11/30/2024

Department of Avionics Engineering Consensus Law

Digital Logic Design (208412)

Lecture No 24

Combinational Circuits

Saturday 30th November 2024

Introduction Introduction
• Logic circuits for digital systems may be combinational or • Because the state of the storage elements is a function of previous
sequential. inputs, the outputs of a sequential circuit depend not only on
present values of inputs, but also on past inputs, and the circuit
• A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose outputs at any behavior must be specified by a time sequence of inputs and
time are determined from only the present combination of inputs. internal states.
A combinational circuit performs an operation that can be specified
logically by a set of Boolean functions.
• In contrast, sequential circuits employ storage elements in addition
to logic gates. Their outputs are a function of the inputs and the
state of the storage elements.

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Combinational Circuits Combinational Circuits

• A combinational circuit consists of an interconnection of logic gates.
• Combinational logic gates react to the values of the signals at their
inputs and produce the value of the output signal, transforming
binary information from the given input data to a required output
data. • For n input variables, there are 2n possible combinations of the
• The n input binary variables come from an external source; the m binary inputs.
output variables are produced by the internal combinational logic • For each possible input combination, there is one possible value
circuit and go to an external destination. for each output variable.
• Each input and output variable exists physically as an analog signal • A combinational circuit also can be described by m Boolean
whose values are interpreted to be a binary signal that represents functions, one for each output variable. Each output function is
logic 1 and logic 0.
expressed in terms of the n input variables.

Combinational Circuits Combinational Circuits

• There are several combinational circuits that are employed • These components are available in integrated circuits as Medium-
extensively in the design of digital systems. Scale Integration (MSI) circuits.
• These circuits are available in integrated circuits and are classified • They are also used as Standard Cells in complex very largescale
as standard components. integrated (VLSI) circuits such as application-specific integrated
• They perform specific digital functions commonly needed in the circuits (ASICs).
design of digital systems. • The standard cell functions are interconnected within the VLSI
• Most important standard combinational circuits, such as adders, circuit in the same way that they are used in multiple-IC MSI design.
subtractors, comparators, decoders, encoders, and multiplexers.

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Design of Combinational Circuits Design of Combinational Circuits

• The design of combinational circuits starts from the specification of the • A truth table for a combinational circuit consists of input columns
design objective and culminates in a logic circuit diagram or a set of and output columns. The input columns are obtained from the 2n
Boolean functions from which the logic diagram can be obtained. The
procedure involves the following steps: binary numbers for the n input variables. The binary values for the
outputs are determined from the stated specifications.
1. From the specifications of the circuit, determine the required number of inputs
and outputs and assign a symbol to each. • The output functions specified in the truth table give the exact
2. Derive the truth table that defines the required relationship between inputs definition of the combinational circuit.
and outputs.
• It is important that the verbal specifications be interpreted correctly
3. Obtain the simplified Boolean functions for each output as a function of the
input variables. in the truth table, as they are often incomplete, and any wrong
4. Draw the logic diagram and verify the correctness of the design (manually or by interpretation may result in an incorrect truth table.
simulation).

Example : Code Conversion Truth Table for BCD to Excess-3 Code

• The availability of a large variety of codes for the same discrete elements
of information results in the use of different codes by different digital
systems.
• To convert from binary code A to binary code B, the input lines must
supply the bit combination of elements as specified by code A and the
output lines must generate the corresponding bit combination of code
B.
• A combinational circuit performs this transformation by means of logic
gates.
• The design procedure will be illustrated by an example that converts
binary coded decimal (BCD) to the excess-3 code for the decimal digits.

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Truth Table for BCD to Excess-3 Code Truth Table for BCD to Excess-3 Code

BCD to Excess-3 Code BCD to Excess-3 Code Converter

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Example # 2 Parity Generator Example # 2 Parity Generator

• To detect errors in data communication and processing, an additional bit
is sometimes added to the message to indicate its parity.
• A parity bit is an extra bit included with a message to make the total
number of 1’s either even or odd.
• The parity bit is helpful in detecting errors during the transmission of
information from one location to another. This function is handled by
generating an even parity bit at the sending end for each character.
• The eight-bit message that include parity bits are transmitted to their
destination. The parity of each character is then checked at the receiving
end. If the parity of the received character is not even, then at least one
bit has changed value during the transmission

Assignment # 2
• Draw the truth tables, find the simplest Boolean expressions using
Karnaugh Maps, identify whether using SOP or POS forms will results
in simplest expressions and finally draw circuit diagrams for the
following binary codes:
a) BCD Code
b) Gray code
c) 6311
d) 2421
e) Odd & Even Parity Generator for four bit data.
Assignment submission date : 12 December 2024 before start of
class.