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10-1
Chapter 10
VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES
10-1C Because excessive moisture in steam causes erosion on the turbine blades. The highest moisture
content allowed is about 10%.
10-2C The Carnot cycle is not a realistic model for steam power plants because (1) limiting the heat
transfer processes to two-phase systems to maintain isothermal conditions severely limits the maximum
temperature that can be used in the cycle, (2) the turbine will have to handle steam with a high moisture
content which causes erosion, and (3) it is not practical to design a compressor that will handle two phases.
10-3E A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the quality at the end of the heat rejection process, and the net work output are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We note that
TH = Tsat @180 psia = 373.1°F = 833.1 R T
TL = Tsat @14.7 psia = 212.0°F = 672.0 R
and
1 180 psia 2
T 672.0 R
ηth,C = 1− L = 1− = 19.3% qin
TH 833.1 R
(c) The enthalpies before and after the heat addition process are
h1 = h f @ 180 psia = 346.14 Btu/lbm
h2 = h f + x 2 h fg = 346.14 + (0.90)(851.16) = 1112.2 Btu/lbm
Thus,
q in = h2 − h1 = 1112.2 − 346.14 = 766.0 Btu/lbm
and,
wnet = η th q in = (0.1934)(766.0 Btu/lbm) = 148.1 Btu/lbm
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-2
10-4 A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 250°C = 523 K and TL = Tsat @ 20 kPa = 60.06°C = 333.1 K, the thermal
efficiency becomes
TL 333.1 K
η th,C = 1 − = 1− = 0.3632 = 36.3% T
TH 523 K
10-5 A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 250°C = 523 K and TL = Tsat @ 10 kPa = 45.81°C = 318.8 K, the thermal
efficiency becomes
TL 318.8 K
η th, C = 1 − =1− = 39.04% T
TH 523 K
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-3
10-6 A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the pressure at the turbine inlet, and the net work output are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) The thermal efficiency is determined from
TL 60 + 273 K T
η th, C = 1 − = 1− = 46.5%
TH 350 + 273 K
(c) The net work can be determined by calculating the enclosed area on the T-s diagram,
s 4 = s f + x 4 s fg = 0.8313 + (0.1)(7.0769) = 1.5390 kJ/kg ⋅ K
Thus,
wnet = Area = (TH − TL )(s 3 − s 4 ) = (350 − 60)(7.1368 − 1.5390) = 1623 kJ/kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-4
10-7C The four processes that make up the simple ideal cycle are (1) Isentropic compression in a pump,
(2) P = constant heat addition in a boiler, (3) Isentropic expansion in a turbine, and (4) P = constant heat
rejection in a condenser.
10-10C The pump work remains the same, the moisture content decreases, everything else increases.
10-11C The actual vapor power cycles differ from the idealized ones in that the actual cycles involve
friction and pressure drops in various components and the piping, and heat loss to the surrounding medium
from these components and piping.
10-12C The boiler exit pressure will be (a) lower than the boiler inlet pressure in actual cycles, and (b) the
same as the boiler inlet pressure in ideal cycles.
10-13C We would reject this proposal because wturb = h1 - h2 - qout, and any heat loss from the steam will
adversely affect the turbine work output.
10-14C Yes, because the saturation temperature of steam at 10 kPa is 45.81°C, which is much higher than
the temperature of the cooling water.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-5
10-15E A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the specified
pressure limits. The rates of heat addition and rejection, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),
h1 = h f @ 6 psia = 138.02 Btu/lbm
v 1 = v f @ 6 psia = 0.01645 ft 3 /lbm T
wp,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 3
⎛ ⎞ 500 psia
1 Btu
= (0.01645 ft 3 /lbm)(500 − 6)psia ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 5.404 psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎟
= 1.50 Btu/lbm ⎝ ⎠ 2 qin
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 138.02 + 1.50 = 139.52 Btu/lbm 6 psia
1 4
P3 = 500 psia ⎫ h3 = 1630.0 Btu/lbm qout
⎬
T3 = 1200°F ⎭ s 3 = 1.8075 Btu/lbm ⋅ R
s
s 4 − s f 1.8075 − 0.24739
P4 = 6 psia ⎫ x 4 = = = 0.9864
⎬ s fg 1.58155
s 4 = s3 ⎭ h = h + x h = 138.02 + (0.9864)(995.88) = 1120.4 Btu/lbm
4 f 4 fg
Knowing the power output from the turbine the mass flow rate of steam in the cycle is determined from
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-6
10-16 A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the specified pressure
limits. The maximum thermal efficiency of the cycle for a given quality at the turbine exit is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis For maximum thermal efficiency, the quality at state 4 would be at its minimum of 85% (most
closely approaches the Carnot cycle), and the properties at state 4 would be (Table A-5)
P4 = 30 kPa ⎫ h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 289.27 + (0.85)(2335.3) = 2274.3 kJ/kg
⎬
x 4 = 0.85 ⎭ s 4 = s f + x 4 s fg = 0.9441 + (0.85)(6.8234) = 6.7440 kJ/kg ⋅ K
Other properties are obtained as follows (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6), 3
3 MPa
h1 = h f @ 30 kPa = 289.27 kJ/kg
2 qin
v 1 = v f @ 30 kPa = 0.001022 m 3 /kg
30 kPa
wp,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 1 4
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞ qout
= (0.001022 m 3 /kg )(3000 − 30)kPa ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎠
= 3.04 kJ/kg s
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 289.27 + 3.04 = 292.31 kJ/kg
Thus,
q in = h3 − h2 = 3115.5 − 292.31 = 2823.2 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 2274.3 − 289.27 = 1985.0 kJ/kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-7
10-17 A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the specified pressure
limits. The power produced by the turbine and consumed by the pump are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m 3 /kg T
3
wp,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 4 MPa
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
= (0.001017 m 3 /kg)(4000 − 20)kPa ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎠ 2 qin
