SCIENCE

(Chemistry)
Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Carbon and its Compounds
Bonding in Carbon
Most carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity. From the data melting points of
the carbon compounds, we find that these compounds have low melting and boiling points
as compared to ionic compounds. We can conclude that the forces of attraction between
the molecules are not very strong. Since these compounds are largely non-conductors of
electricity, we can conclude that the bonding in these compounds does not give rise to any
ions.
Covalent Bond
A covalent bond is formed when pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. It is
primarily formed between two same nonmetallic atoms or between nonmetallic atoms
with similar electronegativity.
Noble gas configuration of Carbon
● Carbon is tetravalent, it does not form ionic bond by either losing four electrons (C4+) or
by gaining four electrons (C4-). It is difficult to hold four extra electron and would
require large amount of energy to remove four electrons. So, carbon can form bond by
sharing of its electrons with the electrons of other carbon atom or with other element
and attain noble gas configuration.
● The atoms of other elements like hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, chlorine also form
bonds by sharing of electrons.

H – H single bond between

hydrogen atoms (H2)

O = O double bond between oxygen

atoms (O2)
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

N ≡ N triple bond between nitrogen

atoms

Carbon atom has four electrons in its outermost shell.

● It requires four electrons to achieve the stable, 8 electron, inert gas configuration.
● Carbon atoms can achieve the inert gas electron arrangement only by sharing their
electrons. Hence, carbon always forms covalent bonds.
● The valency of carbon is four since one carbon requires 4 electrons to achieve the
nearest inert gas configuration. Thus, we can say that carbon is tetravalent.
● The four valencies of carbon are usually represented by drawing four short lines around
the symbol of carbon (C).

Allotropes of Carbon
The various physical forms in which an element can exist are called the allotropes of that
element. Carbon has three allotropes:
o Diamond
o Graphite
o Buckminster fullerene
Diamond
● In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four other
carbon atoms, forming a three dimensional structure.
● The rigid structure of diamond makes it a very hard
substance.
● It is a non-conductor of electricity since there are no free
electrons in a diamond crystal.
● It can be synthesised by subjecting pure carbon to a very
high pressure and temperature.
Graphite
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
● In graphite, each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane,
giving a hexagonal array.
● One of the bonds is a double bond and thus the valency of carbon is satisfied.
● Graphite structure is formed by the hexagonal arrays being placed in
layers, one above another.
● Graphite is smooth and slippery.
● It is a very good conductor of electricity due to the presence of free
electrons.
Fullerene
● It is an allotrope of carbon containing clusters of 60 carbon
atoms joined together to form spherical molecules.
● There are 60 carbon atoms in a molecule of
buckminsterfullerene, so its formula is C60.
● The allotrope was named buckminsterfullerene after the
American architect Buckminster Fuller.
Versatile Nature of Carbon
The two characteristic properties of the element carbon which leads to the formation of a
very large number of organic compounds are:
i. Catenation: The property of the element carbon due to which its atoms can join one
another to form long carbon chains is called catenation.
Types of Chains
a) Straight chain of carbon atoms
b) Branched chain of carbon atoms
c) Closed or ring chain of carbon atoms
ii. Tetravalency: Carbon has a valency of four. So, it is capable of bonding with four other
atoms of carbon or atoms of some other monovalent element.
Compounds of carbon are formed with oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine and
many other elements, giving rise to compounds with specific properties which depend on
the elements other than the carbon present in the molecule.

Classification of Hydrocarbons
Comparison of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
1. All the four valencies of each carbon atom 1. The valencies of at least two carbon atoms
are satisfied by forming single covalent are not fully satisfied by hydrogen atoms.
bonds with carbon and with hydrogen
atoms.
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
2. Carbon atoms are joined by a single 2. Carbon atoms are joined by double
covalent bond. covalent bonds.

or by triple covalent bonds.

