Introduction Introduction

 For top chord members of

 For bracing and compression bolted or welded roof trusses,
members in light trusses, a pair of angles (usually
single-angle members are
unequal, with long legs back-
suitable. However, equal-leg
angles may be more to-back) are used with or
economical than unequal-leg without gusset plates.
angles because their least Structural tees may also be
radius of gyration are greater used as top chord members
for the same steel area. for welded roof trusses.

SHORT COLUMNS
LONG, SHORT, Short columns fail by
AND INTERMEDIATE crushing at very high
stress levels that are
COLUMNS above the elastic limit of
the column material. For
very short columns, the
failure stress will equal the
yield stress and no
buckling will occur
 Euler’s Column
Euler’s Column Buckling Theory
Buckling Theory
 These equations show that
the buckling stress is not a
The modulus of function of material
strength. Rather, it is a
elasticity term, E, function of the ratio L/r
implies that the known as the slenderness
ratio.
following
equations are  As the slenderness ratio
increases, the buckling
valid as long as stress decreases, meaning
the stress that as the column
becomes longer and more
remains in the slender, the load that
elastic region cause buckling becomes
smaller.

Effective Length Slenderness Ratio

 Real columns do not have pin-connected ends.

 The effective
 The restraints placed on a column's ends greatly slenderness ratio of
affect its stability. compression members
is calculated as:
 To counter these effects, an effective length factor,
K, is used to modify the unbraced length.
 The product KL is called the effective length of the
column. This length approximates the length over
which the column actually buckles and this may be
shorter or longer than the actual unbraced length.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SECTION FOR LOCAL
BUCKLING Unstiffened Elements

 Sections are classified as compact, non-compact, or slender-  For unstiffened elements supported along only one edge parallel to
element sections. the direction of the compression force, the width shall be taken as
follows:
 For a section to qualify as compact its flanges must be continuously
connected to the web or webs and the width-thickness ratios of its  1. For flanges of I-shaped members and tees, the width b is one-half
compression elements must not exceed the limiting width-thickness the full-flange width, bf.
ratios from Table 3-2 and Table 3-3.  2. For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, the width b
 If the width-thickness ratio of one or more compression elements IS the full nominal dimension,
exceeds , but does not exceed from Table 3-2 Table 3-3, the  3. For plates, the width b is the distance from the free edge to the
section is noncompact. first row of fasteners or tine of welds.
 If the width-thickness ratio of any element exceeds , the section is  4. For stems of tees, d is taken as the full nominal depth of the
referred to as a slender-element section. section.

Stiffened Unstiffened
Elements Elements
  According to Section 505, The design
compressive strength 𝜙 𝑃 and the allowable
compressive strength, , are determined as
follows:
 The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall
be the lowest value obtained according to
DESIGN OF the limit states of flexural buckling, torsional
buckling and flexural-torsional buckling.
MEMBERS FOR  1. For doubly symmetric and singly
symmetric members the limit state of flexural
COMPRESSION buckling is applicable.
 2. For singly symmetric and unsymmetric
members, and certain doubly symmetric
members, such as cruciform or built-up
columns, the limit states of torsional or
flexural-torsional buckling are also DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR
applicable. COMPRESSION

For compression
members with
Compressive Strength for Flexural compact and
noncompact
Buckling of Members Without sections, the
Slender Elements (505.3) nominal
compressive
strength, shall be
determined
based on the
limit state of
flexural buckling.
Compressive Strength of Members Slender
Containing Slender Elements (Section 505.7) Unstiffened
Elements, Qs
 The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be determined based on the limit states of
flexural, torsional and flexural torsional buckling. The reduction factor
Qs for slender
 The flexural buckling stress, Fcr, is determined as follows: unstiffened elements is
defined as follows:
I. For flanges, angles,
and plates projecting
from rolled columns or
𝐹 = 𝑄 0.658 𝐹
Other compression
members:

Slender
Unstiffened Slender Unstiffened Elements, Qs
Elements, Qs

The reduction factor

Qs for slender The reduction factor Qs for slender
unstiffened elements is unstiffened elements is defined as
defined as follows:
follows:
2. For flanges, angles,
and plates projecting 2. For flanges, angles, and plates
from built-up columns projecting from built-up columns or
or other compression other compression members:
members: kc shall not be taken less than 0.35
nor greater than 0.76 for calculation
purposes