= 4.05 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 251.42 + 4.05 = 255.47 kJ/kg 20 kPa
qout 1 4
P3 = 4000 kPa ⎫ h3 = 3906.3 kJ/kg
⎬
T3 = 700°C ⎭ s 3 = 7.6214 kJ/kg ⋅ K s
s4 − s f 7.6214 − 0.8320
P4 = 20 kPa ⎫ x 4 = = = 0.9596
⎬ s fg 7.0752
s 4 = s3 ⎭ h = h + x h = 251.42 + (0.9596)(2357.5) = 2513.7 kJ/kg
4 f 4 fg
The power produced by the turbine and consumed by the pump are
W& T,out = m& (h3 − h4 ) = (50 kg/s)(3906.3 − 2513.7)kJ/kg = 69,630 kW
W& P,in = m& wP,in = (50 kg/s)(4.05 kJ/kg) = 203 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-8
10-18E A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the specified
pressure limits. The turbine inlet temperature and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2
Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
T
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E,
and A-6E), 3
2500 psia
h1 = h f @ 5 psia = 130.18 Btu/lbm
v 1 = v f @ 5 psia = 0.01641 ft 3 /lbm 2 qin
wp,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 5 psia
⎛ 1 Btu ⎞
= (0.01641 ft /lbm)(2500 − 5)psia ⎜
3 ⎟ 1 qout 4
⎜ 5.404 psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎟
= 7.58 Btu/lbm ⎝ ⎠
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 130.18 + 7.58 = 137.76 Btu/lbm s
Thus,
q in = h3 − h2 = 1450.8 − 137.76 = 1313.0 Btu/lbm
q out = h4 − h1 = 930.58 − 130.18 = 800.4 Btu/lbm
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-9
10-19 A simple ideal Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the specified pressure
limits. The power produced by the turbine, the heat added in the boiler, and the thermal efficiency of the
cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 100 kPa = 417.51 kJ/kg T
v 1 = v f @ 100 kPa = 0.001043 m 3 /kg
w p,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 15 MPa
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞ 3
= (0.001043 m 3 /kg )(15,000 − 100)kPa ⎜ ⎟ 2 qin
⎝ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎠
= 15.54 kJ/kg
100 kPa
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 417.51 + 15.54 = 433.05 kJ/kg
1 qout 4
P3 = 15,000 kPa ⎫ h3 = 2610.8 kJ/kg
⎬
x3 = 1 ⎭ s 3 = 5.3108 kJ/kg ⋅ K s
s4 − s f 5.3108 − 1.3028
P4 = 100 kPa ⎫ x 4 = = = 0.6618
⎬ s fg 6.0562
s 4 = s3 ⎭ h = h + x h = 417.51 + (0.6618)(2257.5) = 1911.5 kJ/kg
4 f 4 fg
Thus,
wT,out = h3 − h4 = 2610.8 − 1911.5 = 699.3 kJ/kg
q in = h3 − h2 = 2610.8 − 433.05 = 2177.8 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 1911.5 − 417.51 = 1494.0 kJ/kg
The thermal efficiency of the cycle is
q out 1494.0
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.314
q in 2177.8
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-10
10-20 A simple Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid operates between the specified pressure
limits. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 100 kPa = 417.51 kJ/kg
T
v 1 = v f @ 100 kPa = 0.001043 m 3 /kg
wp,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 15 MPa
3 ⎛ 1 kJ ⎞ 3
= (0.001043 m /kg )(15,000 − 100)kPa ⎜ ⎟ 2 qin
⎝ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎠
= 15.54 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 417.51 + 15.54 = 433.05 kJ/kg 100 kPa
1 qout 4s 4
P3 = 15,000 kPa ⎫ h3 = 2610.8 kJ/kg
⎬
x3 = 1 ⎭ s 3 = 5.3108 kJ/kg ⋅ K s
s4 − s f 5.3108 − 1.3028
P4 = 100 kPa ⎫ x 4 s = = = 0.6618
⎬ s fg 6.0562
s 4 = s3 ⎭ h = h + x h = 417.51 + (0.6618)(2257.5) = 1911.5 kJ/kg
4s f 4 s fg
P4 = 100 kPa ⎫
⎬ h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 417.51 + (0.70)(2257.5) = 1997.8 kJ/kg
x 4 = 0.70 ⎭
The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is
h3 − h4 2610.8 − 1997.8
ηT = = = 0.877
h3 − h4 s 2610.8 − 1911.5
Thus,
q in = h3 − h2 = 2610.8 − 433.05 = 2177.8 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 1997.8 − 417.51 = 1580.3 kJ/kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-11
10-21E A simple steam Rankine cycle operates between the specified pressure limits. The mass flow rate,
the power produced by the turbine, the rate of heat addition, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),
h1 = h f @ 1 psia = 69.72 Btu/lbm
v 1 = v f @ 6 psia = 0.01614 ft 3 /lbm T
wp,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 3
2500 psia
⎛ 1 Btu ⎞
= (0.01614 ft 3 /lbm)(2500 − 1)psia ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 5.404 psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎟
= 7.46 Btu/lbm ⎝ ⎠ 2 qin
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 69.72 + 7.46 = 77.18 Btu/lbm 1 psia
1 4s 4
P3 = 2500 psia ⎫ h3 = 1302.0 Btu/lbm qout
⎬
T3 = 800°F ⎭ s 3 = 1.4116 Btu/lbm ⋅ R
s
s 4 − s f 1.4116 − 0.13262
P4 = 1 psia ⎫ x 4 s = = = 0.6932
⎬ s fg 1.84495
s 4 = s3 ⎭ h = h + x h = 69.72 + (0.6932)(1035.7) = 787.70 Btu/lbm
4s f 4 s fg
h3 − h4
ηT = ⎯→ h4 = h3 − η T (h3 − h4s ) = 1302.0 − (0.90)(1302.0 − 787.70) = 839.13 kJ/kg
⎯
h3 − h4 s
Thus,
q in = h3 − h2 = 1302.0 − 77.18 = 1224.8 Btu/lbm
q out = h4 − h1 = 839.13 − 69.72 = 769.41 Btu/lbm
wnet = q in − q out = 1224.8 − 769.41 = 455.39 Btu/lbm
The mass flow rate of steam in the cycle is determined from
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
W& T,out = m& (h3 − h4 ) = (2.081 lbm/s)(1302.0 − 839.13)Btu/lbm⎜ ⎟ = 1016 kW
⎝ 0.94782 Btu ⎠
Q& in = m& q in = (2.081 lbm/s)(1224.8 Btu/lbm) = 2549 Btu/s
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-12
10-22E A simple steam Rankine cycle operates between the specified pressure limits. The mass flow rate,
the power produced by the turbine, the rate of heat addition, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),
h1 = h f @ 1 psia = 69.72 Btu/lbm
v 1 = v f @ 6 psia = 0.01614 ft 3 /lbm T
3
wp,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 2500 psia
⎛ 1 Btu ⎞
= (0.01614 ft 3 /lbm)(2500 − 1)psia ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 5.404 psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎟ 2 qin
= 7.46 Btu/lbm ⎝ ⎠
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 69.72 + 7.46 = 77.18 Btu/lbm 1 psia
1 qout 4s 4
P3 = 2500 psia ⎫ h3 = 1302.0 Btu/lbm
⎬
T3 = 800°F ⎭ s 3 = 1.4116 Btu/lbm ⋅ R s
s 4 − s f 1.4116 − 0.13262
P4 = 1 psia ⎫ x 4 s = = = 0.6932
⎬ s fg 1.84495
s 4 = s3 ⎭ h = h + x h = 69.72 + (0.6932)(1035.7) = 787.70 Btu/lbm
4s f 4 s fg
