Grade 9 - 1st Quarter Math Reviewer

1. Variations 1.4 Combined Variation

1.1 Direct Variation - **Definition**: A combination of both

direct and inverse variation.
- Definition**: If two variables are related
in such a way that the ratio of their values - **Equation**: \( y = \frac{kx}{z} \)
remains constant, they are said to be in
- **Example**: If \( y \) varies directly as \(
direct variation.
x \) and inversely as \( z \), and \( y = 10 \)
- **Equation**: \( y = kx \) where \( k \) is when \( x = 4 \) and \( z = 2 \), find \( y \)
the constant of variation. when \( x = 6 \) and \( z = 3 \).

- **Example**: If \( y \) varies directly as \(

x \), and \( y = 10 \) when \( x = 2 \), find \( y
2. Integral Exponents
\) when \( x = 5 \).

2.1 Laws of Exponents

1.2 Inverse Variation
Here’s a description for each of the main
- **Definition**: In inverse variation, the
laws of exponents:
product of two variables remains
constant.

- **Equation**: \( y = \frac{k}{x} \) 1. **Product of Powers Rule**

- **Example**: If \( y \) varies inversely as When multiplying two expressions with

\( x \), and \( y = 8 \) when \( x = 2 \), find \( y the same base, add their exponents.
\) when \( x = 4 \).
- Formula:

1.3 Joint Variation

2. **Quotient of Powers Rule**
- **Definition**: Joint variation occurs
When dividing two expressions with the
when a quantity varies directly as the
same base, subtract the exponent of the
product of two or more other quantities.
denominator from the exponent of the
- **Equation**: \( y = kxz \) numerator.

- **Example**: If \( y \) varies jointly as \( x - Formula:

\) and \( z \), and \( y = 12 \) when \( x = 2 \)
and \( z = 3 \), find \( y \) when \( x = 4 \)
and \( z = 5 \). 3. **Power of a Power Rule**
 When raising an exponent to another 8. **Fractional Exponent Rule**
power, multiply the exponents.
A fractional exponent represents a root.
- Formula: The denominator of the fraction is the
root, and the numerator is the power.

- Formula:
4. **Power of a Product Rule**
2.2 Simplifying Expressions with Integral
When raising a product to an exponent,
Exponents
apply the exponent to each factor inside
the parentheses. - **Example**: Simplify \( 3^4 \times 3^{-
2} \)
- Formula:
- Solution: \( 3^{4+(-2)} = 3^2 = 9 \)

5. **Power of a Quotient Rule**

2.3 Exponential Equations
When raising a quotient to an exponent,
apply the exponent to both the numerator - **Definition**: An equation where
and the denominator. variables appear as exponents.

- Formula: - **Example**: Solve \( 2^{x+3} = 16 \)

- Solution: \( 2^{x+3} = 2^4 \), so \( x+3 = 4

\) → \( x = 1 \)
6. **Zero Exponent Rule**

Any non-zero base raised to the power of

zero is equal to 1. 3. Rational Exponents

- Formula:

7. **Negative Exponent Rule** 3.1 Simplifying Rational Exponents

A negative exponent indicates the Definition Rational exponents are

reciprocal of the base raised to the exponents in fraction form.
corresponding positive exponent.
- **Rule**: \( a^{m/n} = \sqrt[n]{a^m} =
- Formula: \left( \sqrt[n]{a} \right)^m \)

- **Example**: Simplify \( 16^{3/4} \)

- Solution: \( 16^{3/4} = \left( \sqrt[4]{16}

\right)^3 = 2^3 = 8 \)
4. Radicals 3. Solve the resulting equation.

- **Example**: Solve \( \sqrt{x+3} = 4 \)

4.1 Simplifying Radicals - Solution: Square both sides to get \( x+3

= 16 \). Then, \( x = 13 \).
- **Rule**: \( \sqrt{a \times b} = \sqrt{a}
\times \sqrt{b} \)

- **Example**: Simplify \( \sqrt{72} \) Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to

solve radical equations, typically covered
- Solution: \( \sqrt{72} = \sqrt{36 \times 2}
in Grade 9 math:
= 6\sqrt{2} \)

### 1. **Isolate the Radical**

4.2 Operations on Radicals
If the equation has a square root or
- **Addition/Subtraction**: Combine like
another radical expression, try to isolate
radicals.
the radical on one side of the equation.
- **Example**: \( 3\sqrt{5} + 2\sqrt{5} = For example, in the equation:
5\sqrt{5} \)

- **Multiplication**: \( \sqrt{a} \times

The square root is already isolated on
\sqrt{b} = \sqrt{ab} \)
the left side.
- **Example**: \( \sqrt{3} \times \sqrt{12}
= \sqrt{36} = 6 \)
### 2. **Square Both Sides (or Raise to
- **Division**: \( \frac{\sqrt{a}}{\sqrt{b}} =
the Appropriate Power)**
\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}} \)
Once the radical is isolated, eliminate it
- **Example**: \( \frac{\sqrt{8}}{\sqrt{2}}
by raising both sides of the equation to
= \sqrt{4} = 2 \)
the power that matches the index of the
radical. If it’s a square root (index 2),
square both sides:
4.3 Radical Equations

- **Definition**: Equations involving

radicals. This simplifies to:

- **Steps**:

1. Isolate the radical.

2. Square both sides of the equation. ### 3. **Solve the Resulting Equation**
 After eliminating the radical, solve the Subtract 1 from both sides:
remaining equation like a normal linear
equation. In this case
3. **Square Both Sides**:

4. **Solve the Resulting Equation**:

Subtract 2 from both sides
Subtract 3 from both sides:

### 4. **Check for Extraneous

Solutions** Divide by 2:

It’s essential to check your solution by

plugging it back into the original equation.
5. **Check for Extraneous Solutions**:
Sometimes, squaring both sides
introduces solutions that don't actually Substitute \( x = 3 \) into the original
satisfy the original equation. equation:

For the example, substitute \( x = 23 \) The solution is correct.

back into the original equation:

Simplifying

This is true, so \( x = 23 \) is a valid

solution.

### More Complex Example:

For more complex radical equations,

follow the same process:

1. **Equation**:

2. **Isolate the Radical**: