e h kö
(ix) a + d + g - j = ( a + d + g - j) + ç + + - ÷ 1 1 1
c f i l èc f i l ø 35. If a, b, c are in H.P., , , are in A.P.
a b c
(x) If a + b + c = abc, then
1
æ 2a ö æ 2b ö æ 2c ö æ 2a ö æ 2b ö æ 2c ö nth term of H.M. =
ç ÷+ç ÷+ç ÷ =ç ÷ .ç ÷ .ç ÷ and n th term of A.P.
è 1- a2 ø è 1 - b2 ø è 1 - c2 ø è 1 - a 2 ø è 1 - b 2 ø è 1 - c2 ø
2ab
æ 3a - a 3 ö æ 3b - b3 ö æ 3c - c3 ö æ 3a - a 3 ö æ 3b - b3 ö æ 3c - c3 ö H.M. =
ç ÷+ç ÷+ç ÷ . - a +b
ç 1 - 3a 2 ÷ ç 1 - 3b2 ÷ ç 1 - 3c2 ÷ = çè 1 - 3a 2 ÷ø çè 1 - 3b2 ÷ø çè 1 - 3c2 ÷ø
.
è ø è ø è ø Note : Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M.
30. If a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2, then (i) A.M. × H.M. = G.M.2
(ii) A.M. > G.M. > H.M.
a1 b1 a1 b1 c1
(i) If ¹ , one solution. (ii) If = = , Infinite many solutions. A.M. ® Arithmetic Mean
a 2 b2 a 2 b 2 c2 G.M. ® Geometric Mean
H.M. ® Harmonic Mean
a1 b1 c1
(iii) If = ¹ , No solution
a 2 b 2 c2
AVERAGE
1 1
31. If a and b are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then and are roots of cx2 + bx + a = 0 n +1
a b 36. (i) Average of first n natural no. =
2
32. If a and b are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
(i) One root is zero if c = 0. (ii) Average of first n even no. = (n + 1)
(ii) Both roots zero if b = 0 and c = 0. (iii) Average of first n odd no. = n
(iii) Roots are reciprocal to each other, if c = a. ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
(iv) If both roots a and b are positive, then sign of a and b are opposite and sign of c and a are same. 37. (i) Average of sum of square of first n natural no. =
6
(v) If both roots a and b are negative, then sign of a, b and c are same.
2 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
b c
( a + b) = - , ab = , then (ii) Average of sum of square of first n even no. =
3
a a
æ 4n - 1 ö 2
a-b = ( a + b )2 - 4ab (iii) Average of sum of square of first odd no. = çç 3 ÷÷
è ø
( )
2 2
a 4 + b4 = a 2 + b2 - 2a 2b2 = é( a + b) 2 - 2ab ù - 2 ( ab ) 2
ë û
101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S-7 S-8 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude

n ( n + 1) ad - bc
2
38. (i) Average of cube of first n natural no. = 46. A number added or subtracted from a, b, c & d, so that they are in proportion = ( a + d ) - ( b + c )
4
(ii) Average of cube of first n even natural no. = 2n(n + 1) 2
For example : When a number should be subtracted from 2, 3, 1 & 5 so that they are in proportion. Find that number.
(iii) Average of cube of first n odd natural no. = n(2n 2 – 1)
m ( n + 1) 2 ´ 5 - 3 ´1 10 - 3 7
39. Average of first n multiple of m = Sol. Req. No. = ( 2 + 5 ) - ( 3 + 1) = 7 - 4 = 3
2
40. (i) If average of some observations is x and a is added in each observations, then new average is (x + a). 47. If X part of A is equal to Y part of B, then A : B = Y : X.
(ii) If average of some observations is x and a is subtracted in each observations, then new average is (x – a).
For example: If 20% of A = 30% of B, then find A : B.
(iii) If average of some observations is x and each observations multiply by a, then new average is ax.
30% 3
(iv) If average of some observations is x and each observations is divided by a, then new average is
x
. Sol. A : B = = =3:2
a 20% 2
48. When Xth part of P, Yth part of Q and Zth part of R are equal, then find A : B : C.
n1A1 + n 2 A 2
(v) If average of n 1 is A1, & average of n2 is A2, then Average of (n 1 + n2) is and Then, A : B : C = yz : zx : xy
n1 + n 2