h3 − h4
ηT = ⎯→ h4 = h3 − η T (h3 − h4s ) = 1302.0 − (0.90)(1302.0 − 787.70) = 839.13 kJ/kg
⎯
h3 − h4 s
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
Q& in = m& (h3 − h2 ) = (2.048 lbm/s)(1302.0 − 77.18)Btu/lbm⎜ ⎟ = 2508 Btu/s
⎝ 0.94782 Btu ⎠
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle is
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-13
10-23 A 300-MW coal-fired steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the
specified pressure limits. The overall plant efficiency and the required rate of the coal supply are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 25 kPa = 271.96 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 25 kPa = 0.001020 m 3 /kg T
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) 3
( 3
)
= 0.00102 m /kg (5000 − 25 kPa )⎜
⎛ 1 kJ
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟
⎟
5 MPa
·
= 5.07 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠ Qin
2
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 271.96 + 5.07 = 277.03 kJ/kg
25 kPa
P3 = 5 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3317.2 kJ/kg 1 · 4
Qout
⎬
T3 = 450°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.8210 kJ/kg ⋅ K s
P4 = 25 kPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 6.8210 − 0.8932
⎬ x4 = = = 0.8545
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 6.9370
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 271.96 + (0.8545)(2345.5) = 2276.2 kJ/kg
and
q out 2004.2
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.3407
q in 3040.2
Thus,
η overall = η th ×η comb ×η gen = (0.3407 )(0.75)(0.96 ) = 24.5%
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-14
10-24 A solar-pond power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with refrigerant-134a as the
working fluid is considered. The thermal efficiency of the cycle and the power output of the plant are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11, A-12, and A-13),
h1 = h f @ 0.7 MPa = 88.82 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 0.7 MPa = 0.0008331 m 3 /kg T
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 )
( ) ⎛ 1 kJ
= 0.0008331 m 3 /kg (1400 − 700 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟
⎟ 1.4 MPa 3
⎝ ⎠
qin
= 0.58 kJ/kg
2 R-134a
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 88.82 + 0.58 = 89.40 kJ/kg 0.7 MPa
1 qout 4
P3 = 1.4 MPa ⎫ h3 = h g @ 1.4 MPa = 276.12 kJ/kg s
⎬
sat.vapor ⎭ s 3 = s g @ 1.4 MPa = 0.9105 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 0.7 MPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 0.9105 − 0.33230
⎬ x4 = = = 0.9839
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 0.58763
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 88.82 + (0.9839)(176.21) = 262.20 kJ/kg
Thus ,
q in = h3 − h2 = 276.12 − 89.40 = 186.72 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 262.20 − 88.82 = 173.38 kJ/kg
wnet = q in − q out = 186.72 − 173.38 = 13.34 kJ/kg
and
wnet 13.34 kJ/kg
η th = = = 7.1%
q in 186.72 kJ/kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-15
10-25 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits.
The thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the cooling
water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg T
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 )
3
( ) ⎛ 1 kJ
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (7,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟
⎟
7 MPa
⎝ ⎠ qin
2
= 7.06 kJ/kg
10 kPa
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 7.06 = 198.87 kJ/kg 1 4
qout
P3 = 7 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3411.4 kJ/kg s
⎬
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.8000 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 6.8000 − 0.6492
⎬ x4 = = = 0.8201
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 7.4996
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.8201)(2392.1) = 2153.6 kJ/kg
Thus,
q in = h3 − h2 = 3411.4 − 198.87 = 3212.5 kJ/kg
q out = h4 − h1 = 2153.6 − 191.81 = 1961.8 kJ/kg
wnet = q in − q out = 3212.5 − 1961.8 = 1250.7 kJ/kg
and
wnet 1250.7 kJ/kg
η th = = = 38.9%
q in 3212.5 kJ/kg
(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are
Q& out = m& q out = (35.98 kg/s )(1961.8 kJ/kg ) = 70,586 kJ/s
Q& out 70,586 kJ/s
ΔTcooling water = = = 8.4°C
(m& c) cooling water (2000 kg/s )(4.18 kJ/kg ⋅ °C )
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-16
10-26 A steam power plant operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the
cooling water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg
T
v 1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m 3 /kg
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 ) / η p 3
( 3
) ⎛ 1 kJ
= 0.00101 m /kg (7,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟ / (0.87 )
⎟ 2
7 MPa
qin
⎝ ⎠ 2
= 8.11 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 8.11 = 199.92 kJ/kg 10 kPa
1 qout 4 4
P3 = 7 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3411.4 kJ/kg
⎬ s
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.8000 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ s 4 − s f 6.8000 − 0.6492
⎬ x4 = = = 0.8201
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 7.4996
h4 s = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.820)(2392.1) = 2153.6 kJ/kg
h3 − h4
ηT = ⎯→ h4 = h3 − ηT (h3 − h4 s )
⎯
h3 − h4 s
= 3411.4 − (0.87 )(3411.4 − 2153.6) = 2317.1 kJ/kg
Thus,
qin = h3 − h2 = 3411.4 − 199.92 = 3211.5 kJ/kg
qout = h4 − h1 = 2317.1 − 191.81 = 2125.3 kJ/kg
wnet = qin − qout = 3211.5 − 2125.3 = 1086.2 kJ/kg
and
wnet 1086.2 kJ/kg
η th = = = 33.8%
q in 3211.5 kJ/kg
(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are
Q& out = m& q out = (41.43 kg/s )(2125.3 kJ/kg ) = 88,051 kJ/s
Q& out 88,051 kJ/s
ΔTcooling water = = = 10.5°C
(m& c) cooling water (2000 kg/s )(4.18 kJ/kg ⋅ °C)
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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-17
10-27 The net work outputs and the thermal efficiencies for a Carnot cycle and a simple ideal Rankine
cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Rankine cycle analysis: From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
v1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m 3 /kg