3. They are less reactive due to the non- 3. They are more reactive due to the
availability or electrons in the single presence of electrons in the double or
covalent bond, and therefore, they triple bond and therefore undergo
undergo substitution reaction. addition reaction.

Cyclic Hydrocarbons
● Hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are arranged in the form of a ring are called
cyclic hydrocarbons.
● Cyclic hydrocarbons may be saturated or unsaturated.
Saturated cyclic hydrocarbon Unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon
● Cyclohexane is an example of a saturated ● Benzene is an example of an
cyclic hydrocarbon. unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon.
● Formula: C6H12 ● Formula: C6H6
● Cyclohexane contains 6 carbon atoms ● Benzene is made up of 6 carbon atoms
arranged in a hexagonal ring, with each and 6 hydrogen atoms.
carbon atom attached to 2 hydrogen
atoms.

Functional Groups
● Functional group: An atom or a group of atoms present in the molecules, which
determines the characteristics property of the organic compounds, is called the
functional group.
Functional General Organic Suffix Examples with common & IUPAC
group formulae compound name
Halide-X R-X Haloalkanes -ane CH3Cl
(F,Cl,Br,I) Common name: Methyl chloride
IUPAC name: Chloromethane
Hydroxyl-OH R-OH Alcohols -ol C2H5OH
Common name : Ethyl alcohol
IUPAC name: Ethanol
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
Aldehyde- CHO Aldehydes -al CH3CHO
Common name: Acetaldehyde
IUPAC name: Ethanal

Carboxyl- Carboxylic -oic CH3CH2COOH

COOH acids acid Common name: Propionic acid
IUPAC name: Propanoic acid

Keto Ketones -one CH3COC2H5

Common name: Diethyl ketone
IUPAC name: Pentanone

Ethers R-O-R’ Ethers -oxy CH3 – O – C2H5

Common name: Ethyl methyl ether
IUPAC name: Methoxy ethane

Homologous Series
It is a group of organic compounds having a similar structure and chemical properties in
which the successive compounds differ by a -CH2 group.
Characteristics of a Homologous Series
● Each member of the series differs from the preceding one by the addition of a -CH2
group and by 14 a.m.u.
● All members of a homologous series have the same general formula.
● The physical properties of the members show a gradation in properties as their
molecular mass increases.
● All members of a homologous series can be prepared by the same general method of
preparation.
Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds:
The system of designating a suitable name to a particular carbon compound based on
certain rules is known as nomenclature. of the basic carbon chain modified by a “prefix”
“phrase before” or “suffix” “phrase after” indicating the nature of the functional group.
Suffix: The suffix refers to the sort of bond or functional group that exists in the carbon
chain.
Prefix: This indicates the presence and position of other functional groups
Most carbon compounds have one of two names:
● Trivial Names: The common names for carbon compounds are known as trivial names.
They are typically derived from the compound's source, such as the name formic acid,
which comes from the Greek term "formicus," which means "red ants." The names that
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

came this way were unclear and repetitive.

● IUPAC Names: As the number of carbon compounds increased, it became necessary to
name them in a more methodical manner. The International Union for Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) proposed a system for naming carbon-based compounds with valid
scientific names. The names derived from their rules are known all throughout the world
and are referred to as IUPAC names.
Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
The majority of carbon-containing molecules connected with hydrogen, i.e. hydrocarbons,
are fuels that emit heat when burned. Natural gas, petrol, gasoline, kerosene, heavy oils,
and, more broadly, wood, biogas, charcoal, and coke are all rich sources of carbon
molecules that are utilised as fuels.
Combustion
The process of burning a carbon compound in air to give carbon dioxide, water, heat and
light is known as combustion.
Flame Characteristics: Saturated hydrocarbons give clean flame while unsaturated
hydrocarbons give smoky flame. In the presence of limited oxygen, even saturated
hydrocarbons give smoky flame.
For example:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + Heat and Light
Oxidation
Carbon undergoes oxidation when it meets oxygen at a higher temperature, resulting in the
formation of oxides such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). When carbon
or carbon-containing fuels are burned incompletely, carbon monoxide is produced.