n1A1 - n 2 A 2 TIME, DISTANCE AND WORK

Average of (n1 – n 2) is
n1 - n 2
41. When a person is included or excluded the group, then age/weight of that person = No. of persons in group × (Increase / t1 t
49. A can do a/b part of work in t1 days and c/d part of work in t2 days, then = 2
Decrease) in average ± New average. a /b c/d
For example : In a class average age of 15 students is 18 yrs. When the age of teacher is included their average increased by 2
50. (i) If A is K times efficient than B, Then T(K + 1) = KtB
yrs, then find the age of teacher.
Sol. Age of teacher = 15 × 2 + (18 + 2) = 30 + 20 = 50 yrs. (ii) If A is K times efficient than B and takes t days less than B
42. When two or more than two persons included or excluded the group, then average age of included or excluded person is
Kt t t
No. of person ´ ( Increase / Decrease ) in average ± New average ´ ( No. of person included or excluded ) Then T = or , tB = = ktA
K2 -1 K -1 K -1
=
No. of included or person
51. (i) If a cistern takes X min to be filled by a pipe but due to a leak, it takes Y extra minutes to be filled, then the time taken by leak
For example : Average weight of 13 students is 44 kg. After including two new students their average weight becomes 48 kg, then
find the average weight of two new students. æ X 2 + XY ö
to empty the cistern = ç ÷ min
Sol. Average weight of two new students ç Y ÷
è ø
13 ´ ( 48 - 44 ) + 48 ´ 2 13 ´ 4 + 48 ´ 2 52 + 96
= = = = 74 kg (ii) If a leak empty a cistern in X hours. A pipe which admits Y litres per hour water into the cistern and now cistern is emptied
2 2 2
2xy æX+Y+Zö
in Z hours, then capacity of cistern is = ç ÷ litres.
43. If a person travels two equal distances at a speed of x km/h and y km/h, then average speed =
x+y
km/h è Z-X ø
(iii) If two pipes A and B fill a cistern in x hours and y hours. A pipe is also an outlet C. If all the three pipes are opened together,
3xyz
44. If a person travels three equal distances at a speed of x km/h, y km/h and z km/h, then average speed = km/h.
xy + yz + zx é xyT ù
the tank full in T hours. Then the time taken by C to empty the full tank is = ê ú
ë yT + xT - xy û
RATIO & PROPORTION
52. (i) If t1 and t2 time taken to travel from A to B and B to A, with speed a km/h and b km/h, then distance from A to B is
a b c a + b + c + .... K1 + K 2 + K3 + .....
45. (i) If = = =.... , then = æ ab ö æ ab ö
K1 K 2 K 3 c K3 d = ( t1 + t 2 ) ç ÷ d = ( t1 - t 2 ) ç ÷
èa+bø èa-bø
P Q R P+Q+ R
For example: If = = , then find
3 4 7 R æ tt ö
Sol. P = 3, Q = 4, R = 7 d = ( a - b) ç 1 2 ÷
è t1 - t 2 ø
P + Q + R 3+ 4 + 7
Then = =2 (ii) If Ist part of distance is covered at the speed of a in t1 time and the second part is covered at the speed of b in t2 time, then
R 7
æ at + bt1 ö
a1 a 2 a 3 a 4 an the average speed = ç 2
(ii) If a = a = a = a = .... a = K , then a : a
1 n + 1 = (K)
n è t1 + t 2 ø÷
2 3 4 5 n +1
101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S-9 S- 10 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude

PERCENTAGE 57. For two articles, if price:

Ist IInd Overall

53. Simple Fraction Their Percentage Simple Fraction Their Percentage
æ xy ö
1 100% 1 Increase (x%) Increase (y%) Increase ç x + y + ÷%
12.5% è 100 ø
8
1
50% æ xy ö
2 Increase (x%) Decrease (y%) çx -y- ÷%
1 è 100 ø
11.11%
1 9 If +ve (Increase)
33.3%
3 If –ve (Decrease)
1
10% æ xy ö
1
25%
10 Decrease (x%) Decrease (y%) Decrease ç x + y - ÷%
4 è 100 ø
1
1 9.09% æ x2 ö
5
20% 11 Increase (x%) Decrease (x%) Decrease çç 100 ÷÷ %
è ø
1
1 8.33% æ
16.67% 12 x2 ö
6 58. If the side of a square or radius of a circle is x% increase/decrease, then its area increase/decrease = çç 2x ± 100 ÷÷ %
è ø
1 59. If the side of a square, x% increase/decrease then x% its perimeter and diagonal increase/decrease.
14.28%
7
t
æ 100 ± R ö
If population P increase/decrease at r% rate, then after t years population = P ç
è 100 ø÷
60. (i)