T Rankine
cycle
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 )
( ) ⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
= 0.001017 m3 /kg (10,000 − 20 ) kPa ⎜⎜ ⎟
1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎟⎠ 3
= 10.15 kJ/kg ⎝
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 251.42 + 10.15 = 261.57 kJ/kg 2
P3 = 10 MPa ⎫ h3 = 2725.5 kJ/kg 1 4
⎬
x3 = 1 ⎭ s 3 = 5.6159 kJ/kg ⋅ K s
P4 = 20 kPa ⎫ s4 − s f 5.6159 − 0.8320
⎬ x4 = = = 0.6761
s 4 = s3 ⎭ s fg 7.0752
h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 251.42 + (0.6761)(2357.5)
= 1845.3 kJ/kg
q out 1594.0
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.353
q in 2463.9
q out 751.4
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.430
q in 1317.7
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10-18
10-28 A single-flash geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230ºC as the heat source. The
mass flow rate of steam through the turbine, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine, the power output from
the turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for
geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
T1 = 230°C⎫
⎬ h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
x1 = 0 ⎭
3
P2 = 500 kPa ⎫ h2 − h f
⎬x2 = steam
h2 = h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg ⎭ h fg
turbine
990.14 − 640.09 separator 4
=
2108
= 0.1661 2
condenser
The mass flow rate of steam 6
through the turbine is
5
Flash
m& 3 = x 2 m& 1 chamber
= (0.1661)(230 kg/s)
= 38.20 kg/s production 1 reinjection
well well
(b) Turbine:
P3 = 500 kPa ⎫ h3 = 2748.1 kJ/kg
⎬
x3 = 1 ⎭ s 3 = 6.8207 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫
⎬h4 s = 2160.3 kJ/kg
s 4 = s3 ⎭
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫
⎬h4 = h f + x 4 h fg = 191.81 + (0.90)(2392.1) = 2344.7 kJ/kg
x 4 = 0.90 ⎭
h3 − h4 2748.1 − 2344.7
ηT = = = 0.686
h3 − h4 s 2748.1 − 2160.3
(d) We use saturated liquid state at the standard temperature for dead state enthalpy
T0 = 25°C⎫
⎬ h0 = 104.83 kJ/kg
x0 = 0 ⎭
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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-19
10-29 A double-flash geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230ºC as the heat source. The
temperature of the steam at the exit of the second flash chamber, the power produced from the second
turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
T1 = 230°C⎫
⎬ h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
x1 = 0 ⎭
P2 = 500 kPa ⎫
⎬ x 2 = 0.1661
h2 = h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg ⎭
3
m& 3 = x2 m& 1 = (0.1661)(230 kg/s) = 38.20 kg/s
m& 6 = m& 1 − m& 3 = 230 − 0.1661 = 191.80 kg/s steam
8 turbine
P3 = 500 kPa ⎫ separator 4
⎬ h3 = 2748.1 kJ/kg
x3 = 1 ⎭
2
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ 7
6 condenser
⎬h4 = 2344.7 kJ/kg separator
x 4 = 0.90 ⎭
Flash 5
P6 = 500 kPa ⎫ Flash 9
⎬ h6 = 640.09 kJ/kg chamber chamber
x6 = 0 ⎭
P7 = 150 kPa ⎫ T7 = 111.35 °C
⎬ 1 reinjection
h7 = h6 ⎭ x 7 = 0.0777 production well
P8 = 150 kPa ⎫ well
⎬h8 = 2693.1 kJ/kg
x8 = 1 ⎭
(b) The mass flow rate at the lower stage of the turbine is
m& 8 = x7 m& 6 = (0.0777)(191.80 kg/s) = 14.90 kg/s
The power outputs from the high and low pressure stages of the turbine are
(c) We use saturated liquid state at the standard temperature for the dead state enthalpy
T0 = 25°C⎫
⎬ h0 = 104.83 kJ/kg
x0 = 0 ⎭
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10-20
10-30 A combined flash-binary geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230ºC as the heat
source. The mass flow rate of isobutane in the binary cycle, the net power outputs from the steam turbine
and the binary cycle, and the thermal efficiencies for the binary cycle and the combined plant are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
T1 = 230°C⎫
⎬ h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg
x1 = 0 ⎭
P2 = 500 kPa ⎫
⎬ x 2 = 0.1661
h2 = h1 = 990.14 kJ/kg ⎭
P3 = 500 kPa ⎫
⎬ h3 = 2748.1 kJ/kg 3 steam
x3 = 1 ⎭ separator turbine
P4 = 10 kPa ⎫ 4 condenser
⎬h4 = 2344.7 kJ/kg
x 4 = 0.90 ⎭
air-cooled 5
condenser
P6 = 500 kPa ⎫ 6
⎬ h6 = 640.09 kJ/kg 9
x6 = 0 ⎭ isobutane 1
2 turbine
T7 = 90°C ⎫ BINARY
⎬ h7 = 377.04 kJ/kg CYCLE
x7 = 0 ⎭ 8
pump
The isobutane properties
are obtained from EES: heat exchanger 1
flash
chamber
P8 = 3250 kPa ⎫ 7
⎬ h8 = 755.05 kJ/kg 1
T8 = 145°C ⎭
production reinjection
P9 = 400 kPa ⎫
⎬ h9 = 691.01 kJ/kg well well
T9 = 80°C ⎭
P10 = 400 kPa ⎫ h10 = 270.83 kJ/kg
⎬ 3
x10 = 0 ⎭ v 10 = 0.001839 m /kg
(b) The power outputs from the steam turbine and the binary cycle are
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10-21
(c) The thermal efficiencies of the binary cycle and the combined plant are
Q& in,binary = m& iso (h8 − h11 ) = (105.46 kJ/kg)(755.05 − 276.65)kJ/kg = 50,454 kW
T0 = 25°C⎫
⎬ h0 = 104.83 kJ/kg
x0 = 0 ⎭
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10-22
10-31C The pump work remains the same, the moisture content decreases, everything else increases.
10-32C The T-s diagram shows two reheat cases for the reheat Rankine cycle similar to the one shown in
Figure 10-11. In the first case there is expansion through the high-pressure turbine from 6000 kPa to 4000
kPa between states 1 and 2 with reheat at 4000 kPa to state 3 and finally expansion in the low-pressure
turbine to state 4. In the second case there is expansion through the high-pressure turbine from 6000 kPa to
500 kPa between states 1 and 5 with reheat at 500 kPa to state 6 and finally expansion in the low-pressure
turbine to state 7. Increasing the pressure for reheating increases the average temperature for heat addition
makes the energy of the steam more available for doing work, see the reheat process 2 to 3 versus the
reheat process 5 to 6. Increasing the reheat pressure will increase the cycle efficiency. However, as the
reheating pressure increases, the amount of condensation increases during the expansion process in the low-
pressure turbine, state 4 versus state 7. An optimal pressure for reheating generally allows for the moisture
content of the steam at the low-pressure turbine exit to be in the range of 10 to 15% and this corresponds to
quality in the range of 85 to 90%.