We see that some substances are capable of adding oxygen to others. These substances are
known as oxidising agents.
Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate are oxidising alcohols
to acids, that is, adding oxygen to the starting material. Hence they are known as oxidising
agents.
● Carbon compounds can be oxidised.
● Alcohols on oxidation are converted to carboxylic acids.
● Alkaline KMnO4 or acidified K2Cr2O7 are used as oxidising agents.
Addition Reaction
Addition reactions are those in which an unsaturated hydrocarbon reacts with another
chemical to generate a single product.
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Unsaturated hydrocarbon add hydrogen in the presence of catalyst palladium or nickel.

Vegetable oils are converted into vegetable ghee using this process.

● This reaction occurs only in unsaturated compounds, where there are double or triple
bonds.
● The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a saturated
hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.
● The process of hydrogenation is used in industries to prepare vegetable ghee (or
vanaspati ghee) from vegetable oils.
Substitution Reaction
The reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced or substituted by
different atoms or group of atoms is called substitution reaction. In alkanes, hydrogen
atoms are replaced by other elements.
CH4 + Cl2 + Sunlight → CH3Cl + HCl
● The reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by
atoms of other elements is called a substitution reaction.
● Substitution reactions are a characteristic property of saturated hydrocarbons.

Some Important Carbon Compounds – Ethanol & Ethanoic Acid

Properties of Alcohols
● Reaction with Sodium: Sodium reacts steadily with ethanol to form sodium ethoxide
along with the evolution of hydrogen gas.
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2 ↑
Ethanol Sodium Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
● Dehydration: Ethanol, on heating with excess of conc. H2SO4 at 170°C gets dehydrated
to form ethene.

C2H5OH 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐻𝐻2𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 170°𝐶𝐶 → CH2 = CH2 + H2O

Reactions of Ethanoic acid
● Esterification: Ethanoic acid reacts with alcohols in the presence of a little conc.
sulphuric acid to form esters.

C2H5OH + CH3COOH 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐻𝐻2𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4 → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

The ester, on treating with a base such as NaOH is converted back to alcohol and sodium
salt of carboxylic acid. This reaction is known as saponification because it is used in the
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

manufacture of soap.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → C2H5OH + CH3COONa
● Reaction with a base: Ethanoic acid reacts with a base such as sodium hydroxide to form
a salt and water.
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Acetic acid Sodium acetate Water
● Reaction with Carbonates & bicarbonates: Acetic acid reacts with carbonates and
bicarbonates to form salt, water and carbon dioxide.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Acetic acid Sodium acetate

CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2

Acetic acid Sodium acetate

Soaps & Detergents

The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. The
ionic-end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain interacts with oil. The soap
molecules, thus form structures called micelles where one end of the molecules is towards
the oil droplet while the ionic-end faces outside. This forms an emulsion in water. The soap
micelle thus helps in pulling out the dirt in water and we can wash our clothes clean.
Micelles
Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic,
that is, it interacts with water, while the other end is hydrophobic, that is, it interacts with
hydrocarbons. When soap is at the surface of water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not
be soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the ionic end in
water and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’ protruding out of water. Inside water, these molecules
have a unique orientation that keeps the hydrocarbon portion out of the water. Thus,
clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the
ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. This formation is called a micelle.
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Soap in the form of a micelle is able to clean, since the oily dirt will be collected in the centre
of the micelle. The micelles stay in solution as a colloid and will not come together to
precipitate because of ion-ion repulsion. Thus, the dirt suspended in the micelles is also easily
rinsed away. The soap micelles are large enough to scatter light. Hence a soap solution
appears cloudy.
● Soaps are cleansing agents capable of reacting with water and dislodging the unwanted
particles from clothes or skin.
● The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
● A soap molecule has a tadpole shaped structure.
● At one end (long non-polar end) of the soap molecule is a hydrocarbon chain which is
insoluble in water but soluble in oil.
● At the other end (short polar end) of the soap molecule, there is a carboxylate ion which
is hydrophilic i.e. water soluble but insoluble in oil.
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Important Questions
⮚ Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Which of the following statements are correct for carbon compounds?
(i) Most carbon compounds are good conductors of electricity.
(ii) Most carbon compounds are poor conductors of electricity.
(iii) Force of attraction between molecules of carbon compounds is not very strong.
(iv) Force of attraction between molecules of carbon compounds is very strong.
(a) (ii) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iii)
2. C3H8 belongs to the homologous series of
(a) Alkynes
(b) Alkenes
(c) Alkanes
(d) Cyclo alkanes