(ii) If population P increase/decrease r 1% first year, r 2% increase/decrease second year and r 3% increase/decrease third year,
æ aö æ a ö
54. (i) If A is ç x% = ÷ more than B, then B is ç % ÷ less than A.
è bø èa+b ø æ r öæ r öæ r ö
then after 3 years population = P ç1 ± 1 ÷ ç1 ± 2 ÷ç1 ± 3 ÷
è 100 ø è 100 øè 100 ø
æ aö æ a ö
(ii) If A is ç x% = ÷ less than B, then B is ç % ÷ more than A If increase we use (+), if decrease we use (–)
è bø èa -b ø 61. If a man spend x% of this income on food, y% of remaining on rent and z% of remaining on cloths. If he has ` P remaining, then
if a > b, we take a – b P ´ 100 ´ 100 ´100
total income of man is =
if b > a, we take b – a. (100 - x )(100 - y )(100 - z )
æ b-a ö [Note: We can use this table for area increase/decrease in mensuration for rectangle, triangle and parallelogram].
55. If price of a article increase from ` a to ` b, then its expenses decrease by ç ´100 ÷ % so that expenditure will be same.
è b ø
PROFIT AND LOSS
56. Due to increase/decrease the price x%, A man purchase a kg more in ` y, then
62. If CP of x things = SP of y things, then
æ xy ö
Per kg increase or decrease = ç ÷ éx - y ù
è 100 ´ a ø Profit/Loss = ê ´ 100 ú %
ë y û
xy If +ve, Profit;
Per kg starting price = ` 100 ± x a
( ) If –ve, Loss
63. If after selling x things P/L is equal to SP of y things,

y
then P/L = ´ 100
( x ± y)
é Profit = - ù
ê Loss = + ú
ë û
101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S- 11 S- 12 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
64. If CP of two articles are same, and they sold at 71. If P = Principal, A = Amount
in n years, R = rate of interest per annum.
Ist IInd Overall
n
æx+yö é R ù
A = P ê1 + , interest payable annually
(x%) Profit (y%) Profit ç ÷ % Profit
è 2 ø ë 100 úû

æ x - y ö ìProfit, if x > y é R¢ ù
n¢
(x%) Profit (y%) Loss ç ÷%í 72. (i) A = P ê1 + , interest payable half-yearly
è 2 ø îLoss, if x < y ë 100 úû

æx+yö R¢ = R/2, n¢ = 2n
(x%) Loss (y%) Loss ç ÷ % Loss
è 2 ø 4n
é R ù
(ii) A = P ê1 + , interest payable quarterly;
(x%) Profit (y%) Loss No profit, no loss ë 400 úû

65. If SP of two articles are same and they sold at é R ù

73. (i) êë1 + 400 úû is the yearly growth factor;
Ist IInd Overall
é R ù
æ x2 ö 1–
ëê 400 ûú
(ii) is the yearly decay factor or depreciation factor..
Loss ç ÷%
Profit (x%) Loss(x%) ç 100 ÷
è ø
3
74. When time is fraction of a year, say 4 , years, then,
æ 100 ( x - y ) - 2xy ö é 2 (100 + x )(100 - y ) ù ì If + ve, then Pr ofit% 4
Profit (x%) Loss (y%) ç ÷ % or ê - 100 ú % í
è 200 + x - y ø ë 200 + x - y û î If - ve, then Loss%
é 3 ù
R
R ù ê 4 ú
4
é
Amount = P ê1 + ´ ê1 + ú
ë 100 ûú ë 100 û
é P+D ù
66. After D% discount, requires P% profit, then total increase in C.P.= ê ´100ú %
ë100 - D û
CI = Amount – Principal = P 1 + R
LMF IJ n
OP
MNGH -1
75.
100 K PQ
(100 + P )
67. M.P. = C.P ×
(100 - D ) 76. When Rates are different for different years, say R1, R2, R3% for 1st, 2nd & 3rd years respectively, then,