SteamIAPWS
900
800
700
1 3 6
600 2
T [K]
6000 kPa
4000 kPa
500
500 kPa 5
400
20 kPa
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 4
300 7
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
s [kJ/kmol-K]
10-33C The thermal efficiency of the simple ideal Rankine cycle will probably be higher since the average
temperature at which heat is added will be higher in this case.
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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-23
10-34 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine
cycle is considered. The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = h f @ 20 kPa = 251.42 kJ/kg
T
v1 = v f @ 20 kPa = 0.001017 m3 /kg
3 5
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 )
( ) ⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
= 0.001017 m 3 /kg (8000 − 20 kPa )⎜⎜ ⎟
1 kPa ⋅ m3 ⎟⎠
8 MPa
= 8.12 kJ/kg ⎝ 4
The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency are determined from
wT,out = (h3 − h4 ) + (h5 − h6 ) = 3399.5 − 3105.1 + 3457.2 − 2385.2 = 1366.4 kJ/kg
and
q in = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3399.5 − 259.54 + 3457.2 − 3105.1 = 3492.0 kJ/kg
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10-24
10-35 EES Problem 10-34 is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved by the diagram window data entry
feature of EES by including the effects of the turbine and pump efficiencies and reheat on the steam quality
at the low-pressure turbine exit Also, the T-s diagram is to be plotted.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Pump analysis"
function x6$(x6) "this function returns a string to indicate the state of steam at point 6"
x6$=''
if (x6>1) then x6$='(superheated)'
if (x6<0) then x6$='(subcooled)'
end
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
P[1] = P[6]
P[2]=P[3]
x[1]=0 "Sat'd liquid"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
v[1]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
W_p_s=v[1]*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
W_p=W_p_s/Eta_p
h[2]=h[1]+W_p "SSSF First Law for the pump"
v[2]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
"High Pressure Turbine analysis"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
v[3]=volume(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s_s[4]=s[3]
hs[4]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Ts[4]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Eta_t=(h[3]-h[4])/(h[3]-hs[4])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[4],P=P[4])
v[4]=volume(Fluid$,s=s[4],P=P[4])
h[3] =W_t_hp+h[4]"SSSF First Law for the high pressure turbine"
"Low Pressure Turbine analysis"
P[5]=P[4]
s[5]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
s_s[6]=s[5]
hs[6]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
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10-25
Ts[6]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
vs[6]=volume(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Eta_t=(h[5]-h[6])/(h[5]-hs[6])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
h[5]=W_t_lp+h[6]"SSSF First Law for the low pressure turbine"
x[6]=QUALITY(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
"Boiler analysis"
Q_in + h[2]+h[4]=h[3]+h[5]"SSSF First Law for the Boiler"
"Condenser analysis"
h[6]=Q_out+h[1]"SSSF First Law for the Condenser"
T[6]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
x6s$=x6$(x[6])
"Cycle Statistics"
W_net=W_t_hp+W_t_lp-W_p
Eff=W_net/Q_in
7 00
Id e a l R a n k in e c yc le w ith re h e a t
6 00
5 00 3 5
4 00
T [C]
4
3 00 8 0 0 0 kP a
3 0 0 0 kP a
2 00
1 00
1 ,2
2 0 kP a
6
0
0.0 1 .1 2 .2 3.3 4 .4 5 .5 6.6 7 .7 8.8 9.9 1 1.0
s [k J /k g -K ]
SOLUTION
Eff=0.389 Eta_p=1 Eta_t=1
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS' h[1]=251.4 [kJ/kg] h[2]=259.5 [kJ/kg]
h[3]=3400 [kJ/kg] h[4]=3105 [kJ/kg] h[5]=3457 [kJ/kg]
h[6]=2385 [kJ/kg] hs[4]=3105 [kJ/kg] hs[6]=2385 [kJ/kg]
P[1]=20 [kPa] P[2]=8000 [kPa] P[3]=8000 [kPa]
P[4]=3000 [kPa] P[5]=3000 [kPa] P[6]=20 [kPa]
Q_in=3493 [kJ/kg] Q_out=2134 [kJ/kg] s[1]=0.832 [kJ/kg-K]
s[2]=0.8321 [kJ/kg-K] s[3]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K] s[4]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K]
s[5]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K] s[6]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K] s_s[4]=6.727 [kJ/kg-K]
s_s[6]=7.236 [kJ/kg-K] T[1]=60.06 [C] T[2]=60.4 [C]
T[3]=500 [C] T[4]=345.2 [C] T[5]=500 [C]
T[6]=60.06 [C] Ts[4]=345.2 [C] Ts[6]=60.06 [C]
v[1]=0.001017 [m^3/kg] v[2]=0.001014 [m^3/kg] v[3]=0.04177 [m^3/kg]
v[4]=0.08968 [m^3/kg] vs[6]=6.922 [m^3/kg] W_net=1359 [kJ/kg]
W_p=8.117 [kJ/kg] W_p_s=8.117 [kJ/kg] W_t_hp=294.8 [kJ/kg]
W_t_lp=1072 [kJ/kg] x6s$='' x[1]=0
x[6]=0.9051
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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-26
10-36E An ideal reheat steam Rankine cycle produces 5000 kW power. The rates of heat addition and
rejection, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E or EES),
h1 = h f @ 10 psia = 161.25 Btu/lbm
T
v 1 = v f @ 10 psia = 0.01659 ft 3 /lbm
w p,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 3 5
⎛ 1 Btu ⎞ 600 psia
= (0.01659 ft 3 /lbm)(600 − 10)psia ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 5.404 psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎟
= 1.81 Btu/lbm ⎝ ⎠
200 psia
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 161.25 + 1.81 = 163.06 Btu/lbm 2
4
P3 = 600 psia ⎫ h3 = 1289.9 Btu/lbm 10 psia
⎬ 1 6
T3 = 600°F ⎭ s 3 = 1.5325 Btu/lbm ⋅ R
s 4 − s f 1.5325 − 0.54379 s
P4 = 200 psia ⎫ x 4 = = = 0.9865
⎬ s fg 1.00219
s 4 = s3 ⎭ h = h + x h = 355.46 + (0.9865)(843.33) = 1187.5 Btu/lbm
4 f 4 fg
Thus,
q in = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 1289.9 − 163.06 + 1322.3 − 1187.5 = 1261.7 Btu/lbm
q out = h6 − h1 = 1071.0 − 161.25 = 909.7 Btu/lbm