(a) 2-ethyl-2-methyl propane

(b) 2, 2-demethyl butane
(c) 1,1,1-trimethyl propane
(d) 2, 2-methyl butane
4. Which of the following is the formula of Butanoic acid?

5. The number of isomers of pentane is

(a) 2
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
6. Which of the following will undergo addition reactions?
(a) CH4
(b) C3H8
(C) C2H6
(d) C2H4
7. When ethanoic acid is treated with NaHCO^ the gas evolved is
(a) H2
(b) CO2
(c) CH4
(d) CO
8. Ethanol on complete oxidation gives
(a) acetic acid/ ethanoic acid
(b) CO2 and water
(c) ethanal
(d) acetone/ ethanone
9. Which of the following will give a pleasant smell of ester when heated with
ethanol and a small quantity of sulphuric acid?
(a) CH3COOH
(b) CH3CH2OH
(c) CH3OH
(d) CH3CHO
10. Name the functional group present in CH3COCH3.
(a) Alcohol
(b) Carboxylic acid
(c) Ketone
(d) Aldehyde

⮚ Very Short Question:

1. What are the essential constituents of all organic compounds?
2. What is the valency of carbon in its compounds?
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

3. Why are organic compounds present in such a large number?

4. Which is common in all the members of a family?
5. A family of organic compounds has the functional group ‘al’. What is its name?
6. Out of ketonic and aldehydic groups, which is the terminal functional group?
7. Why is candle flame generally yellow?
8. The formula of a hydrocarbon is CnH2n. Name the family to which it belongs and
also predict its nature.
9. An unknown compound has the smell of vinegar. Identify it.
10. What do we get when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of
concentrated sulphuric acid?

⮚ Short Questions:
1. Write the structures of
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Butanone
(iii) Hexanal
(iv) But-2-ene.
2. How will you name the following compounds?
3. Identify the name of the functional groups in the following compounds.

4. Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds.

5. Give the electron dot structure and structural formula of first member of alkene
and alkyne families.
6. Draw the structural formulae of the possible isomers for the compound with
molecular formula C3H6O?
7. How will you convert ethene into ethanol? Give the chemical reaction involved.
8. What is an homologous series? Which two of the following organic compounds
belong to the same homologous series?
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

C2H6, C2H6O, C2H6O2,

⮚ Long Questions:
1. An organic compound ‘A’ is an essential constituent of wine and beer. Oxidation
of ‘A’ yields an organic acid ‘B’ which is present in vinegar. Name the compounds ‘A’
and ‘B’ and write their structural formulae. What happens when ‘A’ and ‘B’ react in
the presence of an acid catalyst? Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
2. Give a chemical test to distinguish between:
(i) Ethane and ethene
(ii) Ethanol and ethanoic acid
(iii) Soaps and detergents.
3.
(a) What are homologous series of compounds? List any two characteristics of
homologous series.
(b) What would be observed by adding a 5% solution of alkaline potassium
permanganate drop by drop to warm ethanol taken in a test tube?
(c) Write the name of the compound formed during the chemical reaction. How
would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on
the basis of a chemical property?