é R ùé R ùé R ù
( M.P. - C.P.) ´ 100 77. Amount = P ê1 + 1 ú ê1 + 2 ú ê1 + 3 ú
ë 100 û ë 100 û ë 100 û
68. Profit % =
C.P.
In general, interest is considered to be SIMPLE unless otherwise stated.
éæ 100 + r1 ö æ 100 + r2 ö æ 100 + r3 ö ù
69. (i) For discount r 1% and r 2%, successive discount = êç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ - 1ú ´ 100
ëè 100 ø è 100 ø è 100 ø û
GEOMETRY

78. (i) Sum of all the exterior angle of a polygon = 360°

éæ 100 + r1 ö æ 100 + r2 ö æ 100 + r3 ö ù
(ii) For discount r1%, r2% and r3%, successive discount = êç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ - 1ú ´ 100
ëè 100 ø è 100 ø è 100 ø û 360°
(ii) Each exterior angle of a regular polygon =
n
(iii) Sum of all the interior angles of a polygon = (n – 2) × 180°
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST
( n - 2)
(iv) Each interior angle of a regular polygon = ´ 180°
If P = Principal, R = Rate per annum, n
T = Time in years, SI = Simple interest,
n ( n - 3)
A = Amount (v) No. of diagonals of a polygon = , n ® no. of sides.
2
PRT
70. (i) SI = (vi) The ratio of sides a polygon to the diagonals of a polygon is 2 : (n – 3)
100 (vii) Ratio of interior angle to exterior angle of a regular polygon is (n – 2) : 2
79. Properties of triangle:
é RT ù
(ii) A = P + SI = P ê1 + (i) When one side is extended in any direction, an angle is formed with another side. This is called the exterior angle. There
ë 100 úû
are six exterior angles of a triangle.
(ii) Interior angle + corresponding exterior angle = 180°.
101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S- 13 S- 14 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
(iii) An exterior angle = Sum of the other two interior opposite angles. 80. Properties of circle –
(iv) Sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater than the length of third side. (i) Only one circle can pass through three given points.
(v) Difference of any two sides is less than the third side. (ii) There is one and only one tangent to the circle passing through any point on the circle.
Side opposite to the greatest angle is greatest and vice versa. (iii) From any exterior point of the circle, two tangents can be drawn on to the circle.
(vi) A triangle must have at least two acute angles. (iv) The lengths of two tangents segment from the exterior point to the circle, are equal.
(vii) Triangles on equal bases and between the same parallels have equal areas. (v) The tangent at any point of a circle and the radius through the point are perpendicular to each other.
(viii) If a, b, c denote the sides of a triangle then (vi) When two circles touch each other, their centres & the point of contact are collinear.
(i) if c2 < a2 + b2, Triangle is acute angled. (vii) If two circles touch externally, distance between centres = sum of radii.
(ii) if c2 = a2 + b2, Triangle is right angled. (viii) If two circles touch internally, distance between centres = difference of radii
(iii) if c2 > a2 + b2, Triangle is obtuse angled. (ix) Circles with same centre and different radii are concentric circles.
(ix) If 2 triangles are equiangular, their corresponding sides are proportional. In triangles ABC and XYZ, if (x) Points lying on the same circle are called concyclic points.
ÐA = ÐX, ÐB = ÐY, ÐC = ÐZ, then (xi) Measure of an arc means measure of central angle.
AB AC BC m(minor arc) + m(major arc) = 360°.
= = .. A
XY XZ YZ (xii) Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
(xiii) Only one circle can pass through three given
• (i) In DABC, ÐB = 90° BD ^ AC
(xxv) If ON is ^ from the centre O of a circle to a chord AB, then AN = NB.
\ BD × AC = AB × BC D
1 1 1
(ii) = +
BD 2 AB2 BC 2
O
(iii) BD2 = AD × DC C B
(x) The perpendiculars drawn from vertices to opposite sides (called altitudes) meet at a point called Orthocentre of the A B
N
triangle.
(xi) The line drawn from a vertex of a triangle to the opposite side such that it bisects the side is called the Median of the (^ from centre bisects chord)
triangle. A median bisects the area of the triangle. (xv) If N is the midpoint of a chord AB of a circle with centre O, then ÐONA = 90°.
(xii) When a vertex of a triangle is joined to the midpoint of the opposite side, we get a median. The point of intersection of (Converse, ^ from centre bisects chord)
the medians is called the Centroid of the triangle. The centroid divides any median in the ratio 2 : 1.
(xvi) Two congruent figures have equal areas but the converse need not be true.
(xiii) Angle Bisector Theorem–
(xvii) A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two triangles of equal area.
In the figure if AD is the angle bisector (interior) of Ð BAC. Then,
(xviii) Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in area.
A (xix) Triangles on the same bases and between the same parallels are equal in area.
(xx) If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between the same parallels, then the area of the triangle is equal
to the half of the parallelogram.
• If PT is a tangent to the circle, then OP2 = PT2 = OT2