w net = q in − q out = 1261.7 − 909.8 = 352.0 Btu/lbm
The mass flow rate of steam in the cycle is determined from
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
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10-27
10-37E An ideal reheat steam Rankine cycle produces 5000 kW power. The rates of heat addition and
rejection, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined for a reheat pressure of 100 psia.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E or EES),
h1 = h f @ 10 psia = 161.25 Btu/lbm
T
v 1 = v f @ 6 psia = 0.01659 ft 3 /lbm
w p,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 3 5
⎛ 1 Btu ⎞ 600 psia
= (0.01659 ft 3 /lbm)(600 − 10)psia ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 5.404 psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎟
= 1.81 Btu/lbm ⎝ ⎠
100 psia
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 161.25 + 1.81 = 163.06 Btu/lbm 2
4
10 psia
P3 = 600 psia ⎫ h3 = 1289.9 Btu/lbm
⎬ 1 6
T3 = 600°F ⎭ s 3 = 1.5325 Btu/lbm ⋅ R
s
s 4 − s f 1.5325 − 0.47427
P4 = 100 psia ⎫ x 4 = = = 0.9374
⎬ s fg 1.12888
s 4 = s3 ⎭ h = h + x h = 298.51 + (0.9374)(888.99) = 1131.9 Btu/lbm
4 f 4 fg
Thus,
q in = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 1289.9 − 163.07 + 1329.4 − 1131.9 = 1324.4 Btu/lbm
q out = h6 − h1 = 1124.2 − 161.25 = 962.9 Btu/lbm
w net = q in − q out = 1324.4 − 962.9 = 361.5 Btu/lbm
The mass flow rate of steam in the cycle is determined from
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-28
10-38 An ideal reheat Rankine with water as the working fluid is considered. The temperatures at the inlet
of both turbines, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. T
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
3 5
h1 = h f @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg 4 MPa
v 1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.001010 m 3 /kg
500 kPa
w p,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 2
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞ 4
= (0.001010 m 3 /kg )(4000 − 10)kPa ⎜ ⎟ 10 kPa
⎝ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎠
= 4.03 kJ/kg 1 6
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 191.81 + 4.03 = 195.84 kJ/kg s
and
q out 2152.9
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.335
q in 3235.4
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-29
10-39 An ideal reheat Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid is considered. The thermal efficiency
of the cycle is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6 or EES),
h1 = h f @ 50 kPa = 340.54 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 50 kPa = 0.001030 m 3 /kg T
w p,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 3
⎛ 1 kJ ⎞
= (0.001030 m 3 /kg )(17500 − 50)kPa ⎜ ⎟ 17.5MPa 5
⎝ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎠
= 17.97 kJ/kg 2 MPa
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 340.54 + 17.97 = 358.51 kJ/kg 4
2
Thus,
q in = (h3 − h2 ) + ( h5 − h4 ) = 3423.6 − 358.51 + 3024.2 − 2841.5 = 3247.8 kJ/kg
q out = h6 − h1 = 2352.9 − 340.54 = 2012.4 kJ/kg
and
q out 2012.4
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.380
q in 3247.8
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-30
10-40 An ideal reheat Rankine cycle with water as the working fluid is considered. The thermal efficiency
of the cycle is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6 or EES),
h1 = h f @ 50 kPa = 340.54 kJ/kg
v 1 = v f @ 50 kPa = 0.001030 m 3 /kg T
w p,in = v 1 ( P2 − P1 ) 3 5
3 ⎛ 1 kJ ⎞ 17.5MP
= (0.001030 m /kg )(17500 − 50)kPa ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎠
= 17.97 kJ/kg
h2 = h1 + wp,in = 340.54 + 17.97 = 358.52 kJ/kg 2 MPa
2
4
P3 = 17,500 kPa ⎫ h3 = 3423.6 kJ/kg 50 kPa
⎬ 1 6
T3 = 550°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.4266 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P4 = 2000 kPa ⎫ s
⎬ h4 = 2841.5 kJ/kg
s 4 = s3 ⎭
Thus,
q in = (h3 − h2 ) + (h5 − h4 ) = 3423.6 − 358.52 + 3579.0 − 2841.5 = 3802.6 kJ/kg
q out = h6 − h1 = 2638.0 − 340.54 = 2297.4 kJ/kg
and
q out 2297.4
η th = 1 − = 1− = 0.396
q in 3802.6
The thermal efficiency was determined to be 0.380 when the temperature at the inlet of low-pressure
turbine was 300°C. When this temperature is increased to 550°C, the thermal efficiency becomes 0.396.
This corresponding to a percentage increase of 4.2% in thermal efficiency.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-31
10-41 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits is considered. The pressure at which reheating takes place, the total rate of heat input in the boiler,
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
h1 = hsat @ 10 kPa = 191.81 kJ/kg T
3
v 1 = v sat @ 10 kPa = 0.00101 m /kg 3 5
w p ,in = v 1 (P2 − P1 )
15
( ) ⎛ 1 kJ
= 0.00101 m 3 /kg (15,000 − 10 kPa )⎜
⎜ 1 kPa ⋅ m 3
⎞
⎟
⎟ 4
= 15.14 kJ/kg ⎝ ⎠
2
h2 = h1 + w p ,in = 191.81 + 15.14 = 206.95 kJ/kg
10 kPa
P3 = 15 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3310.8 kJ/kg 1 6
⎬ s
T3 = 500°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.3480 kJ/kg ⋅ K
Q& out = m& (h6 − h1 ) = (12 kJ/s )(2344.7 − 191.81)kJ/kg = 25,835 kJ/s
Thus,
Q& out 25,834 kJ/s
η th = 1 − = 1− = 42.6%
Q& 45,039 kJ/s
in
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-32
10-42 A steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The condenser pressure,
the net power output, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
P3 = 12.5 MPa ⎫ h3 = 3476.5 kJ/kg
⎬
T3 = 550°C ⎭ s 3 = 6.6317 kJ/kg ⋅ K 3
Turbine
P4 = 2 MPa ⎫ Boiler
⎬ h4 s = 2948.1 kJ/kg 4
s 4s = s3 ⎭
6
h3 − h4
ηT = 5
h3 − h4 s Condenser
2 Pump
→h4 = h3 − η T (h3 − h4 s )
1
= 3476.5 − (0.85)(3476.5 − 2948.1)
= 3027.3 kJ/kg
T
P5 = 2 MPa ⎫ h5 = 3358.2 kJ/kg
⎬ 3 5
T5 = 450°C ⎭ s 5 = 7.2815 kJ/kg ⋅ K
12.5 MPa
P6 = ? ⎫
⎬ 6
h = 4s 4
x 6 = 0.95⎭
2
2s
P6 = ? ⎫
⎬ h6 s =
s6 = s5 ⎭ P=?