⮚ Assertion Reason Questions:

1. For question two statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other
labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a),
(b), (c) and (d) as given below:
a. Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
c. A is true, but R is false.
d. A is false, but R is true.
Assertion: Diamond and graphite do not have the same crystal structure.
Reason: Diamond is crystalline while graphite is amorphous.
2. For question two statements are given- one labelled Assertion (A) and the other
labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a),
(b), (c) and (d) as given below:
a. Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion.
b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
c. A is true, but R is false.
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

d. A is false, but R is true.

Assertion: Olefins have the general formula CnH2n+1.
Reason: There is at least one double bond between two carbon atoms in their molecules.

⮚ Case study Question:

1. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).
A hydrocarbon (P) has the molecular formula C10H22 hydrocarbon (Q) has two carbon
atoms less than (P) and belong to the same homologous series. A hydrocarbon (R) has two
carbon atoms more than (P) and belong to the same homologous series.
i. What is the molecular formula of (Q)?
a. C12H26
b. C8H16
c. C8H18
d. C8H14
ii. To which homologous series do the compound (P), (Q) and (R) belong?
a. CnH2n
b. C2H2n-2
c. CnH2n+2
d. CnH2n+1
iii. What is the molecular formula of (R)?
a. C12H26
b. C12H24
c. C12H22
d. C12H28
iv. Identify the correct statement about compounds (P), (Q) and (R).
a. They have same melting and boiling points.
b. They have same chemical properties.
c. They have different general formula.
d. They differ by -CH unit.
v. Compounds (P), (Q) and (R) are:
a. Alkanes.
b. Alkenes.
c. Alkynes.
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

d. None of these.
2. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v).
The table given below shows six organic compounds A, B, C, D, E and F having different
molecular formula:
Organic compound Molecular formula
A C7H16
B C8H16
C C4H6
D C6H10
E C5H10
F C9H20

i. Which of the following compounds belong to same homologous series?

a. E and F
b. B and C
c. A and B
d. C and D
ii. Which of the following is the member of the same homologous series as E?
a. D
b. A
c. F
d. B
iii. Identify the correct statements.
a. A and Fare saturated hydrocarbons while all others are unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
b. C and D belong to a homologous series having general formula CnH2n.
c. B and E are alkynes.
d. All the compounds have same physical and chemical properties.
iv. Compound B is:
a. An alkane.
b. An alkene.
c. An alkyne.
d. None of these.
v. Compound (F) has a general formula:
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

a. CnH2n-2
b. CnH2n
c. CnH2n+4
d. CnH2n+2
Answer Key-
⮚ Multiple Choice Answers:
1. (b) (ii) and (iii)
2. (c) Alkanes
3. (b) 2, 2-demethyl butane
4. (d)
5. (b) 3
6. (d) C2H4
7. (b) CO2
8. (b) CO2 and water
9. (a) CH3COOH
10.(c) Ketone

⮚ Very Short Answers:

1. Answer: Carbon and hydrogen are the essential constituents of all organic
compounds. However, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an exception.
2. Answer: Carbon is tetravalent in its compounds.
3. Answer: This is due to the self-linking property of carbon known as catenation.
4. Answer: They have the common functional group.
5. Answer: The family is of aldehydes also called alkanals.
6. Answer: Aldehydic group

7. Answer: Candle flame is generally yellow due to the presence of unburnt carbon
particles. When light falls on these particles, they scatter yellow colour. This
shows that the combustion of hydrocarbons present in wax or candle is not
complete.
8. Answer: The hydrocarbon belongs to alkene family. It is unsaturated in nature.
9. Answer: The compound is ethanoic acid also called acetic acid.
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

10.Answer: Ethyl ethanoate (CH3COOC2H5) is formed by esterification reaction. It has

fruity smell.