B C
D T

1. AB/AC = BD/DC.
2. AB x AC – BD x DC = AD2 . P O
(xiv) Midpoint Theorem –
In a triangle, the line joining the mid points of two sides is parallel to the third side and half of it.
(xv) Basic Proportionality Theorem
A line parallel to any one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally. If DE is parallel to BC, then
• If PT is tangent and PAB is secant of a circle, then PT2 = PA.PB
A
T
D E

B C
O P

AD AE AB AC AD AB A
= = , = and so on.
BD EC¢ AD AE DE BC B
101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S- 15 S- 16 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
• If PB & PD are two secant of a circle, then PA.PB = PC.PD
1 P
84. (i) Area of D = bc SinP where ÐP = ÐQPR
2
B
1
(ii) Area of D = ac SinQ c b
2
A 1
(iii) Area of D = ab SinR
R
2 Q a
P D
C
b2 + c 2 - a 2 a 2 + c2 - b 2
85. CosP = , CosQ = ,
2bc 2ac
• If two circles touch externally, then distance between their centres = (r 1 + r2)
a 2 + b2 - c2
CosR =
2ab

a b c
A B 86. Sine Rule : = =
SinP SinQ SinR
r1 r2
Square
Perimeter of square Diagonal of square
87. Area of square = = = side of square
4 4
• If two circles touch internally, then distance between their centres = r 1 – r2 where r 1 > r2.

88. In a circle with radius r.

A D
= where A - Area of circle r
A B C 4
O
C - Circumference of circle
D - Diameter of circle

3 2
89. If q = 60°, ar D AOB = r
4
MENSURATION
1 2
If q = 90°, ar D AOB = r
1 2
81. (i) Area of triangle = × base × altitude
2 r q r
1 2
If q , ar D AOB = r
2
a +b+c A B
(ii) Area of triangle using heron’s formula = S / S - a (S - b) (S - c) , where S =
2 2 æqö æqö
sinq = r sin ç ÷ .cos ç ÷
82. In an equilateral triangle with side a, then è2ø è2ø
where A ® Area of triangle 2 ´ area of DABC
4A 4h 2 P 2 A circle with largest area inscribed in a right angle triangle, then r =
= = = a2 P ® Perimeter
90. (i)
Perimeter of DABC
.
3 3 9
h ® Height
83. In an isosceles triangle PQR A
P
b
ar D PQR = 4a 2 - b2
4
a a

4a 2 - b 2 r
Height =
2
Q b R C
B
101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S- 17 S- 18 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude

pa2 92. Diagonal of a cube = 3 × side

(ii) If ABC is an equilateral triangle with side a, then Area of circle =
l 2 + b 2 + h 2 ; where l ® Length, b ® breadth, h ® height
12 93. Diagonal of a cuboid =
A
94. For two cubes