1 6s 6
h −h
η T = 5 6 ⎯⎯→ h6 = h5 − η T (h5 − h6 s )
s
h5 − h6 s
= 3358.2 − (0.85)(3358.2 − 2948.1)
= 3027.3 kJ/kg
The pressure at state 6 may be determined by a trial-error approach from the steam tables or by using EES
from the above equations:
P6 = 9.73 kPa, h6 = 2463.3 kJ/kg,
(b) Then,
h1 = h f @ 9.73 kPa = 189.57 kJ/kg
v1 = v f @ 10 kPa = 0.001010 m3 /kg
w p ,in = v1 (P2 − P1 ) / η p
( ) ⎛ 1 kJ
= 0.00101 m3 /kg (12,500 − 9.73 kPa )⎜⎜
⎞
⎟ / (0.90 )
3⎟
1 kPa ⋅ m ⎠
= 14.02 kJ/kg ⎝
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-33
10-44C This is a smart idea because we waste little work potential but we save a lot from the heat input.
The extracted steam has little work potential left, and most of its energy would be part of the heat rejected
anyway. Therefore, by regeneration, we utilize a considerable amount of heat by sacrificing little work
output.
10-45C In open feedwater heaters, the two fluids actually mix, but in closed feedwater heaters there is no
mixing.
qout
s
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-34
10-48 Feedwater is heated by steam in a feedwater heater of a regenerative The required mass flow rate of
the steam is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 There are no work interactions. 4 The device is adiabatic and thus heat
transfer is negligible.
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6 or EES),
h1 ≅ hf @ 70°C = 293.07 kJ/kg
P2 = 200 kPa ⎫
⎬ h2 = 2789.7 kJ/kg
T2 = 160°C ⎭
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-35
10-49E In a regenerative Rankine cycle, the closed feedwater heater with a pump as shown in the figure is
arranged so that the water at state 5 is mixed with the water at state 2 to form a feedwater which is a
saturated liquid. The mass flow rate of bleed steam required to operate this unit is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential
energy changes are negligible. 3 There are no work interactions. 4 The device is adiabatic and thus heat
transfer is negligible.
Steam
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4E through A-6E),
160 psia
P1 = 200 psia ⎫ 400°F 3
⎬ h1 ≅ h f @ 350° F = 321.73 Btu/lbm 6 2
T1 = 350°F ⎭ 1
P3 = 160 psia ⎫
⎬ h3 = 1218.0 Btu/lbm 200 psia Feedwater
T3 = 400°F ⎭
sat. liq. 4 200 psia
P6 = 200 psia ⎫ 5
350°F
⎬ h6 = h f @ 200 psia = 355.46 Btu/lbm 2 lbm/s
x6 = 0 ⎭
Analysis We take the entire unit as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary.
The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
h6 − h1 355.46 − 321.73
m& 3 = m& 1 = (2 lbm/s) = 0.0782 lbm/s
(h3 − h6 ) + wP,in 1218.0 − 355.46 + 0.1344
where
wP,in = v 4 ( P5 − P4 ) = v f @ 160 psia ( P5 − P4 )
⎛ 1 Btu ⎞
= (0.01815 ft 3 /lbm)(200 − 160) psia ⎜ ⎟ = 0.1344 Btu/lbm
⎜ 5.404 psia ⋅ ft 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
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La chica de Sara se enteró de que su novio estaba en el alto de
Pago-gaña, y vino conmigo.
Montamos a caballo; ella, a la grupa; comenzamos a subir el monte
por un sendero estrecho, hasta llegar, a la media hora, a una
explanada con un caserío. Vimos a una mujer y a un muchacho, que
al vernos echaron a correr.
—¿Cómo se llama este sitio?—les pregunté.
—Erlaiz.
—¿Dónde está ese fuerte Pago-gaña?
—Ahí arriba.
Nos habíamos desviado un poco, y teníamos el fuerte encima.
Hablamos la mujer y yo de los muñagorrianos, a quien ella tenía por
unos holgazanes, y nos mostró cerca del caserío, como la única
curiosidad del lugar, una piedra antigua, llena de musgo, con este
letrero:
ROMPIMIENTO
Al pasar por San Juan de Luz fuí a visitar a doña Mercedes, la madre
de Corito, que me recibió muy secamente. Me dijo que Corito estaba
en Laguardia, que no salía porque no había seguridad en los
caminos, ocupados por los carlistas.
La muchacha deseaba venir a San Juan de Luz, pero ella, su madre,
había pensado trasladarse definitivamente a Madrid.
Doña Mercedes añadió con cierta energía que pensaba casar a su
hija con una persona seria, religiosa y de buenas costumbres.
—¿Y ella está de acuerdo con usted?—la dije yo emocionado.
—Completamente de acuerdo.
—Creo que tengo derecho a una explicación.
—¡Usted! ¡Derecho!
—¿Por qué no? Aunque yo tenga una posición modesta...
—Aquí no se trata de la modestia de su posición. Se trata de la vida
que está usted haciendo—me dijo doña Mercedes.
—¡Yo!
—Sí, tengo informes ciertos y fidedignos. Hace usted la vida de un
hombre vicioso, sin fe y sin conciencia. No quiero hablar.
—Es que me he metido en una clase de asuntos... Su amigo de
usted, don Eugenio...
—No sea usted mentiroso. No creo que Eugenio le haya aconsejado
el seducir muchachas y abandonarlas, ni el desunir matrimonios.
—¿Yo he hecho eso?
—Sí, y no me tiente usted la boca. Eugenio siempre ha sido un
hombre honrado. Habrá tenido ideas falsas en política y en religión,
pero ha sido un caballero.
—¿Y yo, no?
—Usted, no.
—Señora...
—Qué, ¿me va usted a desafiar; me va usted a mandar los padrinos?
—Me atropella usted.
—No; usted es el atropellador.
—No creo que haya que juzgar los hechos sin aclararlos.
—Los hechos están suficientemente aclarados, y, en su
consecuencia, le tengo que decir que no se acuerde usted para nada
de mi hija, ni la escriba usted tampoco, porque ella está enterada de
todo y no le contestará.
—Bueno. Está bien. Está bien—y me marché a la calle sin saber qué
decir.
ME VOY
EN EL "FAUBOURG" SAINT-GERMAIN
GRANDEZAS
LA AUSTRIACA
MISERIAS
EXAMEN DE CONCIENCIA
Aquellos días que estuve en París por amor propio me hicieron ver el
reverso de la vida elegante de una manera descarnada y fuerte.
No pensaba que estos crepúsculos del invierno de París fueran tan
tristes, tan largos, tan inhospitalarios. Estaba, además, acatarrado, y
tenía siempre frío.
Miraba todo con un espíritu acre. Aquellos hoteles del faubourg me
parecían feos y sin carácter.