⮚ Short Answer:
1. Answer:

2. Answer:
(a) Ethanal
(b) Ethanol
(c) Methanal
(d) Chloroethane.
3. Answer:
(i) —NH2 (amino) (ii) —Br (bromo)

4. Answer:
(A) Ethanol
(B) Propanone
(C) Ethanoic acid.
5. Answer:

6. Answer:
The given organic compounds represents two structural isomers which are actually
functional isomers in nature.
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

7. Answer:
Ethene is converted into ethanol by passing its vapours through water in the presence
of sulphuric acid. This reaction is called hydration of ethene.

8. Answer:
Homologous series represent different families of organic compounds into which these
are divided. Two characteristics of homologous series are listed.
The compounds CH4O and C2H6O belong to the same homologous series known as
alkanols.

⮚ Long Answer:
1. Answer:
The available information suggests that the compound ‘A’ is ethanol and the
compound ‘B’ formed by the oxidation of ‘A’ is ethanoic acid. Their structural
formulae are:

When ‘A’ and ‘B’ react in the presence of an acid like cone. H2SO4, the compound
is ethyl ethanoate (ester) with a pleasant smell.

2. Answer:
(i) Ethene decolorizes the yellow colour of bromine water while ethane does not.
(ii) Ethanoic acid gives a brisk effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate
while ethanol does not.
(iii) Soaps form curdy white precipitate or scum with hard water while detergents
do not form any precipitate.
3. Answer:
(a) Homologous series represent different families of organic compounds into which
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

these are divided. Two characteristics of homologous series are listed.

● All the members in a particular homologous series of family have the same
characteristic functional group. For example, in organic acids, the functional
group is carboxyl group (—COOH).
● Any two consecutive members in a particular family have the same common
difference of CH2 in their molecular formulae. For example, the first three
members of the family of alkanes are: CH4 (methane), C2H6 (ethane) and
propane (C3H8).
(b) On adding a 5% solution of alkaline potassium permanganate to ethanol, it will be
oxidized to ethanoic acid.
The pink colour of the solution will get discharged upon warming.

(c) A carboxylic acid gives a brisk effervescence when an aqueous solution of sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) is added to it. This is due to the evolution of CO2 gas.
However, alcohol will not give any reaction.

⮚ Assertion Reason Answer:

1. (c) A is true, but R is false.
Explanation:
In diamond, C-atoms are sp3 hybridized while in graphite, they are
sp2 hybridized. Diamond and graphite both are crystalline forms of carbon.
2. (d) A is false, but R is true.
Explanation:
Olefins are unsaturated hydrocarbons. There is at least one double bond
between two carbon atoms in their molecules and they have the general
formula CnH2n.

⮚ Case Study Answer:

1. i (c) C8H18
Explanation:
Molecular formula of (Q) is C8H18 as it has two carbon atoms less than (P).
ii. (c) CnH2n+2
Explanation:
CHEMISTRY CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Compounds (P), (Q) and (R) are alkanes having general formula CnH2n+2.
iii. (a) C12H26
Explanation:
Molecular formula of (R) is C12H26 as it has two carbon atoms more than (P).
iv. (b) They have same chemical properties.
Explanation:
Compound (P), (Q) and (R) belong to same homologous series So they have
different physical properties but similar chemical properties. They have same
general formula CnH2n+2. They differ by 2 carbon atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms.
v. (a) Alkanes.
2. i (d) C and D
Explanation:
A and Fare alkanes; B and E are alkenes; C and Dare alkynes.
ii. (d) B
Explanation:
B is an alkene having general formula CnH2n the homologous series to which E
belongs.
iii. (a) A and Fare saturated hydrocarbons while all others are unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
Explanation:
C and D belong to a homologous series having general formula CnH2n-2 B and E are
alkenes. All the compounds have different physical and chemical properties.
iv. (b) An alkene.
Explanation:
(B) is alkene.
v. (d) CnH2n+2
Explanation:
(F) is an alkane.