A1 v a d
=3 1 = 1 = 1
A2 v2 a 2 d2

r where A1, A2 ® Area of cubes

B C v1, v2 ® Volume
a1, a2 ® Sides
pa 2 d1, d2 ® Diagonals
(iii) If ABC is an equilateral triangle with side a, then area of circle = .
3 95. Units of Measurement of Area and Volume
• The inter-relationships between various units of measurement of length, area and volume are listed below for ready reference:
Length
1 Centimetre (cm) = 10 milimetre (mm)
r 1 Decimetre (dm) = 10 centimetre
1 Metre (m) = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1000 mm
1 Decametre (dam) = 10 m = 1000 cm
1 Hectometre (hm) = 10 dam = 100 m
r 1 pr 2 1
(iv) If DABC is an equilateral triangle, and two circles with radius r and R, then = and = 1 Kilometre (km) = 1000 m = 100 dam = 10 hm
R 2 pR 2 4 1 Myriametre = 10 kilometre
A Area
1 cm2 = 1 cm × 1 cm = 10 mm × 10 mm = 100 mm2
r 1 dm2 = 1 dm × 1 dm = 10 cm × 10 cm = 100 cm2
1 m2 = 1 m × 1 m = 10 dm × 10 dm = 100 dm2
R 1 dam2 or 1 are = 1 dam × 1dam = 10 m × 10 m = 100 m2
B C 1 hm2 = 1 hectare = 1 hm × 1 hm = 100 m × 10000m2 = 100 dm2
1 km2 = 1 km × 1 km = 10 hm × 10 hm = 100 hm2 or 100 hectare
2
( ) r2
(v) Three equal circle with radius r and an equilateral triangle ABC, then area of shaded region = 2 3 - p .
Volume
1 cm3 = 1 ml = 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm = 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm = 1000 mm3
1 litre = 1000 ml = 1000 cm3
1 m3 = 1 m×1 m×1m = 100 cm × 100 cm × 100 cm = 106 cm3
A
= 1000 litre = 1 kilometre
1 dm3 = 1000 cm3, 1m3 = 1000 dm3, 1 km3 = 109 m3
If a, b, c are the edges of a cuboid, then

96. The longest diagonal = a 2 + b 2 + c 2

B C (i) If the height of a cuboid is zero it becomes a rectangle.
(ii) If “a” be the edge of a cube, then
(iii) The longest diagonal = aÖ3
area of square 7
91. ABCD is a square placed inside a circle with side a and radius of circle r, then area of circle = 11 97. Volume of pyramid =
1
´ Base Area ´ height (H)
3

A a B A Fl I 2

If A1 & A2 denote the areas of two similar figures and l1 & l2 denote their corresponding linear measures, then A = l
HG KJ
1 1
98. (i)
2 2
r
a a
V1 F I
l
3

(ii) If V1 & V2 denote the volumes of two similar solids and l1, l2 denote their corresponding linear measures, then
V2 GH JK
= 1
l2

D C Total volume of objects submerged or taken out

a (iii) The rise or fall of liquid level in a container =
Cross sectional area of container
101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S- 19 S- 20 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
99. If a largest possible cube is inscribed in a sphere of radius ‘a’ cm, then 100. In any quadrilateral

2a 1 1
(i) the edge of the cube = . (i) Area = ´ one diagonal × (sum of perpendiculars to it from opposite vertices) = × d (d1 + d2)
3 2 2

(ii) Area of a cyclic quadrilateral = bs - agbs - bgbs - cgbs - dg

where a, b, c, d are sides of quadrilateral and

a+b +c+d
s = semi perimeter =
2

101. If length, breadth & height of a three dimensional figure increase/decrease by x%, y% and z%, then

éæ 100 ± x öæ 100 ± y ö ù
Change in area = êç ÷ç ÷ - 1ú ´ 100%
(ii) If a largest possible sphere is inscribed in a cylinder of radius ‘a’ cm and height ‘h’ cm, then for h > a, ëè 100 øè 100 ø û
• the radius of the sphere = a and
éæ 100 ± x ö æ 100 ± y öæ 100 ± z ö ù
h Change in Volume = êç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ - 1ú ´ 100%
• the radius = (for a > h) ëè 100 ø è 100 øè 100 ø û
2

(iii) If a largest possible sphere is inscribed in a cone of radius ‘a’ cm and slant height equal to the diameter of the base, then

a
• the radius of the sphere = .
3

(iv) If a largest possible cone is inscribed in a cylinder of radius ‘a’ cm and height ‘h’ cm, then the radius of the cone = a and
height = h.

2
(v) If a largest possible cube is inscribed in a hemisphere of radius ‘a’ cm, then the edge of the cube = a .
3