Ya en la latitud de París—me decía—la piedra no tiene color de
piedra. La piedra aquí es una cosa agrisada, cuando no es negra.
En estos paseos, no sé si por la influencia de los crepúsculos de
París, del catarro o de las dos cosas, se me impuso la idea de que
era un hombre vulgar, bien vulgar, que no tenía una idea grande en
la cabeza, ni un plan en la vida, ni un amigo. Todo mi dandysmo era
vanidad, humo. Era un pobre majadero presuntuoso.
¡Qué examen de conciencia hice por estas calles húmedas y
nebulosas de París, entre toses y estornudos! También me servía
como motivo de ejercicios espirituales el ver mi cuarto mísero y la
niebla que dominaba en el patio negruzco del hospital vecino.
En el hotel casi todos los tipos eran como yo: gente que parecía no
tener ninguna gana de que se les viera, que entraban y salían de sus
cuartos furtiva y rápidamente, como los fantasmas.
La portera, una vieja gorda, chata, roja, con una cofia blanca,
anteojos y una cara satírica, que me recordaba los retratos de las
damas del siglo xviii, me miraba burlonamente mientras leía el
periódico al lado de su gato.
Muchas veces no tenía ninguna gana de ir a ver a Valdés, a quien
tontamente achacaba mi mala suerte.
Una vez, al entrar en el Restaurant des Gourmets, me dijo:
—Querido amigo; entra usted aquí como si los demás tuviéramos la
culpa de que usted se haya quedado sin un cuarto.
—Tiene usted razón; perdone usted.
Esta conversación nos volvió a la cordialidad.
Como la miseria aguza indudablemente el sentido crítico, tuvimos
largas discusiones acerca de España y de sus hombres, de París, de
sus políticos, de sus escritores, de sus artistas y, sobre todo, de
Balzac y Gavarni.
También hablamos de la influencia de las grandes capitales. Valdés,
como vivía en París, quería pensar que sólo en las ciudades grandes
se discurre y se vive; que en las pequeñas no se hace mas que
vegetar; yo le llevaba la contraria, naturalmente, porque vivía en
Bayona.
XVII.
ENCUENTRO
SOBRE FRANCIA
BALZAC Y GAVARNI
GUITARREO
EN NÁPOLES
—Ha debido usted de llevar una vida bien azarosa—le dije yo.
—Sí, es verdad; todo el mundo me dice lo mismo viéndome tan
decrépito, tan usado.
—¿Y no es verdad?
—En parte, sí. He sido principalmente un hombre de mala suerte...
¿Conoce usted Nápoles?
—No.
—¿Pero habrá usted oído hablar de la Strada de Santa Lucía?
—Sí.
—Pues cerca he nacido yo. Mi padre era herbolario. A pesar de su
condición humilde era hombre culto y conocía la literatura, la historia
y, sobre todo, la botánica. Eramos varios hermanos; yo, el más
pequeño. Mi padre, un buen hombre, había hecho grandes esfuerzos
para colocar a sus hijos, y a mí, creyéndome chico listo, me hizo
estudiar para cura. Mi padre tenía un hermano frutero en la misma
Strada de Santa Lucía, rico, sin hijos, que le ayudaba.
Entré en el Seminario, donde aprendía todo con gran facilidad. Mi
ilusión era la carrera eclesiástica; todas mis esperanzas estaban en
ella. Era un buen latinista y comenzaba a estudiar el griego. En esto
traen al Seminario un profesor de Palermo, un sabio, pero un
hombre de costumbres depravadas, y me empieza a perseguir.
¡Oh, era un sucio personaje, desagradable, repugnante! El abate
puso una cara de sátiro que contempla a una ninfa.
Una noche lo encuentro en mi cuarto y armamos un escándalo.
Me quejo al director del Seminario; no me hacen caso, y me escapo.
Esto era precisamente cuando entraron los franceses y establecieron
en Nápoles la República Partenopea. El pueblo estaba entusiasmado.
El arzobispo Zurlo Capaze anunció desde el púlpito que, días antes,
la sangre de San Jenaro se había liquidado. El pueblo se entusiasmó
con el milagro y consideró que San Jenaro veía la República con
benevolencia.
—¿Usted había oído hablar del milagro de la sangre de San
Gennaro?
—No.
—Pero, hombre, ¿dónde ha vivido usted? Pues la sangre de San
Gennaro todos los años se liquida...
El abate tomó una expresión alegre e irónica al decir esto.
—Le diré a usted que la supuesta sangre de San Gennaro, que se
guarda en dos vasos en la Catedral, es una mezcla de una solución
etérea de la ancusa, la Alkanna tinctoria y la Radix alkannæ en
sperma ceti, y que se liquida fácilmente al calor de la mano o de un
cirio.
Mi padre fué de los entusiastas de la República. A nuestra tienda iba
un militar francés, y me convenció de que debía alistarme en el
Ejército. Yo estaba dispuesto a ello cuando llegó mayo; entró el
cardenal Ruffo en Nápoles; los franceses tuvieron que marcharse y
comenzaron las venganzas de los realistas.
Aunque yo era sospechoso, no tenía importancia y me dejaron en
paz. Por este tiempo entro en una farmacia y me dedico a estudiar
Botánica y Química. La hija del farmacéutico, una chiquilla entonces,
fué mi novia.
¡Era una bambina, más bonita, más simpática!
Al hablar de la muchacha, la cara del abate se iluminó, tomó una
expresión de entusiasmo, de admiración y de candor.
—El padre era un bruto—siguió diciendo Girovanna—, un estúpido
animal, un mascalzone, y la casó a disgusto con un viejo rico. La
pobrecilla murió dos años después.
El abate tomó una expresión como si algo muy desagradable y
repugnante tuviera delante de los ojos.
—Entristecido con ese matrimonio, estaba decidido a no
enamorarme. Por entonces logro entrar de preceptor en una casa
rica de Nápoles. Había en la casa una gran biblioteca que me venía
muy bien, y una solterona que me perturbaba.
Esta solterona, sabiendo que yo era químico, me pide pomadas y
aguas para rejuvenecer. Luego me propone que me escape con ella.
Le digo que no. ¿Y qué hace la vieja loca? Dice a su hermano que yo
la he querido violentar. El hermano se indigna, y me pega unos
cuantos bastonazos, y me echa de su casa.
A Girovanna le brillaron los ojos como si le fueran a echar chispas.
Yo le espero una noche, y le doy una tanda de palos que me pareció
suficiente. Tomo un vetturino, voy al puerto y me escapo a Argel.
DE CHARLATÁN
OFRECIMIENTO